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PubMed2006

Effects of substrate network topologies on competition dynamics.

We study a competition dynamics, based on the minority game, endowed with various substrate network structures. We observe the effects of the network topologies by investigating the volatility of the system and the structure of follower networks. The topology of substrate structures significantly influences the system efficiency represented by the volatility and such substrate networks are shown to amplify the herding effect and cause inefficiency in most cases. The follower networks emerging from the leadership structure show a power-law incoming degree distribution. This study shows the emergence of scale-free structures of leadership in the minority game and the effects of the interaction among players on the networked version of the game.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Japanese encephalitis virus infection in Vero cells: the involvement of intracellular acidic vesicles in the early phase of viral infection was observed with the treatment of a specific vacuolar type H+-ATPase inhibitor, bafilomycin A1.

The involvement of intracellular acidic vesicles in the early phase of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infection in Vero cells was observed by adding a specific vacuolar type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitor (bafilomycin A1) in the cell culture medium. Studies with the detection of viral envelope (E) protein suggested that bafilomycin A1 inhibited virus infection in the cells. Subcellular distribution of incoming biotinylated virions and 3H-uridine-labeled viral RNA were observed in fractions of a Percoll density gradient. At 10 min of the chasing period, virions and viral RNA were found mainly in fractions with a mean density of 1.04 g/ml corresponding to the endosome both in the control and bafilomycin A1-treated cells. At 60 min of the chasing period, the peak of biotin activity was detected in fractions with a mean density of 1.08 g/ml corresponding to the lysosome, whereas the peak of radioactivity did not run parallel with that of biotin and shifted to fractions with a mean density of 1.05 g/ml and higher than 1.084 g/ml, respectively. At 60 min of the chasing period in bafilomycin A1-treated cells, the peak of biotin and radioactivity were still found mainly in the fraction with a density of 1.04 g/ml, representing the endosome. Subcellular fractionation by a Percoll density gradient revealed that bafilomycin A1 treatment resulted in the accumulation of virions in the endosome fraction and suggested the prevention of intracellular translocation of the virions which occurs during the early entry process of an infecting virus to the cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

High school census tract information predicts practice in rural and minority communities.

PURPOSE: Identify census-derived characteristics of residency graduates' high school communities that predict practice in rural, medically underserved, and high minority-population settings. METHODS: Cohort study of 214 graduates of the University of California, San Francisco-Fresno Family Practice Residency Program (UCSF-Fresno) from its establishment in 1970 through 2000. Rural-urban commuting area code; education, racial, and ethnic distribution; median income; population; and federal designation as a medically underserved area were collected for census tracts of each graduate's (1) high school address and (2) practice location. FINDINGS: Twenty-one percent of graduates practice in rural areas, 28% practice in areas with high proportions of minority population (high minority areas), and 35% practice in federally designated medically underserved areas. Graduation from high school in a rural census tract was associated with rural practice (P < .01), Of those practicing in a rural site, 32% graduated from a rural high school, as compared with 11% of nonrural practitioners. Graduation from high school in a census tract with a higher proportion of minorities was associated with practice in a proportionally high minority community (P = .01). For those practicing in a high-minority setting, the median minority percentage of the high school census tract was 31%, compared with 16% for people not practicing in a high minority area. No characteristics of the high school census tract were predictive of practice in a medically underserved area. CONCLUSION: Census data from the residency graduate's high school predicted rural practice and practice in a proportionally high minority community, but not in a federally designated medically underserved area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Integration by migration?

"In terms of trade and capital flows, the Middle East is one of the least economically integrated regions of the world. The major exception is labor mobility, where intraregional migration flows are extensive. The explanation for this pattern lies in the extreme differences in factor endowments across the region and development policies adopted by both labor-importing and exporting countries. Because the obstacles to trade in goods have been greater than the obstacles to migration, labor mobility and its associated capital flows have been the most important mechanism through which the benefits of the oil windfall have been spread to the poorer states of the region. There is evidence that incomes across the Middle East have become more equal."

Africa↗
PubMed2002

Malnutrition and poverty.

This paper is an attempt to discuss the problem of malnutrition within the framework of the global need for development and the challenges posed by the trends of neoliberalism and globalization. We argue that there is a two-way link between poverty and health in which nutrition plays an important role both as an active and as a mediating factor. Key concepts are exposed and expanded: (a) Development per se does not ensure better health; (b) unequal distribution of income has an independent effect on health indicators after adjusting for total income; (c) improving health can make an important contribution to reducing poverty; (d ) improving nutrition throughout the whole life course is an indispensable strategy for better health; (e) obesity has to be included amongst the most critical health problems, has different traits, and presents with different challenges in the developing world and in the industrialized countries.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1989

Metropolitan population size and economic well-being.

A multi-equation recursive model is specified wherein the level and inequality of income in US metropolitan areas are functions of population, labor force characteristics, industrial structure, and occupational structure. Parameters are estimated for a 1980 sample of 120 standard metropolitan statistical areas representative of all population sizes. These parameters suggest that metropolitan areas of 1.9 million population demonstrate on average the greatest inequality, ceteris paribus. Population proved not to be strongly correlated with per capita income, either directly or indirectly.

Americas↗
PubMed1999

Evolutionary psychology and health: confronting an evolving paradigm.

In much the same way that developments in genetics have opened up new areas of activity in health services, the 'new genetics' has also stimulated a renewal in approaches that try to explain the nature of health behaviours within the context of human biological development. Evolutionary psychology, as an umbrella term for these views, stresses the importance of the brain as an intermediary between genes and individual behaviour. From such a perspective, social context is less important than an understanding of why certain behaviours are 'chosen' by the evolutionary process and how they are predicated on reproductive success. Health policy is a key area where these ideas are likely to become important given evolutionary psychology's focus on the interplay between physiological and psychological factors in determining health behaviours. Health research provides a fertile environment because it is already seeking the hidden biological pathways connecting social status with specific diseases. The challenge represented by evolutionary psychology needs to be taken seriously because of the way in which such ideas mesh with the individualistic basis of much health promotion and health policy. In particular, it poses a challenge when it purports to explain how inequalities in health are not necessarily the result of the unequal distribution of income in society but are natural phenomena. It is also important to engage with such ideas because they increasingly seem likely to occupy the empty ideological space created by the disappearance of politics in policy and as such may have a greater impact than would otherwise be the case.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1978

The distributional effects of national health insurance in Quebec.

In November of 1970 a major change in public health policy occurred in Quebec: the movement from a mixed private-public system to a completely public system of financing health care (known as Medicare). This policy change had important economic effects on the distribution of income, taxation, and health care costs. This paper analyzes these economic effects by focusing on the changes in financial burden of medical care costs between 1969-70 and 1971-72 for eight income classes. The key results that emerge are: the total cost of medical care increases sharply for all of the income groups, and the burden of the cost of medical care becomes more equitable across the income groups. Based on these results, policy considerations for the present debate on national health insurance in the United States are offered.

Financing, Government↗
PubMed2006

GMOs: building the future on the basis of past experience.

Biosafety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their derivatives is still a major topic in the agenda of government and societies worldwide. The aim of this review is to bring into light that data that supported the decision taken back in 1998 as an exercise to stimulate criticism from the scientific community for upcoming discussions and to avoid emotional and senseless arguments that could jeopardize future development in the field. It must be emphasized that Roundup Ready soybean is just one example of how biotechnology can bring in significant advances for society, not only through increased productivity, but also with beneficial environmental impact, thereby allowing more rational use of agricultural pesticides for improvement of the soil conditions. The adoption of agricultural practices with higher yield will also allow better distribution of income among small farmers. New species of genetically modified plants will soon be available and society should be capable of making decisions in an objective and well-informed manner, through collegiate bodies that are qualified in all aspects of biosafety and environmental impact.

3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health care reform and social participation].

This article begins by briefly reviewing different forms of citizen participation in the health system. The article then suggests the need for mechanisms for society to control each of the tasks that the health system should perform: defining overall policies, financing, insurance, service provision, and evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of the system. In general, in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, health sector policy formulation continues to be carried out in a centralized manner, with limited involvement by individuals and little adaptation to local realities. The reform processes in the Region are progressing in defining or improving the financing responsibility so as to better reconcile the objectives of equity, efficiency, and freedom of choice. Nevertheless, little has been done to develop instruments for citizens to control the functions of financing and insurance. Appropriate instruments are still lacking for citizens to effectively manage service providers. Among the principal obstacles to citizen participation in the health sector in the Region are: inequality in the distribution of income and other forms of power, an embryonic recognition of the rights of people when they are dealing with public services, limited information concerning those rights and the absence of mechanisms for people to truly exercise them, the weakness with which existing control mechanisms recognize social diversity and incorporate the views of minorities or of the most marginalized groups in society, and weak civic organizations.

Caribbean Region↗
PubMed1982

The political economy of infant mortality in São Paulo, Brazil.

After the military took power in Brazil in 1964, the government adopted a wide range of policies designed to stimulate economic growth. A central aspect of the Brazilian model of development was the control of wages. From 1964 to 1975 this strategy caused the purchasing power of the minimum wage in the city of Säo Paulo to fall. The decline in the real wage index was associated with a rise in infant mortality during the period. When real wages rose after 1974, the death rate dropped off. The infant mortality trend cannot be explained by other factors that affect the actual or the reported death rate, such as changes in cityward migration, shifts in the distribution of income, and improvements in the quality of vital statistics. The findings of this study indicate a causal relationship between the infant mortality trend and changes in the purchasing power of the urban poor. Additional data on nutrition, changes in household behavior, and shifts in the cause structure of mortality support this conclusion.

Brazil↗
PubMed1986

Socio-medical indicators of health in South Africa.

Socio-medical indicators developed by WHO for monitoring progress towards Health-for-All have been adapted to reveal, clearly and objectively, the devastating impact of state planning based on an outmoded immoral and unscientific philosophy of race superiority in South Africa on the health of the disenfranchised majority within the context of social and economic discrimination; Health policy indicators confirm that the government is committed to three options (Bantustans, A New Constitution, and A Health Services Facilities Plan) all of which are inconsistent with the attainment of Health-for-All; Social and economic indicators reveal gross disparities between African, Coloured, Indian, and White living and working conditions; Provision of health care indicators show the overwhelming dominance of high technology curative medical care consuming about 97 percent of the health budget with only minor shifts towards community-based comprehensive care; and Health status indicators illustrate the close nexus between privilege, dispossession and disease with Whites falling prey to health problems related to affluence and lifestyle, while Africans, Coloureds, and Indians suffer from disease due to poverty. All four categories of the indicator system reveal discrepancies which exist between Black and White, rich and poor, urban and rural. To achieve the social goal of Health-for-All requires a greater measure of political commitment from the state. We conclude that it is debatable whether a system which maintains race discrimination and exploitation can in fact be adapted to provide Health-for-All.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Inequalities at the source of infant mortality in Peru].

The principal aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between social disparities and infant mortality. This research is based on the secondary analysis of the official data concerning socioeconomic and mortality rates for the end of the 1960's and for the mid of 1990's. The infant mortality rate is twice higher amongst the Andean population, particularly true for those living in the South of the Andes, than the average population. In contrast, the babies born in Lima metropolitan area benefit a probability of survival in their first year of life twice higher than the typical Peruvian new born. These inequalities are the result of social exclusion that restrict participation in economic, cultural and political institutions to different social groups in Peruvian society. Illiteracy and distribution of income play a decisive role in the increase of infant mortality rates.

Education↗