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PubMed1993

Stability of metoprolol tartrate in 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

The stability of metoprolol tartrate 0.40 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags stored at 24.0 +/- 2.4 degrees C was studied. Triplicate admixtures of each solution were prepared. A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was used to determine metoprolol tartrate concentrations. At 0, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours, samples were visually assessed then assayed in duplicate. Stability was defined as a < 10% decline in metoprolol tartrate concentration from the time 0 determination. No notable color changes or precipitation was observed in any sample. All samples demonstrated a < 7% reduction in metoprolol tartrate concentration over 36 hours. Metoprolol tartrate 0.40 mg/mL admixed in 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection in PVC bags and stored at 24.0 +/- 2.4 degrees C was stable for 36 hours.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1998

[Efficacy and safety of two methods of administration of granisetron injection for nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy for tumors in hematopoietic organs--a randomized crossover comparison between intravenous drip infusion and intravenous bolus injection].

We investigated the efficacy and safety of two methods of granisetron injection to treat nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy for tumors in hematopoietic organs. The methods of administration were intravenous drip infusion over 30 minutes, which is the conventional method, and intravenous bolus injection. In this study, 89.5% of patients in both groups (17/19 for each) were free from vomiting. No serious adverse events were observed in either administration group. Abnormal laboratory test values suspected to be related to granisetron were observed in 3 cases in the bolus injection group and in 2 cases in the drip infusion group. but did not pose any clinical problem. These results demonstrated the safety of both methods of administration. In conclusion, it is considered that granisetron intravenous bolus injection can be considered as the method of choice for the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy for tumors in hematopoietic organs.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Antinociception induced by local injections of carbachol into the nucleus raphe magnus in rats: alteration by intrathecal injection of monoaminergic antagonists.

Electrical stimulation of neurons located in the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) produces antinociception which appears to result from inhibition of spinothalamic tract neurons located in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Iontophoretic application of acetylcholine also activates NRM neurons and microinjection of cholinergic agonists such as carbachol into the NRM produces a profound, long-lasting antinociception. Since the antinociception induced by electrical stimulation of NRM neurons is mediated, at least in part, by bulbospinal serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons, the role of these monoaminergic neurons in mediating the antinociception induced by microinjecting carbachol in the NRM was examined in the present study. To this end, various antagonists of serotonin and norepinephrine were injected into the spinal cord subarachnoid space following the induction of antinociception by the local injection of carbachol into the NRM. The serotonergic antagonist methysergide had no effect on carbachol-induced antinociception. However, the alpha 2-noradrenergic antagonist yohimbine attenuated, while the alpha 1-noradrenergic antagonists prazosin and WB4101 increased the effects of carbachol. The non-selective noradrenergic antagonist phentolamine also attenuated the effects of carbachol. These results lead to the suggestion that the antinociception induced by the local injection of carbachol into the NRM is mediated by selective activation of bulbospinal noradrenergic neurons. Furthermore, the antinociception resulting from the activation of these descending noradrenergic neurons appears to be mediated by alpha 2-noradrenergic receptors located in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Finally, the local injection of carbachol into the NRM also appears to activate another population of noradrenergic neurons which produces hyperalgesia mediated by alpha 1-noradrenergic receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

T-cell responses induced by the parenteral injection of antigen-modified syngeneic cells. III. Dissociation of primed cytolytic T-cell and efferent suppressor-T-cell activity following intravenous injection of trinitrophenol-modified syngeneic spleen cells.

The parenteral injection of ligand-coupled syngeneic spleen cells has profound effects on immune responsiveness. In this regard, it was examined whether the primed in vitro trinitrophenol (TNP)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses observed in splenic T-cell populations from mice injected intravenously (iv) with syngeneic TNP-modified spleen cells (TNP-SC) are related to the efferent-acting suppressor-T-cell (Ts) activity observed in splenocytes from iv primed mice. Treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide, adult thymectomy, or monoclonal anti-I-J antiserum prior to the iv injection of TNP-SC was found to eliminate the ability of splenic Ts from these mice to suppress the passive transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) mediated by trinitrochlorobenzene-immune T cells. In contrast, spleen cells from these pretreated mice showed no impairment in the development of augmented TNP-specific CTL responses upon in vitro restimulation with TNP-SC. Separation of the two activities was also achieved in a kinetic analysis. It is concluded that specific enhancement of CTL responsiveness induced by the iv injection of TNP-SC is related to the expansion of a population prelytic Lyt 2+ CTL effector cells which does not appear to contain efferent-acting Lyt 2+ Ts active in suppressing DTH expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Repeated intraperitoneal injections of saline attenuate the antibody response to a subsequent intraperitoneal injection of antigen.

The results of two experiments with male C3H/HeJ mice indicated that repeated intraperitoneal (ip) injections of sterile saline over a 2-week period resulted in an attenuated antibody response to the subsequent ip injection of a soluble protein antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin. There were no differences among experimental groups that received a different number of preimmunization injections of saline, and comparable effects were obtained simply by the daily handling of mice. Neither repeated ip injections nor handling altered preimmunization (baseline) corticosterone levels, and only previously unmanipulated mice showed an elevation in corticosterone levels 30 min after ip immunization. These latter results suggest that the depressed IgM and IgG responses were not due to the immunosuppressive effects of endogenously elevated adrenocortical steroids.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Plasmid and bacteriophage lambda-DNA show differential replication characteristics following injection into fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis: dependence on period and site of injection.

The fate of DNA injected into in vitro fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis during subsequent early embryogenesis was investigated by changing the time period and the area of injection. Form I/II plasmid DNA was found to be preferentially replicated in embryos which had been injected 60-65 min after fertilization into the animal half of the fertilized egg, irrespective of the presence of a eukaryotic origin of replication sequence element in the DNA probe used for injection. In the experiments where plasmid DNA and lambda-DNA were coinjected, only the latter was actively replicated, which suggests an inhibitory activity of this DNA on replication of coinjected plasmid DNA.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of autologous cell therapy and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) injection vs. G-CSF injection alone for the treatment of acute radiation syndrome in a non-human primate model.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of autologous cell therapy after irradiation combined with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) injections with G-CSF treatment alone in a heterogeneous model of irradiation representative of an accidental situation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non-human primates were irradiated at 8.7 Gy whole-body dose with the right arm shielded to receive 4.8 Gy. The first group of animals received G-CSF (lenograstim) injections starting 6 h after irradiation, and a second group received a combination of G-CSF (lenograstim) injections and autologous expanded hematopoietic cells. Animals were followed up for blood cell counts, circulating progenitors, and bone marrow cellularity. RESULTS: No significant differences were seen between the two treatment groups, whatever the parameter observed: time to leukocyte or platelet recovery and duration and severity of aplasia. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that identical recovery kinetic was observed when irradiated animals are treated with G-CSF independently of the reinjection of ex vivo expanded autologous hematopoietic cells. Thus G-CSF injections might be chosen as a first-line therapeutic strategy in the treatment of accidental acute radiation victims.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Intraoperative sentinel node identification in early stage cervical cancer using a combination of radiolabeled albumin injection and isosulfan blue dye injection.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the feasibility of sentinel lymph node identification using radioisotopic lymphatic mapping with technetium-99m-labeled human serum albumin and isosulfan blue dye injection in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy for treatment of early cervical cancer. METHODS: Between September 2000 and October 2002, 25 patients with cervical cancer FIGO stage I (n=24) or stage II (n=1) underwent sentinel lymph node detection with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy (technetium-99m colloid albumin injection around the tumor) and intraoperative lymphatic mapping with blue dye and a handheld or laparoscopic gamma probe. Complete pelvic or paraaortic lymphadenectomy was performed in all cases by open surgery or laparoscopic surgery. RESULTS: In 23 evaluable patients, a total of 51 sentinel lymph nodes were detected by lymphoscintigraphy (mean 2.21 nodes per patient). Intraoperatively, 61 sentinel lymph nodes were identified, with a mean of 2.52 nodes per patient by gamma probe and a mean of 1.94 nodes per patient after isosulfan blue injection. Forty percent of sentinel nodes were found in the interiliac region and 25% in the external iliac area. Microscopic nodal metastases (four nodes) were confirmed in 12% of cases. All these lymph nodes were previously detected as sentinel lymph nodes. The remaining 419 nodes after pelvic lymphadenectomy were histologically negative. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node identification with technetium-99m-labeled nanocolloid combined with blue dye injection is feasible and showed a 100% negative predictive value, and potentially identified women in whom lymph node dissection can be avoided.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Safer injection facility use and syringe sharing in injection drug users.

Safer injection facilities provide medical supervision for illicit drug injections. We aimed to examine factors associated with syringe sharing in a community-recruited cohort of illicit injection drug users in a setting where such a facility had recently opened. Between Dec 1, 2003, and June 1, 2004, of 431 active injection drug users 49 (11.4%, 95% CI 8.5-14.3) reported syringe sharing in the past 6 months. In logistic regression analyses, use of the facility was independently associated with reduced syringe sharing (adjusted odds ratio 0.30, 0.11-0.82, p=0.02) after adjustment for relevant sociodemographic and drug-use characteristics. These findings could help inform discussions about the merits of such facilities.

Blood-Borne Pathogens↗
PubMed1997

Social network characteristics and injecting HIV-risk behaviors among street injection drug users.

As an alternative approach to individually-focused understanding of HIV risk behavior, this study explored the relationship between social network characteristics and HIV-risk injecting behaviors. Subjects were 499 inner-city injection drug users (IDUs) recruited from the streets of Baltimore, Maryland. Analysis of structural and functional network data indicates that a substantial proportion of drug sharing network members also provided social support, often because of family and sexual partner relationships. IDUs with larger drug networks which also provided social support were more likely to share needles, while IDUs with larger drug networks which did not provide social support were more likely to inject in commercial settings. The findings suggest that social support from drug network members has differential effects on injecting HIV-risk behaviors among IDUs. HIV prevention efforts should be expanded to reach drug-sharing networks and should take into account their social support relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sex related HIV risk behaviors: differential risks among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack.

This study was designed to assess differences in sex-related risk behaviors between drug injectors who did not smoke crack cocaine, crack smokers who did not inject drugs, and drug users who both injected drugs and smoked crack. Current drug users (i.e. used within the past 30 days) from 22 cities were recruited and assessed. The sample (n = 26,982) included 28% who injected only, 42% who smoked crack only, and 30% who both injected and smoked crack. Results showed that active drug users were at risk of HIV infection through sexual transmission: in the 30 day period prior to their interview, 28% reported sex with two or more individuals, 23% had an IDU sex partner, and 24% had exchanged sex for drugs or money. In addition, more than 80% did not use a condom during sex. Crack only smokers and crack smoking injectors were more likely than injectors only to report multiple sex partners and exchanging sex. Because of these high risk behaviors, condom use was of particular importance. The number of days of alcohol use and having an IDU sex partner were independently associated with not using a condom. Crack smoking injectors reported the highest average number of days of alcohol consumption and were the most likely to have had an IDU sex partner.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of HIV infection among young adult injecting and non-injecting heroin users in Spain in the era of harm reduction programmes: gender differences and other related factors.

The aims were to assess the prevalence of HIV infection among young adult heroin users, including injecting heroin users (IHUs) and non-injecting heroin users (NIHUs), and to explore the differences by gender and other factors. The design was a cross-sectional cohort study between April 2001 and December 2003, which included 961 current heroin users (HU), aged 18-30 years: 422 in Madrid, 351 in Barcelona and 188 in Seville; 621 were IHUs and 340 were NIHUs. All were street-recruited by chain referral methods. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire with computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). Samples for HIV testing (dried blood spot) were collected and tested with ELISA and Western Blot. Bivariate, logistic regression, and classification and regression tree analyses were performed. The overall prevalence of HIV infection among IHUs was 25.8% (95% CI 22.3-29.3) [32.4% (95% CI 26.6-38.1) in Madrid, 20.5% (95% CI 15.6-25.4) in Barcelona, and 20.6% (95% CI 9.8-31.4) in Seville], whereas in NIHUs it was 4.0% (95% CI 2.1-6.7), with no differences among cities. The prevalence was significantly higher in women than in men in NIHUs (10.9%, 95% CI 4.3-17.5 vs. 1.7%, 95% CI 0.5-4.2) and was non-significantly higher in IHUs (30.4%, 95% CI 23.0-37.8 vs. 24.1%, 95% CI 20.1-28.1). HIV prevalence in short-term IHUs was 12.9% (CI 8.8-17.02), with no differences among cities. In the logistic analysis, the variables associated with infection in IHUs were ever having injected with used syringes (OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.2-5.3), ever having been in prison (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6-4.0), and heroin as the first drug injected at least weekly (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.5). Factors positively associated with HIV infection in NIHUs were female sex (OR 8.7, 95% CI 2.6-29.2) and age >25 years (OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.9-11.1), while primary educational level was inversely associated (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.1-0.9). Although there are important geographic differences, HIV prevalence in IHUs remains high, even in short-term IHUs, whereas it was almost six times lower in NIHUs. The prevalence in women is higher than in men, particularly among NIHUs. A wide range of preventive strategies should be developed, aimed primarily at empowering women to negotiate safe sex.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Stability and compatibility of anakinra with ceftriaxone sodium injection in 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose injection.

The stability and compatibility of anakinra (recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) with ceftriaxone sodium in 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose injection was determined during a 4-h period at ambient room temperature and light. Anakinra was diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose to the concentrations of 4 and 36 mg/ml. Anakinra, at each concentration was mixed with ceftriaxone sodium (20 mg/ml) in a 50:50 proportion and stored in plastic culture vials with polypropylene caps. The samples were collected at 0, 2 and 4 h after mixing. Anakinra and ceftriaxone concentrations were measured using stability-indicating HPLC methods. In 0.9% sodium chloride injection, the mean concentrations of anakinra and ceftriaxone exceeded 98% of initial concentrations at the end of the study period. In 5% dextrose, however, anakinra concentrations were below 90% of the expected initial concentration at the time of first analysis (within 0.5 h). Thus, anakinra appears to be stable and compatible with ceftriaxone sodium when diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, but not in 5% dextrose injection over 4 h at ambient room temperature and light.

Ceftriaxone↗
PubMed2002

Palliation of patients with dysphagia due to advanced esophageal cancer by endoscopic injection of cisplatin/epinephrine injectable gel.

BACKGROUND: The aim of therapy for advanced esophageal cancer is relief of dysphagia with minimal treatment-related morbidity. This study assessed the efficacy of endoscopic intratumoral injection of cisplatin/epinephrine gel to relieve obstruction and improve swallowing. The gel is designed to minimize diffusion of active drug away from the tumor injection site. METHODS: Patients with inoperable esophageal cancer and dysphagia caused by exophytic esophageal tumor underwent up to 6 weekly endoscopic injections of the gel. Response was documented objectively (exophytic tumor volume, lumen size, dysphagia grade) and subjectively (achievement of treatment goal). RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were treated. Primary evaluation criteria for 18 evaluable patients were as follows: dysphagia grade improved in 4 (duration 30 to 45 days) and stabilized in 11; lumen patency improved in 6 (duration 29 to 56 days) and stabilized in 10; exophytic tumor volume decreased in 8 (duration 29 to 114 days). Eight patients felt that their ability to swallow improved. One patient with intramural and exophytic tumor developed a tracheoesophageal fistula, possibly related to treatment. Other complications were tolerable and self-limited. No nephrotoxicty or severe nausea/vomiting typical of systemic administration of cisplatin occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic injection of cisplatin/epinephrine gel is a straightforward procedure with standard equipment and techniques, which can provide palliation for patients with exophytic malignant tumors of the esophagus. Assessment of this method in conjunction with other therapeutic options such as brachytherapy is warranted.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Age and injecting drug use in Perth, Western Australia: the Australian national AIDS and injecting drug use study.

Young injecting drug users (IDUs) in Australia are a group about whom little is known. It is suggested, however, that their drug using behaviours and life styles put them at particular risk for HIV/AIDS. Data collected in Perth from 195 respondents in the Australian National AIDS and Injecting Drug Use Study was analyzed with emphasis on the distinctions between young and older injecting drug users. It was found that, relative to those aged 23 or over, IDUs under 23 used more stimulants and LSD and fewer opiates and benzodiazepines; were more likely to inject all or most of their drugs; were less likely to have been in treatment; had more sex partners; were less likely to have changed their drug taking behaviour because of AIDS; were less likely to use alone; shared needles less frequently but shared at least some of the time; and had less knowledge of AIDS and were more pessimistic about the long term outcomes of AIDS. Such characteristics need to be taken into account if effective intervention and prevention strategies for this group are planned.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Risk reduction among injecting drug users: changes in the sharing of injecting equipment and in condom use.

In an investigation of risk behaviour among injecting drug users in the North-West of England, information was obtained concerning the sharing of injecting equipment, respondent's sexual partners and the use of condoms. Between six and nine months after the initial contact, 169 respondents (56%) were contacted again. The emphasis in the second phase of the project was on changes, if any, in risk behaviour that had occurred in the intervening period. Significant reductions were found in sharing, mostly in the more indiscriminate use of others' injecting equipment. No reduction was observed in sharing between injecting partners and little in sharing between close friends. The number of sexual partners had decreased and the use of condoms, although it increased among those involved in temporary relationships, remained low. Impediments to further progress in risk reduction are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

AIDS and injecting drug use: very risky behaviour in a Perth sample of injecting drug users.

This research was carried out in 1990 to examine high-risk injecting and sexual behaviour in a sample of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Perth. The study was a cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample drawn from drug treatment (54%) and non-treatment (46%) populations. In the sample of 150 IDUs, there were 11 very risky drug behaviour (VRDB) and 63 very risky sex behaviour (VRSB) respondents. Four respondents fell into both categories. Independent comparisons were made between each risk group and the rest of the sample. The VRDB respondents were heterosexual men, most of whom were in long-term monogamous relationships, with heavier levels of drug use than the rest of the sample. The VRSB respondents were largely single and mainly heterosexual, with more sexual partners than the rest of the sample. It was concluded that there was little evidence that very risky behaviour was related to a general risk-taking dimension, to inadequate knowledge about AIDS or to a low assessment of personal vulnerability to AIDS. However, situational influences in association with heavy drug use appeared to be a major component of high-risk injecting behaviour, while high-risk sexual behaviour appeared more to be a reflection of community norms about heterosexual sexual behaviour. The study should be replicated with larger samples, particularly as the VRDB group was so small, but if the findings are reproduced in other studies, it suggests that serious attention should be paid to the promotion of safer sex among injecting drug users.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B and self-reported injection risk behavior during detention among street-recruited injection drug users in Los Angeles County, 1994-1996.

AIMS: To describe injection risk behaviors while in detention in a sample of injection drug users (IDUs) in Los Angeles County. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional, interviewer-administered, face-to-face risk survey, and serological screening for HIV and hepatitis B conducted at four street locations in Los Angeles County between 1994 and 1996. All interviews were conducted in a non-institutionalized setting. MEASUREMENTS: Ascertainment of self-reported risk behavior during detention and screening for HIV and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to the core (HBcAb) seromarkers. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred and forty-two participants were street-recruited during the study period. Seventy-one per cent of the sample was male, the median age was 43 years, 61% were African-American, 27% were Latino, 8% were white and 36% considered themselves homeless. FINDINGS: Overall HIV prevalence was 3.0%; 3.1% tested positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen marker (HBsAg), and 80.3% for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAb). After adjustment for length of injection drug use and recency of release from detention, HIV seroreactivity was significantly associated with history of detention due to possession of IDU paraphernalia (OR = 1.9). The presence of the hepatitis B HBcAb seromarker was associated with injection drug use while in detention, (OR = 1.7), and having been ever arrested for possession of IDU paraphernalia (OR = 1.8). CONCLUSIONS: IDU detainees constitute a high risk group for blood-borne infections. Comprehensive prevention and health promotion efforts in the community need to include correctional facilities.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗