SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Information Processing”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

A new information processing measure for adaptive complex systems.

This paper presents an implementation-independent measure of the amount of information processing performed by (part of) an adaptive system which depends on the goal to be performed by the overall system. This new measure gives rise to a theoretical framework under which several classical supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms fall and, additionally, new efficient learning algorithms can be derived. In the context of neural networks, the framework of information theory strives to design neurally inspired structures from which complex functionality should emerge. Yet, classical measures of information have not taken an explicit account of some of the fundamental concepts in brain theory and neural computation, namely that optimal coding depends on the specific task(s) to be solved by the system and that goal orientedness also depends on extracting relevant information from the environment to be able to affect it in the desired way. We present a new information processing measure that takes into account both the extraction of relevant information and the reduction of spurious information for the task to be solved by the system. This measure is implementation-independent and therefore can be used to analyze and design different adaptive systems. Specifically, we show its application for learning perceptrons, decision trees and linear autoencoders.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Deficit in suppression of interference in visual information processing by schizophrenic subjects].

Although many studies have indicated information processing deficits in schizophrenic patients, the precise nature and underlying causes of these deficits remain largely uncertain. One prominent hypothesis is that these patients show insufficient attentional inhibition. This deficit to inhibition has been linked to certain cognitive disorders in schizophrenic patients, including attention deficits, as well as to some clinical symptoms, especially those involving delusional thought, hallucinations,and poor contact with reality. The hypothesis of deficient attentional inhibition, although attractive in some ways, is difficult to work with, because it is not easy to directly measure "attentional inhibition". Several studies involving normal subjects have linked attentional inhibition with performance on a task demanding the suppression of distracting information: the presumption is that efficient attentional inhibition will permit rapid responses because the distracting information will be quickly suppressed, allowing undistracted processing of the target information. The present study measures schizophrenic patients' performance on a task demanding suppression of rapidly-presented visual information. An important methodological feature of this study is that performance is measured in terms of "percent correct responses" rather than the reaction time measures typically used in tasks demanding distractor suppression, such as Stroop-like selective attention tasks. Since reaction times are not considered, the results cannot be interpreted in terms of deficient response organization and execution. Schizophrenic (18) and normal (18) subjects underwent trials in which a visual target was the second of two stimuli presented in rapid succession. Interference produced by a non-target significantly impaired perception of the target for schizophrenic patients. This effect persisted longer in the schizophrenic subjects possibly because of deficient attentional inhibition.

Attention↗

PubMed1977

The effect of low dose intravenous alcohol on human information processing.

A model of multiple-stage information processing predicts alcohol to have a selective effect on mechanisms involving central processing rather than sensory input. However, behavioral effects at low alcohol doses administered orally can be overshadowed by fluctuations in gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism rate. Paid volunteers, who therefore received intravenous doses of alcohol and a barbiturate, were tested on tasks varying in sensory discriminability and in central processing difficulty. The low drug doses did not affect errors of stimulus encoding but increased error rate in memory comparison tasks. These results confirmed the predictions based on the mutiple-stage model.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Saccadic overhead: information-processing time with and without saccades.

Information-processing time was compared for serial and spatially distributed visual presentations with performance measures that permit the separation of total time into its during-display and post-display components. For all subjects, there was a significant saccadic overhead, that is, less time was required with the serial format, which allowed data access without eye movements. However, the magnitude of the overhead decreased as task complexity increased. All subjects were able to exercise some control over the distribution of total processing time, trading off short during-display times with longer post-display times and vice versa.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Using multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis for understanding information processing and schizophrenia.

This comprehensive review of information processing theory together with multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis methods is used to examine proposed models, developing taxonomies, and treatment for schizophrenia. Studies cited link attention deficit with schizophrenia, suggest that for some tasks, the irregular performance of people with schizophrenia is the major problem, add evidence of treatment effects on sufferers' mental organization, provide a critique of current diagnostic instruments, and highlight the importance of supporting coping skills. The author concludes that multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis are important tools for the development of theory and knowledge and act as a check against theoretical bias.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Social information processing in aggressive and depressed children.

Social information processing patterns of children who were identified as being aggressive or depressed, both, or neither were compared in order to address the issue of specificity and to explore whether children who are comorbid show a unique processing style. Subjects were 220 children in the third through sixth grade. Peer nomination and teacher ratings were used to assess level of aggression, and the Children's Depression Inventory was used to measure level of depression. Aggressive children showed a hostile attributional bias, were more likely to report that they would engage in aggressive behavior, and indicated that aggression would be easy for them. Depressed children similarly showed a hostile attributional bias, although they were more likely to attribute negative situations to internal, stable, and global causes. Depressed children also reported that they would be less likely to use assertive responses and that they expected that assertive behavior would lead to more negative and fewer positive outcomes. Children who were comorbid generally showed patterns similar to both aggressive and depressed children.

Affect↗

PubMed1994

Influence by learning how people process information.

To have a successful career in management, you have to pay more attention to refining your communication skills than you ever thought was necessary. In a survey of 100 physician executives, 94 percent felt training was needed in communication skills if you are thinking about becoming a physician executive. When recruiters talk to us about the basic requirements for physician executives, one of the things they say the person needs to have is excellent communication skills. Most people have good communication skills, but what can move you into the category of excellent is paying careful attention to how the person you are talking to processes information. You can only do this if you listen before you do much talking. What do I mean by processing information? When we get up in the morning, the world is out there separate from us. We have to take in information about that world and make decisions all day long. We don't all do this in the same way. In this article, I am going to discuss four ways to process information.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Classical conditioning and information processing: different mechanism for prepared and unprepared stimuli?

Although learning without awareness conflicts with recent theories of classical human Pavlovian conditioning, there is at least one type of conditioning in which CS-US contingency is processed without awareness--the so-called prepared conditioning. Therefore, presenting a secondary reaction time probe to measure the amount of information processing capacity required should produce interference with the secondary task in unprepared, but not in prepared conditioning, since in the latter information should be processed in parallel. In a previous study, the authors could not find differences between both types of conditioning, neither in reaction time nor in electrodermal indicators of information processing. The present study was conducted to replicate and extend these findings, using a differential autonomic conditioning paradigm. One half of 42 subjects received spider and snake slides as prepared stimuli, while the other half received flower slides as unprepared stimuli. Both kinds of stimuli were used as CS+ and as CS-. An electric shock served as unconditioned stimulus. During 24 acquisition and 24 extinction trials, electrodermal and heart rate responses, as well as reaction times to probe stimulus were recorded. The results revealed significant conditioning effects in terms of CS-/CS+ differences. However, no differences were found between prepared and unprepared stimuli, neither in autonomic measures nor in reaction time. Again, our results are in favor of serial information processing in both prepared and unprepared stimuli, suggesting that the so-called prepared conditioning may be treated as a subclass of classical autonomic conditioning instead of forming a specific class of learning.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The heterogeneity of schizophrenic information processing and negative versus positive symptoms.

In this study, 20 schizophrenic patients were subdivided into a schizophrenia group with positive symptoms (N = 11) and a schizophrenia group with negative symptoms (N = 9) by Andreasen's rating scales: the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms. These groups were compared with 17 normal controls and 17 subjects with a closed head injury. Indices of information processing derived from Coglab, a multiparadigmatic cognitive test battery developed by Spaulding et al., were used for comparison. The "negative" schizophrenia subjects were characterized by a more pervasive deficient information-processing capacity than the "positive" schizophrenia subjects. The deficits both groups had in common were, however, not of equal severity. The closed head injury group, who served as an indirect control for the presumed generalized deterioration in the negative schizophrenia group, did not compare very well to this latter group. The results are discussed in relation to the question of whether the information-processing deficiencies stem from a single causal process, or whether these deficiencies are independent and associated with many etiological pathways.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Disorganized eye movements and visuospatial dysfunctions in an early stage of the patients with Alzheimer's disease--the effects of language and visual information processing on constructional performances].

In Alzheimer's disease higher brain function disorders such as geographical disorientation, visual agnosia and constructional disability are frequently observed in addition to the progressive memory loss. Visual information processing was studied through newly developed technology, vision analyzer, since visuospatial functions play an important role in the pathophysiology underlying these neuropsychiatric symptoms and dementia itself. We found characteristic findings as to eye movements of focus indicating visual cognitive disorders. Language or language functions, however, are considered to be essentially involved in visuospatial functions. We examined eye movements of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (15 cases), MID (5 cases), Parkinson's disease (5 cases) and 10 control subjects during constructional behavior under various conditions in terms of visual information processing. 1. Alzheimer's disease (n = 15): All patients showed constructional disabilities when copying geometrical figures. 1) Three dimensional drawing was possible following verbal instructions in 7 out of 15 patients. 2) Three dimensional drawing was successful when the model figure to be copied was covered in 4 out of these 7 patients. 3) Three dimensional drawing was possible following verbal instruction in a dark room, although they were not so accurate but better than those when copied in 4 out of 7 patients. 4) The analysis of eye movements revealed that typical eye movements were confirmed during copying geometric figures. The distribution of the gazing points of focus, and the average eye movement velocity distribution were also distinctive. But these disorganized eye movements in description of graphic figures following verbal instruction became more similar to those of healthy controls when compared to those in the copying graphic figures. 2. MID (n = 5), Parkinson disease (n = 5), healthy controls (n = 10): 1) No subject showed constructional disability when copying a graphic figure. They were also capable to describe a graphic figure both in the dark and following verbal instruction. 2) No remarkable change was observed in the distribution of the eye movement, or in the average eye movement velocity on these subjects. 3. These results indicate that in an early stage of the patients with Alzheimer's disease, primary or fundamental disorders seem to lay in the verification process of visual information, which results in the difficulties in categorization process of the visual objects. The categorization process is involved with language function, which was preserved in a certain period at an early stage of the disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed1993

[Changes in positive mood states by analytic and creative information processing].

Reviews concerning research on the influence of mood on behavior show (a) that mainly the influence of mood on behavior was investigated and (b) that achievements in memory and cognitive tasks were of central concern (Fiedler, 1988; Isen, 1987). Social behavior was analyzed as a function of these factors. Recent reviews restrict themselves to positive feeling states. Summarizing, Fiedler (1988) describes the information processing style in positive feeling states as "loosening" to capture its qualitative aspects. This study investigates the opposite direction of influence, i.e. the effect of cognitive style on positive feeling states. This study restricts itself to positive feeling states. The compatibility thesis which postulates a necessary interaction of feeling state and information processing style is tested. Equivalent states and productions have to go together to generate the mood effects. In a 2 x 2 x 5 mixed design 70 female students (non-psychologists) served as subjects. Using a 20-minute mood induction procedure (autobiographical recollection methodology) a positive or neutral feeling state was elicited in half of the participants. During the next 10 minutes half of each group worked either on a verbal creativity test (Schoppe, 1975) or on an intelligence test (Amthauer, 1973) to establish an creative or analytic style of information processing. Repeated sampling of a measurement repetition factor served as baseline assessments, manipulation checks, and measurements of the feeling states during the task completion of the creativity or intelligence test. The feeling states were assessed by means of a short version (BSK-1982) of the "Eigenschaftswörterliste" (Janke & Debus, 1978). The results confirm the compatibility thesis. Only the group in which a positive feeling state and a creative processing style interact reported a positive mood throughout the task completion. Unexpectedly, a slight deterioration of mood was found in the group with a neutral feeling state and analytic reasoning, suggesting that the neutral mood induction might in fact, elicit a mild negative feeling state and that the compatibility thesis might, also be applicable to the field of negative emotions.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

An information processing analysis of the effects of alcohol on perceptions of facial emotions.

Working from an information-processing conceptual framework, this experiment investigated the effects of alcohol, expectancy, and sex of subject on normal drinkers' perceptions of facial emotions. In a 2- x -2 factorial design, 24 males and 24 females were given either an alcoholic (0.50 g/kg body weight) or a nonalcoholic beverage and instructed that they were receiving either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage. The main dependent measure was subjects' ratings of affect contained in facial expressions. The hypothesis that alcohol consumption would impair affect perceptions received some support. Interaction effects also showed that greater alcohol-induced deficits occurred when subjects believed they had consumed alcohol and that the instructional variable differentially influenced the responses of males and females. With qualifications, these data suggest the utility of an information processing analysis of cognitive functions relevant to the social behavioral effects of alcohol consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Motivated information processing, strategic choice, and the quality of negotiated agreement.

The authors tested a motivated information-processing model of negotiation: To reach high joint outcomes, negotiators need a deep understanding of the task, which requires them to exchange information and to process new information systematically. All this depends on social motivation, epistemic motivation (EM), and their interaction. Indeed, when EM (manipulated by holding negotiators process accountability or not) was high rather than low and prosocial rather than proself, negotiators recall more cooperative than competitive tactics (Experiment 1), had more trust, and reached higher joint outcomes (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 showed that under high EM, negotiators who received cooperative, rather than competitive, tactics reached higher joint outcomes because they engaged in more problem solving. Under low EM, negotiators made more concessions and reached low joint outcomes. Implications for negotiation theory and for future work in this area are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2001

Why genetic information processing could have a quantum basis.

Living organisms are not just random collections of organic molecules. There is continuous information processing going on in the apparent bouncing around of molecules of life. Optimization criteria in this information processing can be searched for using the laws of physics. Quantum dynamics can explain why living organisms have 4 nucleotide bases and 20 amino acids, as optimal solutions of the molecular assembly process. Experiments should be able to tell whether evolution indeed took advantage of quantum dynamics or not.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Information processing in chronic fatigue syndrome: a preliminary investigation of suggestibility.

This study examines the effects of certain types of information processing on the subjective experience of cognitive deficits in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Two groups of participants, persons with CFS and a group of healthy controls, were administered a symptom inventory and measures of intellectual functioning, memory, automatic processing, and suggestibility. The groups differed significantly on number and severity of reported symptoms and on measures of global suggestibility and automatic processing, but not on measures of intellectual functioning and memory. Suggestibility was related to number and severity of reported symptoms, as well as the inability to inhibit the automatic processing of information. Implications of these findings are discussed, as well as directions for future research and treatment of symptoms associated with CFS.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

[Concepts underlying the analysis of late evoked potentials applied to the study of information processing and its disturbances in psychopathology].

This paper gives a rapid overview of the information processing approach taken when recording and analysing endogenous event-related potentials (ERPs) with psychiatric patients, and its theoretical framework, born from information theory and cognitive psychology. The triarchic model of P 300 amplitude recently proposed by Johnson (1986) is given as an example of a particularly coherent framework that should help determine the various sources of the P 300 amplitude reduction usually observed in psychiatric patients, probably related to the impairment of a number of different processes. The concept of "functional component" is underlined and some examples are given concerning different ERP components reflecting normal and abnormal attention processes of either automatic or controlled mode of processing. The difference between this information processing approach of the cognitive electro-physiologist, aiming at shedding some light on the strategies utilized by patients in order to cope with the experimental situation, and the electro-clinical approach seeking chiefly for a diagnostic, is emphasized.

Cognition↗

PubMed2005

Electrophysiological correlates of information processing in breast-cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy.

Cognitive deficits are found in a number of breast-cancer patients who have undergone adjuvant (Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, and 5-Fluorouracil (CMF)) chemotherapy, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate information processing in these patients with concurrent registration of brain activity. Twenty-six breast-cancer patients treated with adjuvant CMF chemotherapy and a control group of 23 stage I breast-cancer patients not treated with chemotherapy were examined. Mean time since treatment for the CMF patients was 5.1 years after the last CMF course, and for the control patients 3.6 years after termination of radiotherapy. An information processing task was administered with concurrent EEG registration. Reaction times and the amplitudes and latencies of an Event Related Potential component (P3) in different task conditions related to input, central, and output processing of information were studied. Significant differences in latency and amplitude of the P3 component were found between the treatment groups with an earlier and reduced P3 in the chemotherapy group. Patients treated with chemotherapy had longer reaction times (although not significantly different) than the control group on all task conditions. Our data provide further evidence for long-term neurocognitive problems in breast-cancer patients treated with adjuvant (CMF) chemotherapy and offer new information regarding abnormalities in brain functioning in these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Mindsets in social anxiety: a new look at selective information processing.

According to the Rubicon Model of Action Phases (in: J. Gollwitzer, 1996), Motivation, volition, and action, Enzyclopedia of psychology, series "motivation and emotion", Vol. 4, Hogrefe, Göttingen, 1996, pp. 531-582), different stages in goal pursuit are accompanied by different mindsets that enhance processing of mindset-congruous information. Before people engage in action, they usually deliberate possible goals for a given situation (deliberative mindset). Once a goal is chosen, they plan how to achieve this particular goal (implemental mindset). The present experiments tested the hypothesis that people with social anxiety show a reversal of mindsets when approaching social situations. In Experiment 1, 20 students were asked to either deliberate goals for a hypothetical social conflict (deliberation), or to think about steps to solve the conflict (implementation). An unexpected recognition test demonstrated different recognition memory for deliberation-related versus implementation-related information in the two groups, consistent with the hypothesis of different mindsets. In Experiment 2, 48 students who were either high or low in social anxiety were randomly assigned to either the deliberation or the implementation condition. Participants high in social anxiety showed a pattern in the recognition test that was consistent with a reversal of mindsets. When asked to plan social situations, they showed an inappropriate deliberative mindset. In contrast, they lacked a deliberative mindset when deliberating goals for the social situation. The result indicate that socially anxious people engage in information processing that interferes with successful goal attainment when approaching social situations.

Adult↗