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PubMed2006

Predictability of physiological testing and the role of maturation in talent identification for adolescent team sports.

Entrepreneurial marketing of sport increases demands on sport development officers to identify talented individuals for specialist development at the youngest possible age. Talent identification results in the streamlining of resources to produce optimal returns from a sports investment. However, the process of talent identification for team sports is complex and success prediction is imperfect. The aim of this review is to describe existing practices in physiological tests used for talent identification in team sports and discuss the impact of maturity-related differences on the long term outcomes particularly for male participants. Maturation is a major confounding variable in talent identification during adolescence. A myriad of hormonal changes during puberty results in physical and physiological characteristics important for sporting performance. Significant changes during puberty make the prediction of adult performance difficult from adolescent data. Furthermore, for talent identification programs to succeed, valid and reliable testing procedures must be accepted and implemented in a range of performance-related categories. Limited success in scientifically based talent identification is evident in a range of team sports. Genetic advances challenge the ethics of talent identification in adolescent sport. However, the environment remains a significant component of success prediction in sport. Considerations for supporting talented young male athletes are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Direct identification of slowly growing Mycobacterium species by analysis of the intergenic 16S-23S rDNA spacer region (ISR) using a GelCompar II database containing sequence based optimization for restriction fragment site polymorphisms (RFLPs) for 12 enzymes.

To obtain Mycobacterium species identification directly from clinical specimens and cultures, the 16S-23S rDNA spacer (ISR) was amplified using previously published primers that detect all Mycobacterium species. The restriction enzyme that could potentially produce the most restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) was determined from all available ISR DNA sequences in GenBank to produce a novel data set of RFLPs for 31 slowly growing Mycobacterium species. Subsequently a GelCompar II database was constructed from RFLPs for 10 enzymes that have been used in the literature to differentiate slowly growing Mycobacterium species. The combination of Sau96I and HaeIII were the best choice of enzymes for differentiating clinically relevant slowly growing Mycobacterium species. A total of 392 specimens were studied by PCR with 195 negative and 197 positive specimens. The ISR-PCR product was digested with HaeIII (previously reported) and Sau96I (new to this study) to obtain a Mycobacterium species identification based on the ISR-RFLPs. The species identification obtained by ISR-RFLP was confirmed by DNA sequencing (isolate numbers are shown in parentheses) for M. avium (3), M. intracellulare (4), M. avium complex (1), M. gordonae (2) and M. tuberculosis (1). The total number of specimens (99) identified were from culture (67), Bactectrade mark 12B culture bottles (11), EDTA blood (3), directly from smear positive specimens (13), tissue (4) and urine (1). Direct species identification was obtained from all 13/13 smear positive specimens. The total number of specimens (99) were identified as M. tuberculosis (41), M. avium (7), M. avium complex (11), M. intracellulare MIN-A (20), M. flavescens (2), M. fortuitum (10), M. gordonae (4), M. shimoidei (1), M. ulcerans (1) and M. chelonae (2). This method reduces the time taken for Mycobacterium species identification from 8-10 weeks for culture and biochemical identification; to 4-6 weeks for culture and ISR-RFLP; to 2 days for smear-positive specimens by ISR-RFLP. The precise 2 day identification obtained may provide significant advantages in clinical management.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2004

[Comparison of two reverse hybridization methods for mycobacterial identification in clinical practice].

AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the performance of two commercial methods for identification of Mycobacterium species: InnoLiPA Mycobacteria first version (Innogenetics) versus Genotype MTBC and Genotype Mycobacterium (HAIN) on, respectively, 2123 and 2164 distinct isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both techniques are based on the reverse hybridization of PCR products to their complementary probes immobilized on membrane strips. The InnoLiPA assay targets the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region. The HAIN test is composed of two kits: Genotype MTBC, for identification of tuberculosis complex mycobacteria, is based on gyrB DNA sequence polymorphism. Genotype Mycobacterium kit targets the 23S rDNA for identification of mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) and tuberculosis complex mycobacteria. Both assays identify complex tuberculosis mycobacteria and respectively, eight and 12 species of MOTT. Moreover, the Genotype MTBC allows species differentiation within the M. tuberculosis complex. RESULTS: Eighty-eight percent and 95% of mycobacteria were identified by InnoLiPA and HAIN, respectively. Hybridization remained negative for 11% of isolates with InnoLiPA and 4% with HAIN. An identification of MOTT was obtained by conventional identification in all cases after the use of InnoLiPA. MOTT and one M. tuberculosis was obtained after HAIN procedure. Unidentified species were complementary to a specific probe in 5% of the cases with InnoLiPA and 17% with HAIN. CONCLUSION: HAIN identifies more mycobacteria species than does InnoLiPA and allows identification in the M. tuberculosis complex. However, failure in identification occurs only with MOTT with InnoLiPA when one M. tuberculosis was found among mycobacteria non identified with HAIN.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1999

Olfactory identification and psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Olfactory identification performance has been investigated in several psychiatric populations, with deficits most commonly reported in patients with schizophrenia. In this study, olfactory identification performance was investigated in a more homogenous group of treatment-refractory patients with schizophrenia (T-RS) and in two additional psychiatric groups who demonstrate some similarities to the patients with schizophrenia in terms of symptomotology and medication regime. METHODS: The olfactory identification performance of 16 T-RS patients was assessed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and compared to that of 16 normal control subjects and two other psychiatric patient groups: 19 affective disorder patients requiring maintenance antipsychotic medication and 20 affective disorder patients not receiving antipsychotic medication. RESULTS: The olfactory identification performance of T-RS patients was significantly lower than that of normal controls but not significantly different from either affective disorder group. The olfactory identification performance of affective disorder patients receiving antipsychotic medication was significantly lower than that of affective disorder patients not receiving antipsychotic medication. DISCUSSION: Results are discussed in the context of a possible link between psychotic symptomotology and olfactory identification performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Spatial-frequency characteristics of letter identification in central and peripheral vision.

Spatial-frequency characteristics of letter identification are much better understood in the fovea than in the periphery. The purpose of this study was to compare the spatial-frequency characteristics of letter identification in central and peripheral vision. We measured contrast thresholds for identifying single, Times-Roman lower-case letters that were spatially band-pass filtered. Each of the 26 letters was digitally filtered with a set of nine cosine log filters, with peak object spatial frequencies ranging from 0.63 to 10 c/letter, in half-octave steps. Bandwidth of the filters was 1 octave. Three observers with normal vision were each tested monocularly at the fovea, and at 5 degrees and 10 degrees in the inferior visual field. Letter sizes were 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 log units larger than high contrast, unfiltered acuity letters. Plots of contrast sensitivity for letter identification vs. frequency of the band-pass filters exhibit spatial tuning. In general, the spatial-frequency characteristics of letter identification are fundamentally identical between central and peripheral vision. These characteristics include the scaling of the peak frequency of the spatial-tuning functions with letter size and the bandwidth of the tuning functions. The only difference between the fovea and the periphery is that for the same physical letter size, peak sensitivity of the spatial-tuning functions occurs at a higher retinal frequency at the fovea than in the periphery. To test whether or not the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) can account for the differences in the spatial-frequency characteristics of letter identification between central and peripheral vision, we incorporated a human CSF into an ideal-observer model, and tested the performance of this ideal-observer on the same letter identification task used with the human observers. Data from this CSF-ideal-observer resemble closely those of human observers, suggesting that the spatial-frequency characteristics of human letter identification can be accounted for by the CSF and the letter-identity information, without invoking selection among narrow-band spatial-frequency channels.

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed1999

Identification of band-pass filtered letters and faces by human and ideal observers.

To better understand how the visual system makes use of information across spatial scales when identifying different kinds of complex patterns, we measured human and ideal contrast identification thresholds to estimate identification efficiency for 1- and 2-octave wide band-pass filtered letters and faces embedded in 2-D dynamic Gaussian noise. Varying stimulus center frequency from 1 to 70 c/object had different effects on letter and face identification efficiency. In the 2-octave conditions, identification efficiencies decreased by 0.25-0.5 log units for letters and 0.5-1.2 log units for faces as center frequency increased from 6.2 to 49.5 c/object, but only letters were identifiable at center frequencies below 6.2 c/object. In the 1-octave conditions, letter identification efficiencies increased by about 0.5 log units as center frequency increased from 1.1 to 2.2 c/object, and were nearly constant from 2.2 to 35 c/object. Letters were unidentifiable by human observers at 70 c/object. Surprisingly, face identification was impossible for human observers at all center frequencies except 8.8 c/object for one observer, and 8.8 and 17.5 c/object for a second observer. Ideal observer thresholds were obtained for both letters and faces in all conditions, so information was always available to perform the task. Thus, the failure to identify faces reflects constraints on visual processing rather than a lack of stimulus information. Selective spatial sampling may account for some of the differences between letter and face identification efficiencies.

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed1998

Automatic computerized radiographic identification of cephalometric landmarks.

Computerized cephalometric analysis currently requires manual identification of landmark locations. This process is time-consuming and limited in accuracy. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a novel method for automatic computer identification of cephalometric landmarks. Spatial spectroscopy (SS) is a computerized method that identifies image structure on the basis of a convolution of the image with a set of filters followed by a decision method using statistical pattern recognition techniques. By this method, characteristic features are used to recognize anatomic structures. This study compared manual identification on a computer monitor and the SS automatic method for landmark identification on minimum resolution images (0.16 cm2 per pixel). Minimum resolution (defined as the lowest resolution at which a cephalometric structure could be identified) was used to reduce computational time and memory requirements during this development stage of the SS method. Fifteen landmarks were selected on a set of 14 test images. The results showed no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in mean landmark identification errors between manual identification on the computer display and automatic identification using SS. We conclude that SS shows potential for the automatic detection of landmarks, which is an important step in the development of a completely automatic cephalometric analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Structural identification of highly polar nontarget contaminants in drinking water by ESI-FAIMS-Q-TOF-MS.

Drinking water is a complex mixture that contains thousands of naturally occurring and anthropogenic contaminants. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods have gained a tremendous popularity in monitoring nonvolatile, highly polar, and thermally labile components in drinking water. It is well recognized, however, that there are difficulties or limitations of LC-MS methods associated with (1) significant resources (time and effort) involved in sample preparation (preconcentration, fractionation, separation), (2) low screening capacity for target contaminants, and (3) insufficient capabilities for structural identification (elucidation) of nontarget contaminants. Consequently, LC-MS methods are mainly used for the detection of target contaminants (compounds identified in drinking water before), seldom for the structural identification of abundant nontarget pollutants (unidentified pollutants in drinking water), and almost never for the structural identification of nontarget components at a trace level. The paper presents a new method of electrospray ionization high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry (ESI-FAIMS-MS), which can detect a large number of water pollutants in a quick and convenient fashion without preconcentration, fractionation, derivatization, or column separation. Most importantly, the method provides structural identification of nontarget contaminants including species present in drinking water at a sub-parts-per-billion concentration level. The identification of previously unknown contaminants was based on mass measurements of investigated ions and their fragments in mass and tandem mass spectrometry. Elemental compositions of these ions, determined by mass measurements, were used to link dissociation patterns of investigated species with their chemical structures. Characterization of nontarget contaminants of chlorine-treated drinking water by ESI-FAIMS-MS has revealed many previously unknown disinfection byproducts. The most intriguing compound, from a group of highly polar hydroxycarboxylic acids discovered in the study, was the most abundant component of drinking water, glycolic acid. Glycolic acid (toxic to kidneys and associated with a moderate maternal toxicity) has never been considered as a drinking water contaminant, despite the fact that it is present in drinking water at a higher concentration (high ppm) than concentrations of highly polar water pollutants that had attracted most attention in the past. The process of structural elucidation of discovered pollutants, including ultratrace contaminants representing a variety of carboxylic acids, will be presented in detail. The structural identification of highly polar contaminants in drinking water presented in the paper is rarely reported in the literature. The key experimental feature of the ESI-FAIMS-MS method is FAIMS separation, which significantly improves the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry.

Molecular Structure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Probability-based evaluation of peptide and protein identifications from tandem mass spectrometry and SEQUEST analysis: the human proteome.

Large-scale protein identifications from highly complex protein mixtures have recently been achieved using multidimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS) and subsequent database searching with algorithms such as SEQUEST. Here, we describe a probability-based evaluation of false positive rates associated with peptide identifications from three different human proteome samples. Peptides from human plasma, human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) lysate, and human hepatocyte (Huh)-7.5 cell lysate were separated by strong cation exchange (SCX) chromatography coupled offline with reversed-phase capillary LC-MS/MS analyses. The MS/MS spectra were first analyzed by SEQUEST, searching independently against both normal and sequence-reversed human protein databases, and the false positive rates of peptide identifications for the three proteome samples were then analyzed and compared. The observed false positive rates of peptide identifications for human plasma were significantly higher than those for the human cell lines when identical filtering criteria were used, suggesting that the false positive rates are significantly dependent on sample characteristics, particularly the number of proteins found within the detectable dynamic range. Two new sets of filtering criteria are proposed for human plasma and human cell lines, respectively, to provide an overall confidence of >95% for peptide identifications. The new criteria were compared, using a normalized elution time (NET) criterion (Petritis et al. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 1039-1048), with previously published criteria (Washburn et al. Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 242-247). The results demonstrate that the present criteria provide significantly higher levels of confidence for peptide identifications from mammalian proteomes without greatly decreasing the number of identifications.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed2002

Numerical evaluation of minimal biochemical test combinations for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae species.

Species identification of 572 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae was determined using an in-house biochemical test panel and API 20E. The overall agreement was 82.7 per cent. When a numerical identification programme for Enterobacteriaceae was used to analyze the results of 440 E.coli isolates, the agreement with API 20E increased from 81.4 to 91.1 per cent. Numerical identification was then employed to evaluate 14 routine biochemical test panels used in 12 Swedish laboratories, and an additional 18 potential new test panel variants. The theoretical identification power of the panels was measured by a scoring system, based on simulated test results for the 14 most common species of Enterobacteriaceae. The results showed wide variations in the performance of different panels, with a number of panels being of insufficient quality. Among the 32 test panels, 6 panels indicated excellent performance. These should be further evaluated for routine laboratory performance. Numerical identification methods constitute powerful tools in the hands of the clinical microbiologist to aid in species identification as well as to analyze the quality of identification charts in use.

Enterobacteriaceae↗
PubMed1994

Group self-identification and adolescent cigarette smoking: a 1-year prospective study.

As an extension of previous work, we analyzed the longitudinal relations between group self-identification and adolescent cigarette smoking. The predictive precedence of cigarette smoking and identification with 6 different types of peer groups was examined. Results indicated that 7th-grade group self-identification predicted 8th-grade cigarette smoking, whereas 7th-grade cigarette smoking did not predict 8th-grade group self-identification. Group self-identification also was compared with 7 other psychosocial variables as predictors of smoking 1 year later. The pattern of results suggests that group self-identification is about as good a predictor of smoking as other psychosocial variables, and that group self-identification is more than a mere proxy of other psychosocial variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Overt and covert identification of fragmented objects inferred from performance and electrophysiological measures.

The authors investigated visual processing leading to object identification by manipulating the number of fragments and nature of the study. During the study, participants either named or drew objects in Experiment 1 and drew them all in Experiment 2. During the test, participants made an identification judgment at each of 6 different fragmentation levels for studied and new objects. Fewer fragments were needed to identify studied than unstudied objects. Reaction times were faster for studied than unstudied objects both at identification and at the preceding level. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to unidentified objects were characterized by a late negativity in contrast to a positivity to identified objects. ERPs to studied but not to new objects contained a smaller and later version of the identification positivity at level just prior to identification, which was not due to differential response confidence. Much covert visual analysis and even object identification may precede overt identification, depending on the nature of prior experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The effect of the cognitive interview on face identification accuracy: release from verbal overshadowing.

Three experiments tested the effect of verbal description on face identification accuracy. Based on verbal overshadowing research, it was predicted that enhancing verbal description of a face would reduce subsequent face identification accuracy. Experiment 1 tested and confirmed this hypothesis using the cognitive interview to enhance verbal description; face identification accuracy was reduced significantly following the cognitive interview, compared with a standard police interview. Experiments 2 and 3 tested and confirmed the hypothesis that verbal overshadowing would be reduced when a delay is inserted between verbal description and face identification, hence resulting in "release from verbal overshadowing." These results suggest that in the verbal overshadowing task, the verbal description does not overwrite the visually based representation of the face in memory but rather makes it less accessible at the time of face identification. The cognitive interview reduces face identification accuracy only when the identification follows description immediately--a rare situation in real criminal cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Children's phoneme identification in reverberation and noise.

This study assessed the effects of reverberation, noise, and their combination on listeners' identification of consonants and vowels in naturally produced nonsense syllables presented at different sensation levels (re: speech recognition threshold). A secondary purpose of this study was to assess listeners' identification of voicing, manner, and place of articulation for consonants at 50 dB SL in the reverberation, noise, and combined conditions. Listeners, aged 6-30 years, identified consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel (CVCV) stimuli presented at four different sensation levels (re: speech recognition threshold) of 30, 40, 50, and 60 dB SL in 4 listening conditions: (a) an optimal listening situation (no reverberation, no noise), (b) reverberation only (1.3 seconds), (c) noise only (+13 dB S/N against a multitalker babble), and (d) reverberation plus noise. Results showed that all listener groups achieved maximum consonant identification performance at 50 dB SL. Vowel identification scores were unaffected by SL. Statistical analyses revealed that children's ability to identify consonants varied according to listening condition. For example, children's consonant identification abilities reached adult-like levels of performance at about age 14 years in the reverberation-only and noise-only listening conditions. However, in the reverberation-plus-noise listening condition, children's consonant identification abilities do not mature until the late teenage years. The ability to identify vowels, on the other hand, develops much earlier. A feature analysis of the consonant data showed that for all 3 features (voicing, manner, and place), identification scores were highest in the control condition, similar for the reverberation-only and noise-only conditions, and lowest in the reverberation-plus-noise condition. Voicing was easier for listeners to identify than manner or place of articulation features in reverberation and noise. Taken together, these results suggest that the ability to identify speech in reverberation and noise reaches adult-like level of performance at different ages for different components of the speech signal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of RIDOM, MicroSeq, and Genbank services in the molecular identification of Nocardia species.

The molecular identification of Nocardia species, when compared to phenotypic identification, has two primary advantages: rapid turn-around time and improved accuracy. The information content in the 5'-end of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene is sufficient for identification of most bacterial species. An evaluation was performed to demonstrate the quality of results provided by two specialized databases (RIDOM and MicroSeq 500 versions 1.1 and 1.4.3, library version 500-0125, respectively) and the more general GenBank database. In addition, these results were compared with phenotypic identifications. Partial 5'-16S rDNA sequences from 64 culture collection strains (DSM, CIP, JCM, and ATCC) were derived, in duplicate, independently in two laboratories. Furthermore, the sequences and the conventional identification results of 91 clinical Nocardia isolates were determined. With the exception of N. soli and N. cummidelens, all Nocardia type strains were distinguishable using 5'-16S rDNA sequencing. Assuming a normal distribution for the pairwise distances of all unique Nocardia sequences and choosing a reporting criterion of > or = 99.12% similarity for a "distinct species", a statistical error probability of 1.0% can be calculated. When the various databases were searched with the clinical isolate sequences RIDOM gave a perfect match in 71.4% of cases whereas MicroSeq yielded a perfect match in only 26.4%. The GenBank service gave a 100% similarity in 59.3% but in 70.4% of these cases the results obtained were not exclusive for a single Nocardia species. Conventional methods gave a correct identification in 59 cases, although most recent taxonomic changes were not taken into account. The RIDOM service (http://www.ridom-rdna.de/) is in the process of making available a comprehensive and high-quality database for bacterial identification purposes and provides excellent results for the majority of Nocardia isolates.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2005

Randomized sequence databases for tandem mass spectrometry peptide and protein identification.

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) combined with database searching is currently the most widely used method for high-throughput peptide and protein identification. Many different algorithms, scoring criteria, and statistical models have been used to identify peptides and proteins in complex biological samples, and many studies, including our own, describe the accuracy of these identifications, using at best generic terms such as "high confidence." False positive identification rates for these criteria can vary substantially with changing organisms under study, growth conditions, sequence databases, experimental protocols, and instrumentation; therefore, study-specific methods are needed to estimate the accuracy (false positive rates) of these peptide and protein identifications. We present and evaluate methods for estimating false positive identification rates based on searches of randomized databases (reversed and reshuffled). We examine the use of separate searches of a forward then a randomized database and combined searches of a randomized database appended to a forward sequence database. Estimated error rates from randomized database searches are first compared against actual error rates from MS/MS runs of known protein standards. These methods are then applied to biological samples of the model microorganism Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1. Based on the results obtained in this study, we recommend the use of use of combined searches of a reshuffled database appended to a forward sequence database as a means providing quantitative estimates of false positive identification rates of peptides and proteins. This will allow researchers to set criteria and thresholds to achieve a desired error rate and provide the scientific community with direct and quantifiable measures of peptide and protein identification accuracy as opposed to vague assessments such as "high confidence."

Databases, Protein↗
PubMed1996

Identification of famous faces and famous names in early Alzheimer's disease. Relationship to anterograde episodic and general semantic memory.

We assessed remote memory in 33 patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores between 17 and 30, and 30 matched controls using a Famous Faces Test and Famous Names Test designed to assess face recognition, identification and naming, and name recognition and identification, respectively, together with a range of anterograde episodic and semantic memory tests. Patients with DAT were impaired on all components of the remote memory tests, i.e. famous face recognition, identification and naming, and famous name recognition and identification. There was also evidence of a modest temporal gradient, with relatively greater impairment of more recent memory, which may be artefactual resulting from the very insidious onset of their anterograde amnesia. In contrast to the uniform impairment of anterograde memory, there was considerable heterogeneity in performance on remote memory. Although the DAT patient group's performance on remote memory measures was impaired with respect to controls, some patients had significant impairment on all measures, whereas others had intact remote memory. Overall, there was only a weak correlation between dementia severity and remote memory, and no correlation between performance on the Faces and Names tests and measures of anterograde memory. At a cognitive level, the deficit in face and name processing in DAT involved recognition, identification and naming. This would suggest that so called 'face and name recognition units', semantic knowledge of famous persons and post-semantic processing are all affected by the disease. There was also supporting evidence for the concept that recognition of famous faces and names both draw on common sources. Similar results were found for face and name identification. This suggests that face and name recognition units are closely linked, and that identification of a face or name accesses the same central pool of semantic knowledge regarding the famous person. Performance on famous names tests correlated, to a limited degree, with that on general semantic tests, suggesting that knowledge of famous people, at least as accessed by names, is associated with general semantic memory. By contrast, no correlation was found between performance on the famous faces and on other general semantic tasks.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Odor identification deficits in diffuse lewy body disease.

OBJECTIVES: To describe odor identification performance in patients with diffuse Lewy body disease and determine the clinical utility of odor identification tests in distinguishing diffuse Lewy body disease from Alzheimer disease. BACKGROUND: The presence of olfactory deficits, especially odor identification deficits, has been well established in both Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. The presence of olfactory deficits in diffuse Lewy body disease is also likely given the overlap of clinical symptoms and neuropathology with Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. However, odor identification abilities have not been described previously in diffuse Lewy body disease. METHODS: Nine patients from a clinic sample with diffuse Lewy body disease and nine carefully matched patients with Alzheimer disease were administered an odor identification task as part of their neuropsychologic evaluations. RESULTS: Patients with diffuse Lewy body disease performed significantly worse than patients with Alzheimer disease on the odor identification test. CONCLUSIONS: Odor identification deficits may be more prevalent and severe in people with diffuse Lewy body disease than in people with Alzheimer disease, and olfactory testing may be useful in antemortem differential diagnosis of the two disorders.

Aged↗