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Results for “Helping Behavior”

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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Mother-daughter relationships expressed in the food context of postpartum convalescence --- findings from a preliminary study.

The aim of this study was to explore mother-daughter interaction as represented by provision of food during the traditional month-long postpartum convalescence. The clinical field research method was employed. A convenience sample of three pairs of mothers and postpartum daughters were recruited from a medical center. Data from recorded interviews were analyzed. Content analysis was applied to analyze the interaction between the mothers and daughters. The study demonstrated that the mothers exhibited caring behavior toward their daughters during this period. The postpartum daughters reacted to their mothers with approach, nostalgia, and appreciation behaviors. The results of this study deserve the cognitive recognition of nurses, so that they can be aware of and respect the indigenous beliefs and practices that link the events of childbearing, the health status of women, and family relationships especially between the woman and her own mother in order to provide better maternity care for postpartum women.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Helpers benefit offspring in both the short and long-term in the cooperatively breeding banded mongoose.

Helpers in cooperative and communal breeding species are thought to accrue fitness benefits through improving the condition and survival of the offspring that they care for, yet few studies have shown conclusively that helpers benefit the offspring they rear. Using a novel approach to control for potentially confounding group-specific variables, I compare banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) offspring within the same litter that differ in the amount of time they spend with a helper, and hence the amount of care they receive. I show that pups that spend more time in close proximity to a helper are fed more, grow faster and have a higher probability of survival to independence than their littermates. Moreover, high growth rates during development reduce the age at which females breed for the first time, suggesting that helpers can improve the future fecundity of the offspring for which they care. These results provide strong evidence that it is the amount of investment per se that benefits offspring, rather than some correlate such as territory quality, and validate the assumption that helpers improve the reproductive success of breeders, and hence may gain fitness benefits from their actions. Furthermore, the finding that helpers may benefit offspring in the long-term suggests that current studies underestimate the fitness benefits that helpers gain from rearing the offspring of others.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Escalated conflict in a social hierarchy.

Animals that live in cooperative societies form hierarchies in which dominant individuals reap disproportionate benefits from group cooperation. The stability of these societies requires subordinates to accept their inferior status rather than engage in escalated conflict with dominants over rank. Applying the logic of animal contests to these cases predicts that escalated conflict is more likely where subordinates are reproductively suppressed, where group productivity is high, relatedness is low, and where subordinates are relatively strong. We tested these four predictions in the field on co-foundress associations of the paper wasp Polistes dominulus by inducing contests over dominance rank experimentally. Subordinates with lower levels of ovarian development, and those in larger, more productive groups, were more likely to escalate in conflict with their dominant, as predicted. Neither genetic relatedness nor relative body size had significant effects on the probability of escalation. The original dominant emerged as the winner in all except one escalated contest. The results provide the first evidence that reproductive suppression of subordinates increases the threat of escalated conflict, and hence that reproductive sharing can promote stability of the dominant-subordinate relationship.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Bearing witness: a moral way of engaging in the nurse-person relationship.

For nursing, the idea of bearing witness is of utmost importance. Nurses are present with persons who experience changes in their health and quality of life and who live intense and profound moments of struggling, questioning, and finding meaning. Nurses are also with persons from moment to moment as their lives unfold, and when joy, serenity, contentment, vulnerability, sadness, fear, and suffering are experienced. In this paper, it is proposed that bearing witness is a moral way of engaging in the nurse-person relationship. Based on Levinas's ethics of the face, it is claimed that bearing witness is enacting one's moral responsibility, which arises from the encounter with the other. Drawing on Parse's human becoming theory, ways of witnessing and bearing witness are defined and discussed. It is suggested that bearing witness is a human-to-human way of being-relating, a mode of human coexistence. Bearing witness is being present and attentive to the truth of another's experiences. Moreover, in this paper, the ways nurses enact their moral agency and bear witness to others placed in their care, or turn away, are explored. Nurses' moral agency is located in the constrained moral space of contemporary health care. Hence, the creation of a moral space, which allows nurses to enact their moral responsibility of bearing witness to other persons' experiences of health and quality of life, is called for. In doing so, it is suggested that the act of bearing witness needs a specific nursing knowledge base and a recognition that being present and being with another is a valuable nursing practice that is utterly meaningful for persons who are living through difficult times.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses and doulas: complementary roles to provide optimal maternity care.

Staff in maternity-care facilities are seeing an increase in doulas, nonmedical childbirth assistants, who are trained to provide continuous physical, emotional, and informational labor support. The long-term medical and psychosocial benefits are well documented. In this article, misconceptions about the doula's role are corrected, and suggestions are offered on ways to improve communication between health care providers and doulas. Together, nurses and doulas can provide birthing women with a safe and satisfying birth.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1975

Mother-child interaction observed at home.

Lower-class and middle-class mother-child pairs were observed in their homes. In contrast to other studies, very few class differences were found in maternal behavior. These results are discussed in terms of the contexts in which observations are made.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Daily supportive equity in close relationships.

Receiving support in committed relationships has frequently been associated with negative psychological outcomes in the recipient, such as increased distress. The authors hypothesized that these negative effects could be offset by support recipients' reciprocation of support, that is, by creating a sense of supportive equity. To investigate this hypothesis, the authors obtained daily reports of mood and of received and given emotional support from both partners in 85 couples throughout a 4-week period. Reciprocity in support transactions was associated with higher levels of positive mood and lower levels of negative mood. In line with previous research, receiving support without reciprocation was associated with increases in negative mood. Giving support, regardless of receipt, was associated with a decrease in negative mood.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

How operant conditioning can contribute to behavioral toxicology.

Operant conditioning can contribute to the development of behavioral toxicology in many ways. Its techniques are useful in training animals in the various behaviors the toxicologist may wish to study. They make possible the sophisticated assessment of sensory functioning. Operant conditioners excel at using schedules of intermittent reinforcement to create the type of stable animal performance needed in studying substances that produce effects only after prolonged exposure. Schedule-controlled behavior also helps elucidate the precise behavioral mechanisms involved in toxicity. In the early assessment of toxic substances a judiciously chosen sample of schelule-controlled performances may provide the best estimate whether the integrity of complex operant behavior remains unchanged. The development of improved behavioral techniques and computer technology promises to bring down the cost of such assessment.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Time pressure, type A syndrome, and organizational citizenship behavior: a laboratory experiment.

Time pressure was manipulated in a laboratory task for 77 undergraduate subjects, who also responded to a measure of Type A syndrome. Afterwards, an occasion for organizational citizenship behavior was presented in the form of participation in a survey. Type A scores were unrelated to those on any measure of organizational citizenship behavior; time pressure acted to depress especially the quality of organizational citizenship behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Time pressure, type A syndrome, and organizational citizenship behavior: a field study replication of Hui, Organ, and Crooker (1994)

A field study of 182 university students in their residences tested the relationships among subjective time pressure, Type A scores, and organizational citizenship behavior. Perceived time pressure did not inhibit any form of citizenship behavior. Scores on the Achievement-Striving dimension of the Type A measure were positively related to the impersonal form of citizenship behavior as well as perceived time pressure and grade point average.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Dealing with power struggles in clinical and educational settings.

When power struggles occur, the implications for early intervention are numerous. Trying to intervene with a person who has already reached the anger phase of crisis can often be like trying to stop a train by standing on the railroad tracks and holding up one's hands. As a direct result of early and purposeful intervention using simple and accessible techniques (i.e., self-awareness, awareness of others' messages, prioritization, decisiveness, consistency, communication), professionals can create an environment of safety and trust in which all individuals feel heard. In this manner, all needs can be addressed without allowing potentially negative interactions to escalate to levels at which restraints, ultimatums, and consequences are needed. In addition, the likelihood of success increases with early intervention. By recognizing that, in many cases, winning and losing power struggles is accomplished at the expense of treatment and educational goals, enlightened professionals can not only avoid future confrontations but also effect desired client or student outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An experimental model for testing the emotional interactions of animals].

A new experimental model has been worked out for testing of animals emotional interaction; it represents a maze, consisting of two start chambers, passages and central chambers. Individual testing of animals behaviour was carried out on the basis of recording of active preventing of electrocutaneous stimulation of another animal, which was realized in the maze by means of choice by the tested animals of one of two possible movement directions excluding electrocutaneous stimulation of the animal-victim in the central chamber. The experiments were carried out on 35 male Wistar rats. As a result the animals were divided into three groups according to their behaviour type--per cent of running delivering the rat-victim from the electric current. The elaborated model has revealed a high precision of typification at testing of the individual behaviour in conditions of rats emotional interaction and it may be used for individual behavioural tests of other small laboratory animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ethnic differences in social network help-seeking strategies among Latino and Euro-Aamerican dementia caregivers.

This research explores the help-seeking behavior of Euro-American and Latino caregivers who provide homecare assistance to an older adult with dementia. A community sample of 89 caregiver-care recipient pairs (39 Latino and 50 Euro-American) was interviewed. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine ethnic differences in use of an informal social network for help with caregiving tasks. Caregiver experiences that may impact help-seeking behaviors such as perceived availability of support network, satisfaction with support received and caregiver distress were also considered. Latino caregivers reported less help-seeking than did the Euro-American caregivers. Overall, ethnicity accounted for 16% of the variation in help-seeking behaviors. Ethnicity accounted for a significant portion of the variation in most of the help-seeking characteristics examined even after adjusting for socioeconomic variables. In the multivariate model, the effects of ethnicity on help-seeking persisted, while the effects of other likely predictors did not. The size of social network may not be synonymous with the seeking of support by caregivers. Likewise, higher levels of distress among Latino caregivers did not result in increased help-seeking behaviors. There remains a need to identity what other factors may contribute to the cultural variability in caregivers' use of informal support.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Seeking behavior of patients with mental disorders and interfering factors].

OBJECTIVE: To approach different help-seeking behavior and its effects on patients with mental illness. METHODS: We investigated the patients first seeking help in psychiatry department, by applying the scale of help-seeking behavior of mental illness. RESULTS: There were significant differences among different mental disorders. 50% patients with mania, 66% with schizophrenia, and about 90% with depression or neurosis first went to general hospital when their illness began. About 80% patients considered their symptoms as normal, temperament, and mood problems. The course of one-third patients was one year, and most patients were treated with traditional herbs, west drugs and tests. Nearly 10% patients with depression, neurosis and schizophrenia spent more then 10 000 yuan before seeking the doctor in psychiatry. CONCLUSION: Now then it is still a main problem for patients with mental disorders in seeking behavior. We suggest that the propaganda of the knowledge of mental health should be paid more attention, especially for the people in community and doctors in general hospital.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2003

Cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise minimally help Gulf War veterans' illnesses.

Cognitive behavioral therapy and aerobic exercise provide only modest relief from symptoms of Gulf War veterans' illnesses. Unfortunately, over 80% of the patients showed no improvement of symptoms after 1 year of either or both treatments. With the Iraqi war ending, the outcomes of veterans of this previous conflict may prove significant.

Comment↗