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PubMed1990

Abnormality in the cavernous sinus in three patients with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: MRI and CT findings.

Three patients with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) were examined using computed tomography (CT), orbital venography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT of the brain showed no definite abnormality in two patients, right optic nerve enlargement and an abnormal area around the orbital apex in one patient. Orbital venography showed an occlusion of the superior ophthalmic vein in one of three patients. MRI showed an abnormal soft tissue area in the cavernous sinus, with intermediate to high signal intensity on T1- or intermediate weighted images. There was clinical improvement following corticosteroid therapy and the abnormal soft tissue on MRI decreased in volume and in signal intensity, although this was equivocal in one patient. Thus MRI proved to be useful in demonstrating lesions in the cavernous sinus in patients with THS.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1993

Factors affecting the clinical outcome of injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon in National Hunt and point-to-point racehorses.

Ultrasonographic examination was used to define the severity of injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon in 73 National Hunt or point-to-point racehorses and the factors influencing the outcome of the cases were examined. Thirty-four of the horses (46 per cent) returned to work with an average time out of training of 13.5 months. The rate of recurrence of the injury was 35 per cent. The severity of the lesions was related to the outcome; all the mildly affected horses returned to work, with 63 per cent of them racing and an average time out of training of 10.2 months; 50 per cent of the moderately affected horses returned to work, and 30 per cent raced with an average time out of training of 11.3 months; 30 per cent of the severely affected horses worked, and 23 per cent raced with an average time out of training of 18.3 months. The differences in outcome between unilateral and bilateral injuries within each severity group were not statistically significant. Seventy-six per cent of horses treated with polysulphated glycosaminoglycans returned to work, compared with 46 per cent of conservatively managed horses and 50 per cent of horses treated with laser therapy. However, these differences were not statistically significant and the rate of recurrence of the injury in the horses treated with polysulphated glycosaminoglycans was 50 per cent compared with only 31 per cent in the conservatively managed horses. Seventy per cent of the mares and 47 per cent of the geldings were retired from racing.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Evidence of infectious diseases in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) hunted in the waters of Greenland and by-caught in the German North Sea and Baltic Sea.

The pathological, microbiological and serological findings in harbour porpoises hunted in Greenlandic waters were compared with the findings in animals accidentally caught in fishing gear in the German North Sea and Baltic Sea. The body condition of the Greenlandic animals was good, whereas nine of 23 German harbour porpoises were moderately to markedly emaciated. Both groups were infested with parasites. In the Greenlandic animals parasitism of the aural peribullar cavity with Stenurus minor, of the liver and pancreas with Orthosplanchnus mironovi, of the lungs with Halocercus species and of the subcutaneous and mammary tissue with Crassicauda species was generally associated with a mild inflammatory response. No diseases associated with bacteria were identified in any of the Greenlandic harbour porpoises. In the porpoises from the German North Sea and Baltic Sea, parasites were present in the aural peribullar cavity (S minor), liver (Campula oblonga), first and second gastric compartment (Anisakis simplex) and in the lungs (Pseudalius inflexus and Torynurus convolutus). Moderate to marked pulmonary parasitism and suppurative pneumonia, not observed in the Greenlandic porpoises, were present in 11 and 10, respectively, of the 23 German porpoises. The suppurative pneumonia was attributed to bacterial infection with beta-haemolytic streptococci and Escherichia coil var haemolytica. Four Greenlandic and 10 German porpoises had positive porpoise morbillivirus-specific antibody titres suggesting that the virus was circulating in both populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Incidence and risk factors associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome in National Hunt racehorses in Great Britain.

A telephone survey of 51 National Hunt racing yards with 1140 horses in training was made in April and May 2003 to establish the incidence of exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome during the previous year. A case-control study was used to investigate the risk factors for the syndrome in eight yards selected on the basis that cases had been confirmed by the analysis of serum muscle enzymes. The overall incidence of syndrome was 6.1 cases per 100 horses per year, and 55 per cent of the yards reported at least one case. The risk factors identified were sex, the average length of the training gallop, and the type of horse (steeplechaser, bumper/unraced or hurdler). There were no significant associations with the horses' temperament, age or Timeform rating.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Pharmacologically induced elements of the hunting and feeding behavior in the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina. I. Effects of GABA.

1. The pteropod mollusk Clione limacina is a predator, feeding on the small pteropod mollusk Limacina helicina. Injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into the hemocoel of the intact Clione evoked some essential elements of the hunting and feeding behavior, i.e., protracting the tentacles, opening the mouth, and triggering the rhythmic movements of the buccal mass. This pattern resembled that evoked by presentation of the prey: Clione grasped the Limacina by its tentacles, extracted the prey's body from the shell and then swallowed it. 2. In electrophysiological experiments, several targets of GABA action have been found: 1) direct application of GABA to isolated cerebral motor neurons projecting to the protractor muscles of tentacles resulted in their excitation; 2) GABA activated the feeding rhythm generator located in the buccal ganglia; 3) GABA exerted excitatory or inhibitory effects on the receptor cells of statocysts, the effects being mediated by the efferent input to these cells; 4) GABA suppressed the defense reaction, which is an inhibition of the locomotor activity and of tentacle motor neurons, arising in response to stimulation of the head afferents; and 5) GABA potentiated an excitatory action of the serotoninergic metacerebral cells on the feeding rhythm generator. 3. Effects of GABA on the tentacle motor neurons and the feeding rhythm generator are pharmacologically distinguishable. The action of GABA on the feeding rhythm generator was mimicked by baclofen (which activates the GABAB receptors in mammalian neurons) and was not sensitive to bicuculline (the GABAA receptor antagonist in mammals). On the other hand, bicuculline competitively inhibited the GABA-induced excitation of the tentacle motor neurons. 4. GABAergic neurons have been located in the cerebral, pedal, and buccal ganglia by means of immunohistochemical methods.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in three patients with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.

Three patients with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome were examined by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT of the brain did not reveal any definite abnormality in any of the patients. MRI demonstrated an abnormal soft tissue area in the cavernous sinus in only 1 patient. There was clinical improvement after corticosteroid therapy. MRI is mandatory for demonstrating lesions in the cavernous sinus or in the superior orbital fissure in patients with THS.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2003

Microalbuminuria and all-cause mortality in treated hypertensive individuals: does sex matter? The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), Norway.

BACKGROUND: In hypertensive individuals, few prospective studies are available in which the association between microalbuminuria (MA) and all-cause mortality in the 2 sexes have been studied within the same population. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a 4.3-year follow-up of 2307 men and 3062 women (> or =20 years old) with self-reported treated hypertension, all identified in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), Norway, 1995 to 1997 (n=65 258). The main outcome measures were relative risk (RR) of all-cause mortality according to increasing albuminuria, defined at different levels of albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). There was a consistent positive association between increasing ACR and all-cause mortality in men. The adjusted RR for ACR in the fourth quartile (> or =1.70 mg/mmol) was 1.6 (95% CI, 1.0 to 2.6), compared with ACR in the first quartile (<0.55 mg/mmol). The corresponding RR in women was 1.5 (95% CI, 0.8 to 3.1). We found a positive association between mortality and increasing number of urine samples with ACR above different cutoff levels, especially in men. In 3 urine samples, the lowest ACR level associated with mortality in men was 0.86 mg/mmol, RR 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1 to 2.4). The sex differences persisted after exclusion of those who died during the first year of follow-up, those with hypertension not treated optimally, and those with known cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The association between ACR and all-cause mortality was stronger in treated hypertensive men than in women. The persistent sex differences indicate that hypertensive women tolerate MA better than men and that MA in women should be interpreted differently than in men.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Outcome after endovascular treatment of Hunt and Hess grade IV or V aneurysms: comparison of anterior versus posterior circulation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The most common cause of poor treatment outcome in patients suffering aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is cerebral vasospasm, especially in cases of poor Hunt and Hess grades (IV and V). A further prognostic factor in surgically treated patients is aneurysm localization. The aim of the present retrospective study is to compare the endovascular treatment outcome in such poor-grade patients according to aneurysm localization in either the anterior (AC) or posterior (PC) circulation. METHODS: Forty poor-grade patients admitted between 1993 and July 1998 were treated by endovascular approach within 23 days after aneurysm rupture. Eighteen had aneurysms in the AC, 22 in the PC. Mean treatment delay was 4 days after rupture and median, 2 days. One patient showed multiple aneurysms. In 36 cases, aneurysms were occluded by Guglielmi detachable coils; in 4 cases, by parent vessel balloon occlusion. RESULTS: The incidence of delayed ischemic neurological dysfunction or cerebral infarct due to vasospasm did not differ significantly between the AC and PC groups. Two procedure-related complications with clinical effect were observed in each group. At 6 months' follow-up, the result was good in 5 patients and poor in 13 in the AC group and good in 11 patients and poor in 11 in the PC group. CONCLUSION: Given comparable incidence of vasospasm in poor-grade patients, a tendency toward better treatment outcome was found in patients with aneurysms in the posterior circulation (chi(2)=2.04; P=0.15) than in the anterior circulation. Endovascular therapy for poor-grade patients is recommended, as are further studies to determine treatment differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Criticisms of the psychopathological interpretation of witch hunts: a review.

The psychopathological interpretation of the European witch hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries, which has been prominent in histories of psychiatry, contends that demonology overwhelmed psychiatry in the late middle Ages, with the result that the mentally ill were executed by the thousands as witches. The author reviews the criticisms and contrary evidence that have been brought to bear on this paradigm in the past 20 years, including critiques of its data collection and interpretation, historical evidence which has failed to support its contentions, and questions about its implicit approach to the history and philosophy of science.

Archives↗
PubMed2002

Audiological assessment in Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Ramsay Hunt syndrome is known to cause symptoms and signs of vestibulocochlear dysfunction, including sensorineural hearing loss. The present study investigates the audiological features of a group of 15 patients with this syndrome. A complete otolaryngological, neurologic, and audiological workup was performed in every patient, including auditory brain stem response measurements and recording of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions. In most patients, some degree of hearing loss was evident, and abnormal latencies and interpeak latencies of the auditory brain stem response, or even absence of the waves, were observed. Transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions were present in only 6 cases, and caloric tests showed unilateral weakness in the majority of the patients. In all of the performed tests, abnormalities were present only on the affected side. The audiological data suggested cochlear or retrocochlear involvement or involvement at more than one site along the auditory pathway.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Varicella-zoster virus load and cochleovestibular symptoms in Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The mechanism by which varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation causes cochleovestibular symptoms (CVSs) in patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) remains to be elucidated. The present study analyzed the relationship between VZV load and the onset of CVSs in RHS. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 56 patients with RHS; 29 exhibited CVSs and facial paralysis (FP; group 1), and 27 exhibited FP without CVSs (group 2). The VZV DNA copy number in the saliva was measured with a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Anti-VZV antibodies were assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with paired sera. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in maximum viral copy number between the two groups. In group 1, CVSs occurred at various times between the early phase and the regression phase of VZV reactivation. In some patients, CVSs occurred in the early phase of VZV reactivation, before the onset of zoster lesions and FP. CONCLUSIONS: There are various different patterns in the development of eighth cranial nerve dysfunction, which is caused by progression of neuritis or labyrinthitis following VZV reactivation. Our data suggest that CVSs in RHS may also be caused by reactivation of VZV in the spiral and/or vestibular ganglia.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1990

Middle ear mucosa in Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

We report two patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome, together with histopathologic findings of the middle ear mucosa near the facial canal. An attempt was made to find specific antigens of varicella zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) by an immunofluorescence method. Histopathologic examination revealed inflammation of the middle ear mucosa. Specific VZV antigens were demonstrated in the cytoplasm and nucleus of elliptically shaped cells and round cells, but no specific antigens of HSV were found. The findings suggest a pathogenetic relationship between VZV infection and inflammatory changes in the middle ear mucosa.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2006

No association between chronic musculoskeletal complaints and Val158Met polymorphism in the Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene. The HUNT study.

BACKGROUND: The Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene contains a functional polymorphism, Val158Met, that has been found to influence human pain perception. In one study fibromyalgia was less likely among those with Val/Val genotype. METHODS: In the 1995-97 Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), the association between Val/Met polymorphism at the COMT gene and chronic musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs) was evaluated in a random sample of 3017 individuals. RESULTS: The distribution of the COMT Val158Met genotypes and alleles were similar between controls and the twelve different chronic MSCs groups. Even when the Met/Met and Val/Met genotypes were pooled, the distribution of the Val/Val genotype and other genotypes were similar between controls and the chronic MSCs groups. CONCLUSION: In this population-based study, no significant association was found between Val/Met polymorphism at the COMT gene and chronic MSCs.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Bilateral Ramsay Hunt syndrome in a diabetic patient.

BACKGROUND: Herpes zoster oticus accounts for about 10% cases of facial palsy, which is usually unilateral and complete and full recovery occurs in only about 20% of untreated patients. Bilateral herpes zoster oticus can sometime occur in immunocompromised patients, though incidence is very rare. CASE PRESENTATION: Diabetic male, 57 year old presented to us with bilateral facial palsy due to herpes zoster oticus. Patient was having bilateral mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Patient was treated with appropriate metabolic control, anti-inflammatory drugs and intravenous acyclovir. Due to uncontrolled diabetes, glucocorticoids were not used in this patient. Significant improvement in hearing status and facial nerve functions were seen in this patient. CONCLUSIONS: Herpes zoster causes severe infections in diabetic patients and can be a cause of bilateral facial palsy and bilateral Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Herpes zoster in diabetic patients should be treated with appropriate metabolic control, NSAIDS and intravenous acyclovir, which we feel should be started at the earliest. Glucocorticoids should be avoided in diabetic patients.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

CSF antigliadin antibodies and the Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Although the association between celiac disease and progressive myoclonic ataxia is well recognized, in each of the reported cases the neurologic features began in middle adult life and usually in patients who had clinical or laboratory evidence of malabsorption. We report a case of progressive myoclonic ataxia and epilepsy (Ramsay Hunt syndrome) that began in childhood. In this patient there were no features suggestive of gluten intolerance. The presence of antigliadin antibodies in the serum and CSF suggested celiac disease was the cause of the patient's neurologic syndrome. Duodenal morphologic abnormalities reversed with treatment but no major changes were noted in the patient. Celiac disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of myoclonic ataxia at any age, even in the absence of clinical evidence of gluten-sensitive enteropathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Morphogen hunting in Dictyostelium.

A highly regulative pattern of prestalk and prespore tissue is formed during Dictyostelium development, starting from separate amoebae. Potential morphogens controlling this process have been hunted biochemically, using bioassays to monitor activity. All those discovered to date are low MW diffusible compounds: cAMP, adenosine, NH3 and DIFs 1-3. The DIFs are assayed by their ability to induce isolated amoebae to differentiate into stalk cells and have been identified as a family of chlorinated phenyl alkanones. The diversification of amoebae into prestalk and prespore cells seems to be brought about by cAMP and DIF-1. cAMP is necessary for both pathways of differentiation but DIF-1 specifically induces the differentiation of prestalk cells while suppressing that of prespores. When DIF-1 is added to intact slugs, it causes a substantial enlargement of the prestalk tissue at physiological concentrations in the time previously shown to be required for pattern regulation. DIF-1 is a dynamic molecule and we have found that it is metabolized along a pathway involving at least 8 compounds. Metabolism is developmentally regulated and may be important in producing DIF gradients or other effector molecules from DIF. Although we almost certainly have some of the central actors, it is difficult to formulate a satisfactory theory of pattern formation in Dictyostelium at the moment. We suspect that at least one important actor is missing.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2005

Intraspecific variation of venom injected by fish-hunting Conus snails.

Venom peptides from two species of fish-hunting cone snails (Conus striatus and Conus catus) were characterized using microbore liquid chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization-ion trap-mass spectrometry. Both crude venom isolated from the venom duct and injected venom obtained by milking were studied. Based on analysis of injected venom samples from individual snails, significant intraspecific variation (i.e. between individuals) in the peptide complement is observed. The mixture of peptides in injected venom is simpler than that in the crude duct venom from the same snail, and the composition of crude venom is more consistent from snail to snail. While there is animal-to-animal variation in the peptides present in the injected venom, the composition of any individual's injected venom remains relatively constant over time in captivity. Most of the Conus striatus individuals tested injected predominantly a combination of two neuroexcitatory peptides (s4a and s4b), while a few individuals had unique injected-venom profiles consisting of a combination of peptides, including several previously characterized from the venom duct of this species. Seven novel peptides were also putatively identified based on matches of their empirically derived masses to those predicted by published cDNA sequences. Profiling injected venom of Conus catus individuals using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry demonstrates that intraspecific variation in the mixture of peptides extends to other species of piscivorous cone snails. The results of this study imply that novel regulatory mechanisms exist to select specific venom peptides for injection into prey.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

The predictive start of hunting archer fish: a flexible and precise motor pattern performed with the kinematics of an escape C-start.

Once their shots have successfully dislodged aerial prey, hunting archer fish monitor the initial values of their prey's ballistic motion and elicit an adapted rapid turning maneuver. This allows these fish to head straight towards the later point of catch with a speed matched to the distance to be covered. To make the catch despite severe competition the fish must quickly and yet precisely match their turn and take-off speed to the initial values of prey motion. However, the initial variables vary over broad ranges and can be determined only after prey is dislodged. Therefore, the underlying neuronal circuitry must be able to drive a maneuver that combines a high degree of precision and flexibility at top speed. To narrow down which neuronal substrate underlies the performance we characterized the kinematics of archer fish predictive starts using digital high-speed video. Strikingly, the predictive starts show all hallmarks of Mauthner-driven teleost C-type fast-starts, which have previously not been noted in feeding strikes and were not expected to provide the high angular accuracy required. The high demands on flexibility and precision of the predictive starts do not compromise their performance. On the contrary, archer fish predictive starts are among the fastest C-starts known so far among teleost fish, with peak linear speed beyond 20 body lengths s(-1), angular speed over 4500 deg. s(-1), maximum linear acceleration of up to 12 times gravitational acceleration and peak angular acceleration of more than 450 000 deg. s(-2). Moreover, they were not slower than archer fish escape C-starts, elicited in the same individuals. Rather, both escapes and predictive starts follow an identical temporal pattern and all kinematic variables of the two patterns overlap. This kinematic equivalence strongly suggests that archer fish recruit their C-start escape network of identified reticulospinal neurons, or elements of it, to drive their predictive starts. How the network drives such a rather complex behavior without compromising speed is a wide open question.

Acceleration↗