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PubMed1998

Objectivity in psychoanalytic judgements.

BACKGROUND: There is widespread scepticism concerning the reliability and validity psychoanalytic judgements of patient-therapist transactions. We predicted that (a) in reviewing the initial part of 14 videotaped assessment interviews with borderline and dysthymic subjects, dynamic psychotherapists would agree in their ratings of psychoanalytically relevant characteristics of subjects' interpersonal relations; (b) inter-correlations among the ratings would conform with those expected from psychoanalytic descriptions of paranoid-schizoid' and 'depressive position' states of mind; and (c) these ratings would differentiate between borderline and dysthymic groups. METHOD: Six trained psychotherapists who were blind to the design of the study, independently rated qualities of interpersonal relatedness during the first 30 minutes of each interview, on a 30-item 'personal relatedness profile'. RESULTS: There was satisfactory interrater reliability in judgements among the raters, and evidence that the items were interrelated. There was also a significant difference between the two subject groups. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to make reliable psychoanalytic judgements about qualities of interpersonal relatedness. Moreover, there is evidence that paranoid-schizoid and depressive positive aspects of psychological functioning do constitute a meaningful constellation of clinically grounded phenomena.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The efficacy of group therapy by nurses for hospitalized patients.

To investigate the effect of group therapy by nurses on chronic psychiatric patients, 100 chronic psychiatric patients between the ages of 30 and 59, hospitalized on two regressed, continued care wards and one community care preparation ward at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Augusta, Georgia, were paired, using the variables of age, diagnosis, and number and duration of hospitalizations, and assigned to five control and five experimental groups (ten patients per group). Experimental subjects attended group therapy sessions, led by two nurses, twice a week; control subjects did not. All subjects were evaluated by two nursing assistants on the NOSIE-30 scale prior to group therapy, after ten sessions, and at the end of 20 sessions. Paired t-tests were computed on pre- and postdata for six factors. Data from an evaluation scale of the most regressed ward indicated leader-patient interaction. Sociogram evaluation revealed 79 percent positive interactions. Topics most frequently mentioned were nature in regard to delusional systems and interpersonal relations in the hospital and home. Findings supported the use of group therapy with chronic regressed psychiatric patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Congruence between curriculum goals and students' perceptions of learning environment.

The authors' main objectives in the study reported here were to assess medical students' perceptions of the learning environments provided by fourth-year clinical electives taken at three different training sites and to determine whether differences in learning environment among the sites could be attributed to differences in curricular goals. The investigators used a survey containing 32 items subdivided into six subscales: structure, interpersonal relationships, educational climate, practicality, enthusiasm, and humanism. Perceptions of the elective learning environment were obtained from 67 students. Overall differences among training sites as perceived by the students were found by means of a multivariate analysis of variance to be statistically significant. Further analysis revealed site differences on four subscales: structure, interpersonal relations, educational climate, and practicality. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1993

[The characteristics of the social psychological status of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease].

The multifactorial rating scale, interpersonal relation test and methods for examining lifestyle were used to study the psychosocial status of 168 patients with chronic coronary heart disease. As compared with normal psychoemotional persons, the patients with these disorders were found to show a significantly higher degree of their dissatisfaction with occupational and financial status, working conditions, extra-familiar relations. With progressive neurotic disorders, their dissatisfaction with relations at home and work significantly increased and their work motivation decreased. Moreover, psychoemotional disorders were accompanied by higher conflicts with all those present and lower lifestyle.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1985

Recollections of Harry Stack Sullivan and of the development of his interpersonal psychiatry.

Some of us who knew Harry Stack Sullivan during the last two decades of his life and followed the development of his though estimated that his professional career, starting with the completion of the course work at the Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery, 1915, could be divided roughly into four separate periods of some eight years each in duration. The first period may be called the Chicago period, 1915-1921; the second the Washington-Baltimore period, 1921-1931; the third the New York period, 1931-1939; and the fourth, the period of the Washington School of Psychiatry, 1939 to approximately 1947. This leaves a period of about a year, or possibly a little longer, which I wish to designate as the fifth period, cut short by Sullivan's sudden death in January 1949. The last period consisted of his separating himself from the Washington School of Psychiatry and from teaching the theory of interpersonal psychiatry while simultaneously exploring the feasibility of a psychiatry of social groups or even of society itself. The first name for this extension of the concept of interpersonal relations to the entire social field was the title given to the White Memorial Lectures delivered by Dr. G. Brock Chisholm in 1945, namely, "Psychiatry of Enduring Peace and Social Progress."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Leisure activities of young adults not receiving mental handicap services who were in a special school for mental handicap as children.

The subjects of this study were 22-year-old adults who had attended a special school for children with mental handicap. Since leaving school, they had dropped out of the mental handicap services. The subjects' leisure activities were compared with peers who had always attended regular classes as children. The subjects engaged in fewer types of activities than the comparisons and had fewer activities that involved interpersonal relations, especially with non-family peers. The size of these differences was influenced by marital status.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Perceiving feelings in a nonverbal manner].

The present article refers to aspects of nonverbal communication, the importance in interpersonal relations and emotions that can be identified of nonverbal form. It's shows the guide to help nurse's perception of nonverbal signals emitted by himself and by the patients which may express emotions.

Emotions↗
PubMed1989

[Psychogenic disorders in males and females].

The influence of sex difference on symptoms, behavior during illness, the interactional dynamics of conflict, and external society reality is studied here in two random samples of 615 and 739 patients who sought psychotherapeutic treatment. The comparison shows that greater importance is attached to interpersonal relations and social reality (early marriage with child, separation, divorce) as well as to coming to terms with these things emotionally among women, who were in the majority in all clinical studies. Women often fall ill because of difficult relationships from which they cannot free themselves inwardly and toward which the remain oriented with disappointment and complaints, even after actual separation. A stronger need for close personal relationships leads them (often against the background of a conflict-ridden parental family) to an early partnership that is often cemented by pregnancy, only to be dissolved later by divorce. The counter-image of such relational problems is more often found among male patients, who show difficulties in limiting their own autonomy and in establishing dependable emotional ties and social relations. The relationships between the different realities of the two sexes, the structure of their needs and the resulting predilection to illness are examined in detail.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Cognitive representations of self, family, and peers in school-age children: links with social competence and sociometric status.

Attachment and social-cognitive theories of interpersonal relations have underscored the integral role that internalized cognitive representations may play as mediators of the link between family and peer relationships. 3 predictions consistent with this conceptualization received support in the present study of 161 7-12-year-old school children. In Part 1 of the study, significant connections were found among different components of cognitive representations, including social perceptions, interpersonal expectancies, and schematic organization and processing of social information. Moreover, generalization was found among children's representations across 3 interpersonal domains--that is, family, peer, and self. In Part 2, negative representations of self and others were found to be associated with increased social impairment, including dysfunctional social behavior and less positive status in the peer group. Implications of the findings for theories of interpersonal competence and interventions with socially impaired children are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1978

Occupational tedium in the social services.

Occupational tedium among social service workers was found to depend more on a worker's interpersonal relations with colleagues and clients than on intrinsic work conditions, such as the variety of job assignments. This suggests that social workers may be particularly sensitive to people as sources of both emotional stress and support.

Attitude↗
PubMed1998

Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement.

Interpersonal forgiving was conceptualized in the context of a 2-factor motivational system that governs people's responses to interpersonal offenses. Four studies were conducted to examine the extent to which forgiving could be predicted with relationship-level variables such as satisfaction, commitment, and closeness; offense-level variables such as apology and impact of the offense; and social-cognitive variables such as offender-focused empathy and rumination about the offense. Also described is the development of the transgression-related interpersonal motivations inventory--a self-report measure designed to assess the 2-component motivational system (Avoidance and Revenge) posited to underlie forgiving. The measure demonstrated a variety of desirable psychometric properties, commending its use for future research. As predicted, empathy, apology, rumination, and several indexes of relationship closeness were associated with self-reported forgiving.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Different models of analytic group psychotherapy. A comparative survey.

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on and to compare various psychoanalytic models which are used in the conceptualisation of the processes occurring in small psychotherapeutic groups. Three tendencies are roughly differentiated: (1) the tendency to analyse the individual patient in the group (Slavson, Wolfson and Schwartz, Kuiper); (2) the tendency to stress the importance of the group as a whole (Bion, Eziel, Whitaker and Lieberman), and (3) the tendency to consider the group more as a network of interpersonal relations (Foulkes). For each model the following aspects are analysed: the importance of the group or the individual; the role and the attitude of the therapist, and the factors which are considered therapeutic.

Communication↗
PubMed1998

Dimensions of subjective well-being after spinal cord injury: an empirical analysis by gender and race/ethnicity.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to identify the underlying dimensions of subjective well-being after spinal cord injury (SCI), and (2) to develop reliable scales based on measurement of these dimensions. DESIGN: A field study was conducted by surveying the subjective well-being of two large samples of participants with SCI. Principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation was applied to participant responses to 50 subjective well-being items. SETTING: All participants were selected from the outpatient files of two midwestern rehabilitation hospitals and from a large southeastern rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: There were a total of 1,032 participants, 435 from the Midwest and 597 from the Southeast. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Life Situation Questionnaire-revised version (LSQ-R) was used to measure subjective well-being. It included two prominent sections, one for life satisfaction (20 items) and the other for self-reported problems (30 items). RESULTS: Seven subjective well-being factor scales were identified across the full participant sample: Engagement, Negative Affect, Health Problems, Career Opportunities, Finances, Living Circumstances, and Interpersonal Relations. The average alpha coefficient was .86 for the factor scales. Separate analyses of the midwestern and southeastern samples suggested stability of the factor structure, although gender and race/ ethnicity were related to subtle differences in subjective well-being. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that rehabilitation professionals need to pay attention to multiple aspects of subjective well-being after SCI.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Stigma, HIV and AIDS: an exploration and elaboration of a stigma trajectory.

Stigma is a social construction which dramatically affects the life experiences of the individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their partners, family and friends. While it has been generally recognized that the nature of stigma varies across illnesses, it has usually not been considered as changing and emerging over the course of a single illness. In this paper, HIV/AIDS is analyzed in terms of a stigma trajectory. The primary purpose is to conceptualize how individuals with HIV/AIDS experience stigma and to demonstrate how these experiences are affected by changes in the biophysical dimensions of HIV/AIDS. Four phases of the HIV/AIDS stigma trajectory are depicted: (1) at risk: pre-stigma and the worried well; (2) diagnosis: confronting an altered identity; (3) latent: living between illness and health; and (4) manifest: passage to social and physical death. The essential processes through which individuals personalize the illness, dilemmas encountered in interpersonal relations, strategies that are used to avoid or minimize HIV-related stigma, and subcultural networks and ideologies that are drawn upon to construct, avow, and adapt to an HIV identity are considered across the stigma trajectory.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

No man is an island: the need to belong and dismissing avoidant attachment style.

The need to belong theory proposes that all human beings need social connections. However, dismissive avoidant individuals claim to be comfortable without close relationships and appear to be indifferent to how other people think of them. The current studies examined the association between dismissing avoidant attachment and the desire to feel accepted by others. In Study 1, high-dismissive participants reported experiencing higher than average levels of positive affect and state self-esteem after learning that other participants accepted them. In Study 2, high-dismissive participants felt better about themselves and experienced higher levels of positive affect after learning that in the future they would be successful in interpersonal relative to independent domains or controls. The results of these studies suggest that dismissive avoidants do not represent a counterexample to the hypothesis that all human beings have a fundamental need and desire to belong.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Cohabiting relationships and sexual interest of male alcoholics.

This study comprises data from a consecutive series of 52 heterosexual male alcoholics. The purpose of the study was to describe sexual interest and cohabiting relationships and to analyse the influence of personality and biological factors on these phenomena. An increased sexual interest or activity and frequent changes of cohabiting partners are two common characteristics of male alcoholics but these two phenomena are not interrelated. A decreased sexual interest is reported by only a minority of male alcoholics. The alcoholics with several previous cohabiting relationships stand out as being aggressive and hard drinking. The alcoholic with an increased sexual interest makes an opposite impression. He is non-aggressive, socially adjustable and unafraid of close interpersonal relations. When decreased sexual interest or activity occurs in male alcoholics, it is mainly a result of hormonal changes. Low levels of male and high levels of female sex hormones are common in these men.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Hostility and facial expression in young men and women: is social regulation more important than negative affect?

Behavioral differences may clarify the link between hostility and health. This study examined facial expression. Seventy-two low- and high-hostile undergraduates underwent the Type A Structured Interview (SI) and a test of social anxiety. Facial behavior was measured with the Facial Action Coding System. Low-hostile participants displayed non-Duchenne smiles more frequently than high-hostile participants during the SI. There were no group differences in the expression of disgust. The results identify differences in the nonverbal behavior of hostile people. Restricted use of non-Duchenne smiles may reflect limited use of appeasement, contributing to uncomfortable interpersonal relations and limited social support. The findings are consistent with a behavioral ecology perspective and suggest that social regulation may be as important as negative affect in determining the consequences of hostility.

Affect↗
PubMed1983

Facilitating the vocational-interpersonal skills of mentally retarded individuals.

A program was designed to teach interpersonal skills to mentally retarded individuals in order to facilitate their vocational adjustment and prevent job termination. Thirty-five retarded young adults were randomly assigned to a skills-training, coaching, or no-treatment control group. The skills-training and coaching groups met for 12 sessions and 6 follow-up meetings. The skills-training group learned appropriate ways of responding to difficult work-related interpersonal situations. Modeling, coaching, and behavioral rehearsal were the treatment procedures. The coaching group discussed the same interpersonal situations; however, modeling and behavioral rehearsal were not employed. Results indicated that the skills-training group improved their interpersonal skills, social competence, vocational problem behavior, and length of employment. Some positive changes were noted for the coaching group. The results provide support for training interpersonal skills prior to community vocational placement.

Adolescent↗