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PubMed2001

Social relations and filial maturity in middle-aged adults: contextual conditions and psychological determinants.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the contextual and psychological preconditions of parent help and helpfulness in a sample of 260 middle-aged persons belonging to two age groups, 40-45 years and 50-55 years. In a first step we want to focus on the description of the contextual situation of the persons of this "hinge generation": What are their available social networks; what are their commitments towards children and parents in terms of perceived obligation and investment; how is their perceived balance of giving and receiving; how do they anticipate and experience dependency of their parents? In a second step we will highlight the readiness of middle-aged women and men to help their parents as well as the effectively reported help. Here we are interested in the psychological determinants of such attitude and behaviour. Structural equation models are performed to estimate the predictory power of personality variables, control beliefs and reported stress (family and job) on filial helpfulness and help. Results suggest that differential aspects such as gender and age group explain a large amount of variance of the variables intergenerational commitment and satisfaction with social networks and have--along with personality variables--a strong impact on filial help and helpfulness of middle-aged adults.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Racial differences in formal long-term care: does the timing of parenthood play a role?

OBJECTIVE: This article examines the association between race and the timing of formal long-term care (LTC) service use, both institutional and community based. It seeks to understand whether early parenthood predicts the timing of LTC use later in life and whether it in turn mediates the association between race and LTC use. In particular, it explores whether the lower rate of formal LTC use among African Americans is due in some part to the earlier inception of parenthood. METHODS: Linking measures from the 1989 National Long-Term Care Survey with Medicare claims (1989-1993), we model age at first use of institutional (skilled nursing facility) care and home health as competing risks using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULT: Early parenthood accelerates first use of home health for Whites but delays first use for Blacks. The likelihood of any LTC use by race group converges as timing of parenthood increases. DISCUSSION: Differential effects of teen childbearing across race groups indicate differential vulnerability to LTC needs among early parents.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2000

Generational differences in male sexuality that may affect Zimbabwean women's risk for sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: To determine generational differences in male sexuality, which could predispose men's female sexual partners to STDs/HIV. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Harare, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and ninety seven male adults aged eighteen years and above. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of sexual partners, condom use, likelihood of sharing information on HIV status with wife or with other sexual partners, preference for women with dry vaginas prior to sex and discussion about sexual satisfaction with wife or with girl friend. RESULTS: Fewer men in the 27-39 year age group when compared to men aged 18-26 years (22.2% versus 28.9%) had two or more sexual partners. The greatest proportion of ever condom users were men aged 27-39 years, but this proportion was not significantly different from the proportion of ever condom users aged 18-26 years (76.5% versus 69.5%; Odds Ratio[OR] = 1.42, 95% Confidence interval [CI] 0.81-2.51). Men aged > or = 40 years (43.8%, OR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.20-0.84) were significantly fewer than men aged 18-26 years in ever use of condoms. In the event that they contracted HIV, 79.5%, 82.4% and 85.9% of men aged 18-26, 27-39 and 40 years and above respectively indicated that they would disclose their HIV status to their wives. On the other hand, men aged 18-26 years (56.8%), 27-39 years (54.0%) and > or = 40 years (53.1%) indicated that they would disclose their HIV status to girl friends or other sexual partners. Significantly, more men aged 40 years (OR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.19-4.18) and 27-39 years (OR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.00-3.32) in comparison to 18-26 year old men indicated their preference for women with dry vaginas prior to sex. The greatest proportion of men who discussed sexual satisfaction with their wives (85.7%) and girl friends or other sexual partners (23.5%) were aged 27-39 years. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that public health and behavioural scientists in Zimbabwe devote more time to understanding the intricacies of male sexual behaviour at different stages of life. This would provide the important insight needed to develop effective targeted interventions to reduce the spread of STDs/HIV in Zimbabwe.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Health-related social mobility: a comparison of currently employed men and women in Britain and Finland.

Selective health-related social mobility has been suggested as one possible explanation for health inequalities. The aim of this paper is to examine the size and significance of the contribution which health-related social mobility makes to social class differences in health. We do this by examining the association between intergenerational social mobility and health among currently employed men and women in Britain and Finland. We used comparable nationally representative interview surveys from Britain and Finland. The British data is derived from the General Household Survey for 1988 and 1989, and the Finnish data from the 1986 Survey on Living Conditions. Health measures included limiting long-standing illness and self-assessed health as below good. Social mobility was measured comparing the respondent's class of origin (father's occupation) with his/her class of destination (own current occupation). Social structural changes and related social mobility have been more dramatic in Finland than in Britain during the last few decades. Downward mobility has been relatively rare, and mobility has taken place predominantly upwards. In Finland downward mobility from upper non-manual to manual worker was associated with a somewhat higher risk of limiting long-standing illness than expected among men as well as women. However, there was no statistically significant interaction effect on health between the respondent's father's occupational class and his/her own current class. In Britain, neither self-assessed health nor limiting long-standing illness were related to social mobility. Some weak evidence for health-related downward social mobility was found for currently employed Finnish men and women, but not for their British counterparts. Moreover, the evidence is weaker for self-assessed health than for limiting long-standing illness. Where social mobility may have been health-related, it concerns very rare and small groups; therefore health inequalities among the currently employed cannot be explained by intergenerational health-related social mobility.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Chlorophyllian durum wheat plants obtained by isolated microspores culture: importance of the pre-treatments].

In Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., the utilization of in vitro anther culture is hampered by the very high frequency of albinism of the regenerated plants reaching in most cases 100%. Only in vitro ovary culture or intergeneric crosses with maize produce gynogenetic green haploid and doubled haploid plants. This paper is concerned with another very interesting method of androgenetic doubled haploid plant production, the in vitro isolated microspore culture. It is shown that this method, associated with cold alone or cold plus mannitol pre-treatments, of the spikes kept within their sheath leaves, during different times, have significant positive effects, not only on embryo production, but also on chlorophyllian plant regeneration. All pre-treatments and control taken together, a total of 16 490 embryos was obtained from 17.4 x 10(6) microspores of two T. durum varieties, among which 9320 embryos were transferred to regeneration medium and developed 150 chlorophyllian plants. Thus a long-term (five weeks) 4 degrees C cold pre-treatment of the microspores could be promising for green regeneration in durum wheat.

Chlorophyll↗
PubMed2003

Application of the five-factor model of personality to intergenerational perception.

The perception held by respondents in a full range of age groups (young, middle-aged, and old) toward a full range of target age groups (young, middle-aged, and old) was studied in a multidimensional way. The five-factor model of personality was chosen as the model of intergenerational perception and the Gough Adjective Checklist was chosen as the measurement device. A total of 867 participants rated the degree to which they thought 300 different adjectives described people of various ages. Responses were factor analyzed, and the five expected factors were found. For Conscientiousness, the factor scores showed a linearly increasing pattern, with young children and children scoring lower, and the middle-aged, adults, elderly people, and the very old scoring higher. For Openness, the reverse trend was observed, but the real decrease started at the young adult age. For Neuroticism, factor scores were very low when the targets were children, very high when the targets were adolescents, and neither high nor low when the targets were middle-aged, elderly, or very old. For Introversion, the pattern of scores appeared U shaped, with adolescents and young and middle-aged adults on one side and the other targets on the opposite side. Finally, for Agreeableness, the middle-aged adults scored much lower than all the other targets. Overall, the age of the target effect explained on the average more than two thirds of the explained variance, whereas the age of the respondent variable explained less than one tenth of the explained variance. It appears that, in the population, a strong consensus is held concerning the attribution of personality characteristics to various age groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Transmission of migration propensity increases genetic divergence between populations.

The advent of molecular genetics has brought invaluable information, which is now routinely used by anthropologists in their attempt to reconstruct our demographic past. Since mitochondrial DNA loci are much more similar between populations than are Y-chromosome loci, it is suggested that women had a much higher migration rate than men throughout history. Based on an examination of intergenerational migration patterns in three large demographic databases, we bring this inference into question. In some early Canadian settlements (St. Lawrence Valley and Saguenay), and in the former Krummhörn region of northwest Germany, men whose fathers were migrants were more likely to migrate, while the migration probability of women was largely independent of that of their mothers. As a result, men's movements were less effective in preventing genetic differentiation between populations than women's movements. In order to account for the impact of transmission, we propose a slight modification of Wright's island model. We also address the relevance of this model at the regional scale, and we discuss the supporting historical and anthropological literature. We conclude that the widespread patrilocal rules of postmarital residence have generated both a higher female migration rate and a patrilineal dependency in the propensity to migrate.

Chromosomes, Human, Y↗
PubMed2002

Identification and characterization of genes encoding sex pheromone cAM373 activity in Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus.

The sex pheromone cAM373 of Enterococcus faecalis and the related staph-cAM373 of Staphylococcus aureus were found to correspond to heptapeptides located within the C-termini of the signal sequences of putative prelipoproteins. The deduced mature forms of the lipoproteins share no detectable homology and presumably serve unrelated functions in the cells. The chromosomally encoded genetic determinants for production of the pheromones have been identified and designated camE (encoding cAM373) and camS (encoding staph-cAM373). Truncated and full-length clones of camE were generated in Escherichia coli, in which cAM373 activity was expressed. In E. faecalis, insertional inactivation in the middle of camE had no detectable phenotypic effects on the pheromone system. Establishment of an in frame translation stop codon within the signal sequence resulted in reduction of cAM373 activity to 3% of normal levels. The camS determinant has homologues in Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes; however, corresponding heptapeptides present within those sequences do not resemble staph-cAM373 closely. The particular significance of staph-cAM373 as a potential intergeneric inducer of transfer-proficient genetic elements is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Population age structure and the size of social security.

"This paper uses a general overlapping generations model to analyze social security. Rather than focusing on intertemporal price and income considerations, however, the paper focuses on the effect of contemporaneous (same period) prices and income. The analysis shows that the old-age dependency ratio acts as a shadow price for old-age benefits. With this new shadow price, the equilibrium price and quantity of social security benefits and the level of the payroll tax rate are determined in a demand-supply framework with individual utility maximization. Three explicit demand functions (intergenerational contracts) are analyzed. The model is tested using [U.S.] time series data for the social security Old-Age and Survivors (OASI) program."

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Application of robust pedigree analysis in studies of complex genotype-phenotype relationships in fragile X syndrome.

Relationships between the fragile X dynamic mutation and palmar and finger epidermal ridge measures were assessed using a robust modification of the maximum likelihood estimators for pedigree data. A total of 34 extended families affected with fragile X syndrome were used. Phenotypic traits included ridge count on the thumb and ridge breadth measured in the second palmar interdigital area bilaterally. Genotypic measures were represented by the number of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene, the levels of specific FMR1 protein (FMRP), fragile X category defined by the size of the CCG repeat, and methylation status of the gene. The results demonstrated a significant fragile X effect (related to the number of CGG repeats) in the thumb ridge count in males. This effect was more evident in ridge breadth and was found in both sexes. However, the relationship between both phenotypic traits and the level of FMRP was nonsignificant. The study makes a useful contribution to the development of methodologies for the analysis of genotype-phenotype relationships in dynamic mutations, especially in overcoming extensive variability in both the genotype and phenotype, and in approaching the statistical problems related to intergenerational changes in repeat size. The findings support the hypothesis that the fragile X mutation affects limb development during an early fetal period.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMed2000

[High efficient intergeneric chromosomal translocations between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Dasypyrum villosum arising from tissue culture and irradiation].

Intergeneric chromosomal translocations were discernable both in callus cells and in regenerants arising from crosses between Triticum aestivum and T. durum-Dasypyrum villosum amphiploid c.v. TH1 and TH1W by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization. There were not only reciprocal translocations, but small fragment translocations. The results proved again the feasibility of creating intergeneric translocations via tissue culture. Irradiation facilitated numerical and structural chromosome changes in callus cells. The frequency of translocations was as high as 7.4 percent in irradiated callus cells. Callus age had an important impact on numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities. During a given time of culture, the frequency of unchanged cells was declined, while those cells with chromosome losses were inclined. The duration of culture had not significant effects on cells with chromosome gains. As structural chromosome changes is concerned, the duration of culture predominantly increased the frequency of cells with telocentric chromosomes. The chromosomal changes occurred at the initiation period of tissue culture. A number of cells which were doubled their chromosome numbers (2n = 84) were observed at a certain frequency in the period of tissue culture. These cells, however, disappeared in the successive culture.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed1999

Demographic and psychosocial characteristics of substance-abusing pregnant women.

Women who abuse drugs and alcohol during pregnancy are an elusive population who often remain unidentified to practitioners and researchers and hence have not been well studied. In trying to understand better the characteristics of women who use drugs during pregnancy, the present article relies extensively on information gathered in studies of women in substance abuse treatment who, as epidemiologic studies show, may be more severely impaired than other substance-abusing women and, therefore, may not be typical of substance-abusing women identified in the course of obstetric practice. Yet, those pregnant women who are actually identified by medical providers as substance users are often those whose behavior raises concerns with health providers (such as presenting for labor having had no prenatal care) and thus also may represent only a relatively impaired group of substance-abusing women. The most objective picture available of the universe of women who use drugs during pregnancy comes from blinded urine toxicology screens conducted at samples of representative hospitals across states and across the country. The startling finding to emerge from these studies is that common perceptions of substance abuse as a problem of poor, ethnic minority, and young individuals is inaccurate and that this perception may all too often be acted on by medical providers in a prejudicial manner. These studies show similar rates of substance use during pregnancy by women of different racial, social class, and age categories. Demographic features are only related to type of substance used, with black women and poorer women more likely to use illicit substances, particularly cocaine, and white women and better educated women more likely to use alcohol, the substance whose teratogenic effects have been most clearly documented. Despite the even distribution of substance use across demographic categories, poor women and women of color are far more likely to be reported to health and child welfare authorities for use of substances during pregnancy than are other women, even when their base rates for use of illicit drugs are considered. Data from both epidemiologic studies and samples of women seeking treatment for substance abuse problems indicate that the lives of substance-abusing women are fraught with difficulties past and present. Substance-abusing women are likely to have been raised by parents who were substance abusers, particularly alcoholics. Although the intergenerational patterns of substance abuse may have some genetic basis, there is also ample evidence suggesting problematic relationships in families with a substance-abusing parent that raises concerns about intergenerational transmission of problematic parenting behavior. Perhaps the most startling research finding reported in studies reviewed in this article is the high proportion of substance-abusing women who have experienced early sexual abuse. Although most studies have not had adequate comparison groups of non-substance-abusing women, the fact remains that most studies suggest a third to a half of substance abusing women experienced some kind of sexual abuse during childhood. Substance-abusing women's lives remain complicated as adults. They are commonly involved with men who are also users of drugs, they are often the victims of domestic violence, and they suffer from a variety of psychiatric disorders. Studies of epidemiologic and treatment populations indicate that the majority of substance-abusing women have one or more types of comorbid mental disorders, with depression being the most common and the most elevated compared with substance-abusing men, but antisocial personality being extremely high compared with samples of non-substance-abusing women. These findings are of great concern given a growing body of research with non-substance-abusing women, suggesting that family violence and maternal psychopathology can have a profound effect on women's parenting and development o

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strengths and needs of black grandparents.

This study was conducted to identify ethnic differences in grandparent performance and effectiveness so that an educational program called Becoming A Better Grandparent could be adapted to maximize its relevance for Black families. MANOVA procedures were used to compare perceptions of 204 Anglo grandparents and 204 Black grandparents as well as 175 Anglo and 295 Black grandchildren. Black grandparents perceived themselves more favorably than did Anglos on every subscale of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory. Black grandchildren assigned grandparents significantly more favorable ratings for teaching and overall success, whereas Anglo grandchildren assigned their grandparents higher scores for coping with difficulty, managing frustration, and meeting information needs. Analyses of grandparent responses revealed significant main effects for age of grandparent, age of grandchild, time spent together, and geographical proximity. Grandchildren responses yielded significant main effects for age of grandchild and time spent together. Findings showed interaction effects for ethnicity by age of grandparent, ethnicity by age of grandchild, and ethnicity by distance. Implications for modifying the program to fit Black grandparents were identified.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health problems and socio-demographic findings in elderly Nigerians.

Nine hundred and fifty-one persons aged 60 years and over, living at home in four locations in southwestern Nigeria were studied. The cohort representing urban and rural dwellers, constituted 7.8% of the total population. Female residents had higher widowhood rates and lower levels of educational attainment than males. Multigenerational living arrangements were popular. Ninety-five percent of the cohort had no physical impairment on assessment of activities of daily life. Only 6.4% were on a regular pension (males more than females, P < 0.001) and income for 75% was less than the estimated poverty line (females more than males P < 0.001). Estimated crude death rate was also higher than the national average. The effects of these socio-demographic factors on health are diverse. Comparisons were made with similar studies in other cultures.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Intergenerational mobility for women and minorities in the United States.

Now that some of the historic barriers to economic success for U.S. women and minorities have begun to fall, women and blacks, in particular, are moving upward on the nation's socioeconomic ladder. Melissa Kearney reviews evidence that improved economic opportunities for these two groups make sex and race less important than they once were in determining economic status. But sex- and race-based differences in wages and income persist, and interactions between sex and class and between race and class continue to play a role in the intergenerational transmission of income status. Kearney surveys studies and data showing that marriage remains important in determining women's economic status, even though marriage rates among women aged eighteen to thirty-four have been falling--from 73 percent in 1960 to 44 percent in 2000. Not only do spousal earnings continue to dominate family income for married women, but also women tend to marry men whose position in the income distribution resembles their fathers' position. Marriage thus facilitates the transmission of economic status from parents to daughters. Racial wage gaps persist, says Kearney, largely because of differences in education, occupation, and skill. It also appears likely that the effects of discrimination, both current and past, continue to impede racial economic convergence. Kearney notes that the transmission of income class from parents to children among blacks differs noticeably from that among whites. Black parents and white parents pass their economic standing along to children at similar rates. But because mean income is lower among blacks than among whites, the likelihood of upward mobility in the overall income distribution is substantially lower among blacks. Black children are much more likely than white children to remain in the lower percentiles of the income distribution, and white children are more likely to remain in the upper reaches of the income distribution. Downward mobility from the top quartile to the bottom quartile is nearly four times as great for blacks as for whites.

Female↗
PubMed2003

High frequency transformation of the Amphotericin-producing bacterium Streptomyces nodosus.

This study has investigated DNA transformation in the Amphotericin-producing organism Streptomyces nodosus. Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug with severe side effects in humans and the availability of structural variants would aid investigations into the mode of action and cytotoxity of the drug. Analogs of related polyketide drugs have been rapidly made by genetic engineering of biosynthetic genes; however, this requires the introduction of foreign DNA into the host. Protocols for protoplast formation and regeneration were established; however, preparations were recalcitrant to DNA uptake. Electroporation-mediated methodologies also were not successful. Intergeneric conjugal transfer of DNA from E. coli demonstrated transformation efficiencies of 5 x 10(-5) exconjugants generated per recipient. Use of DNA methylation-impaired E. coli donor strains resulted in 100-fold higher transformation efficiencies, indicating that DNA methylation recognition systems are operable in the organism. This methodology will enable genetic and biochemical analysis of the gene cluster responsible for making Amphotericin B.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed2005

The policy challenge of coexisting undernutrition and nutrition-related chronic diseases.

The original focus on energy and protein needs for combating malnutrition gave way to UNICEF promoted concerns for maternal care and complementary feeding in association with longer-term breast feeding. Nevertheless the World Food Summit's drive to halve malnutrition rates by 2015 was not accelerating the fall in malnutrition prevalences. The UN's Standing Committee on Nutrition's commission highlighted the crucial role of maternal nutrition and low birthweights, the need for a life cycle approach to prevention and the current global effects of maternal/fetal and childhood malnutrition in amplifying the impact of the new epidemic of obesity and chronic diseases. The emphasis on poverty reduction and free market solutions is too crude and national interventions geared to protecting the vulnerable, promoting equity with major community involvement in integrated multifaceted programmes are needed. The same principles apply to overnutrition and specifically to the avoidance of the current pandemic of the metabolic syndrome. An intergenerational amplification of diabesity is now emerging as overweight but poorly fed micronutrient deficient girls enter pregnancy and produce ever more susceptible children. So new strategies are now needed as recognized by economists but not by doctors and nutritionists! Economy, agriculture, food processing and marketing policy changes are crucial in determining patterns of food consumption because the costs of foods and their availability, rather than policies centred on individual responsibility for consumer choice, are the keys to making coherent public health advances.

Child↗