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PubMedDate not supplied

Conceptions of homosexuality and sodomy in Western history.

This essay explores recent attempts to write the history of homosexuality and identifies two distinct approaches: the biographical approach, which reports on the private lives of individuals and charts the formation of homosexual subcultures; and the approach that studies the labeling and treatment of homosexual men and women by the heterosexual majority and examines the reasons why hatred of homosexuality increases and decreases over time. The author warns against applying modern definitions to words that have had different connotations. An an example of the possible confusion, the author discusses the two meanings of the work sodomy: unspecified sexual relations between males; and the act of anal intercourse, whether heterosexual or homosexual. Western civilization's association of the anus with evil, the devil, and bestiality is examined.

Christianity↗
PubMed1981

The effect of a workshop on attitudes of female nursing students toward male homosexuality.

The responses of 64 female nursing students to the Survey of Attitudes Toward Deviance--Homosexuality Scale (May, 1974) indicated that they held more negative attitudes and more stereotyped beliefs regarding male homosexuality than did May's sample of male counselors and psychologists. After a 2-hour workshop, the attitudes of the 37 students in the experimental groups had changed and were similar to those expressed by May's sample. A testing 4 months later indicated that this change remained stable. Some attitudes relating to morality and social distance continued to be somewhat unfavorable. It made no difference in attitude change if the workshop presenters did or did not identify themselves as homosexual. The students with initially more negative attitudes toward homosexuality changed more as a result of the workshop experience than those with more positive attitudes. For both experimental and control subjects, more positive pretest attitudes toward homosexuality were associated with emotional stability, objectivity, good personal relations, restraint, friendliness, an interest in masculine activities, and greater support for equality of the sexes, as well as more liberal attitudes toward sex-appropriate behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Sex role stereotypes, gender identity and parental relationships in male homosexuals and heterosexuals.

The sex-role stereotypes held by heterosexual and homosexual men were examined by comparing their Repertory Grid scores. It was found that homosexual men held less rigid sex-role stereotypes than heterosexuals. Degree of opposite-sex identification was marginally greater in homosexuals, but neither group showed strong masculine or feminine stereotypic identification. Homosexual men perceived themselves as psychologically more distant from their fathers than did their heterosexual counterparts; this was probably an effect of homosexuality rather than a cause.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Consequences of decriminalization of homosexuality: a study of two Australian states.

A comparison between homosexual males in two Australian states, Victoria (prior to decriminalization of homosexuality) and South Australia (eight years after decriminalization), indicated that the consequences of decriminalization did not include an increase in the negative aspects of homosexuality, such as public solicitation or sexually transmitted disease. Findings suggest that as a consequence of decriminalization, the psychological adjustment of homosexual men will increase and sexually transmitted diseases and public solicitation will decrease. These data are tentatively interpreted as indicating that there are few if any negative consequences of decriminalizing homosexuality, and a number of positive consequences.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Male homosexuality in traditional Chinese literature.

This paper is an attempt systematically and briefly to describe male homosexuality as it was recorded and depicted in traditional Chinese literature. Part one of the paper describes male homosexuality which has been detailed in historical records. Most of these records are taken from standard histories and indicate that homosexuality did exist in traditional Chinese society. Part two is a description of male homosexuality as it was depicted in classical literary writings, including a rarely seen fiction, Yi-Chun Xiang-Zhi (Pleasant Spring and Fragrant Character). Part three discusses reactions toward homosexuality as described in some of the historical records, fictions, and essays. Some of these descriptions involve sociological analysis while others are sexological in nature.

China↗
PubMed1989

The formation of homosexual identities.

This paper uses sociological theory to develop an ideal-typical model of homosexual identity formation. The four-stage model outlined here represents a synthesis and an elaboration on previous research and theorizing on homosexual identity development. The model describes how committed homosexuals, lesbians and gay males who see themselves as homosexual and adopt corresponding lifestyles, recall having acquired their homosexual identities. Often repeated themes in the life histories of gay males and lesbians, clustered according to life stages, provide the content and characteristics of each stage.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

"Masculine love," Renaissance writing, and the "new invention" of homosexuality.

Contrary to the dominant claim in gay studies now that homosexuality is a relatively new historical "invention," the Renaissance had a definite recognition of a distinct homosexuality, acknowledged at least by those who were willing to face and discuss the subject frankly. A key example of that awareness is the earlier term "masculine love," which seems to have been particularly prominent in the Renaissance as a language for a male homosexual orientation. Significant differences have clearly occurred in the homosexual situation over time, and homosexuality can never be discussed totally independent of historical and social conditions, but the "new-inventionism" currently prevailing in gay studies has serious problems of concept and method and needs careful examining.

England↗
PubMed1993

Aztec homosexuality: the textual evidence.

Male and female homosexuality among the Aztecs during the period immediately prior to the Spanish Conquest has been studied infrequently, even though a Nahuatl document, the Florentine Codex, written shortly after the Spanish Conquest, contains a number of texts on the subject. The Florentine Codex has been translated into English; however, the translators use biased and erroneous translations in the sections of the manuscript which mention homosexuality, and the actual meaning is unavailable to anyone who does not know Nahuatl. This paper is a new translation and an introductory study of the available texts on homosexuality in the Florentine Codex. The attitudes of the Aztecs toward homosexual men and women can be inferred from these texts, and there are tantalizing fragments which given an indication of how homosexuality fit into Aztec society.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Homosexuality, biology, and ideology.

This paper critically examines the complex relationships and interdependencies between biological theories on homosexuality and sociosexual ideologies. It challenges the privileged status of biology as the ultimate authority on homosexuality. This status is based on the belief that biology is a value-free science. On the contrary, this essay shows how unacknowledged assumptions and culturally bound patterns of thinking about sexuality taint biological research. Sociosexual ideologies are defined as principles that organize the ways we express our sexualities and the way we theorize about them in biology. The following ideologies are identified: (1) sexuality-as-heterosexuality, (2) sexuality-as-reproduction, (3) sexual dualism (male vs. female), and (4) the view the homosexuality is a sexual inversion. The process by which these ideologies are incorporated into biology is two-fold: (1) as a projective act from society onto nature and (2) as a reflective act from nature back into society. It is further argued that biological knowledge of homosexuality resulting from that process can be used for diverse political interests. Finally, it is proposed that since biological theories on homosexuality are inseparable from the context of their paradigmatic origin, it is possible that new theories could be derived from new ideologies.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Male homosexual identity in Hong Kong: a social construction.

This research is to explore the social and psychological forces that influence the identity of a man who has come to describe himself as a "homosexual." An attempt is made to understand the emergence of male homosexual identities in Hong Kong--which is predominantly a Chinese community under western influence for more than one century. The results suggest that male homosexual identity arises not so much from homosexual behavior per se but from the stigma and heterosexist beliefs that encompassed it. The acquisition of homosexual identity is largely a response to the cultural definitions of marriage and family, gender and sex roles, as well as a way to handle a culturally induced set of difficulties of getting access to emotional and sexual fulfillment in an environment that prohibits it.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Communists, Social Democrats, and the homosexual movement in the Weimar Republic.

Two cliches of gay historiography concerning the relationship between homosexuals and the political parties of the Weimar Republic are here subjected to critical examination. The notion that the political left of that era was similar in its homophobia to the right-wing and centrist parties is challenged with a number of particulars showing that the goals of the homosexual movement were supported almost exclusively by the left, especially the Communist Party, and that leftist homophobia was an atypical exception. Attention is also devoted to the active involvement of homosexual men in the Nazi movement and the destruction of the Weimar Republic, which casts doubt on the notion that homosexuals were merely passive victims of Nazi homophobia and persecution. The possibility of a special affinity between homosexual men and the Nazi movement is explored using the example of the Nazi leader Ernst Röhm.

Communism↗
PubMed1996

"Physical attractiveness stereotype" and the attribution of homosexuality revisited.

The present study investigated whether subjects would perceive male and female faces as homosexual based upon facial attractiveness while statistically controlling for facial masculinity/femininity. Also of interest was the extent to which the subjects' gender and attitudes toward homosexuality would influence their perceptions. Eighty undergraduates indicated how likely they thought it was that six male and six female faces were homosexual. The targets were also rated on attractiveness and masculinity/femininity. The present sample also completed the Index of Homophobia, the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the Attitude Toward Women Scale, a conservatism scale, and a demographic questionnaire. The subjects assigned higher homosexuality ratings to the unattractive males and females compared to their attractive counterparts. Gender of subject and attitudes toward homosexuality did not significantly affect evaluations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Creating their own private and public: the male homosexual life space in a Nordic city during high modernity.

In this article I describe the male homosexual life space in a Nordic city during the decades around the Second World War. It consisted almost entirely of outdoor places such as parks, public conveniencies, and streets. It included, in Delph's (1978) words, not only erotic, but also cultural and social oases, fostering an extensive and varied social life and a growing community. Most of this outdoor space was invisible to those other than the participants. It had its own differentiation of, and meanings for, "public" and "private." A poor economy, overcrowding, and the classical modern city helped shape the location and design of the male homosexual life space, as did the participation of many men who did not look upon themselves as "homosexual." During this period, and especially after the Second World War, this life space began to change in a direction pointing towards that of today, that is, towards less outdoor life and more life in homes and semipublic indoor spaces. Better economy, the rise of the welfare state, and diminished overcrowding furthered this movement. Among other things, these changes stimulated the withdrawal of men who did not see themselves as "homosexual." The transformation of the city into the spread out, suburbanized city, with segregation of various functions, contributed to the development, as did the obstruction of parks and toilets as meeting places by public authorities. The law reform of 1944, which decriminalized homosexual erotic acts between adults, was also of importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

An experiential attitude change: social work students and homosexuality.

This paper describes and analyzes an attitude change among third year undergraduate social work students in a major university in Israel. The subject of attitudes towards homosexuality, while receiving extensive theoretical attention, lacks documentation of actual change in attitudes. This paper is an attempt to fill the gap by using a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design evaluation of the impact of an elective course on homosexuality on students' attitudes. The experimental group was comprised of 31 students who enrolled in an elective course, entitled "Individual, familial, and social aspects of homosexuality." The course combined theoretical as well as experiential frameworks. The control group was comprised of 56 third-year social work students who did not enroll in the course. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were employed in comparing the two groups prior to and following the intervention. Specifically, a 25-item questionnaire was used to measure homophobia attitudes, and an open-ended question was used to qualitatively explore the students' associations with the term "homosexuality." Findings are discussed within the frameworks of the current literature regarding attitudes towards homosexuality, attitude change, social work education, and the unique situation in Israel.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The cinematic representation of Asian homosexuality in The Wedding Banquet.

Over the last decade, there has been an increasing number of western films which represent both homosexuals and Asian people. However, the homosexuals depicted in these films are often white, and the Asians are almost always heterosexual. In an attempt to account for the scarcity of western films containing Asian homosexuals, this paper aims to examine some of the common cinematic tropes and theoretical discourses used to depict and define both Asians and homosexuals. As one of the few feature-length films containing an Asian homosexual central character, Ang Lee's The Wedding Banquet will also be discussed.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1999

Return of the past: the policy of the SED and the laws against homosexuality in Eastern Germany between 1946 and 1968. Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands.

In 1968 the Government of Eastern Germany adopted a New Penal code of the GDR. In the new code, there was no Paragraph 175-the paragraph in the German Penal code punishing homosexuality. So-called "mere" homosexuality (consensual sexual activities between two adult men) was no longer punishable. With the repeal of Paragraph 175 the efforts started in 1952 to eliminate the legal discrimination of homosexuals in the GDR came to a provisional end. Through analysis of recently available files the author describes the political and social conditions which resulted in the reform being delayed until 1968. He also pointed out that the legal solution to the question of homosexuality was an instrument of politics and subjected to the power interests of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party, SED). The delay in the reform of decriminalization of homosexuality established a trend which aimed to control sexual behavior in the interests of the socialist utopia of the new "socialist humanity." Individuals and groups which diverged from this model character were to be led toward sexual "normality" by maintaining the threat of legal punishment. In other words: In the GDR, as in other countries where state socialism became the ruling system, the overthrow of the bourgeois society was not accompanied by sexual revolution. The relationship between respectability and socialism shows clearly how effectively bourgeois morality has penetrated all layers of the population.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A multidimensional approach to homosexual identity.

The existing developmental stage models of homosexual identity do not consider the diversity of human sexual experience. The stage models stem from an essentialist perspective, in which the process of homosexual identity formation is largely a matter of becoming aware of one's underlying, or real, sexual orientation. Once homosexual orientation is identified, the only legitimate outcome is to develop homosexual identity and eventually incorporate that identity as one aspect of the total self. In this paper, we are concerned with those people for whom the stage models are inadequate in describing their experience of sexual identity development. The social constructionist perspective holds that the process of identity formation is a continual, two-way interactive process between the individual and the social environment, and that the meanings the individual gives to these factors influence the development of self-constructs and identity. Sexual identity develops within this contextual framework and, because it is influenced by continual interaction, is fluid over time and experience, throughout one's life. Our model does not rely on the existing developmental models of homosexual identity; rather, our model looks at desire, behavior, and identity as three separate constructs related to sexual identity. We posit that from the social constructionist viewpoint, there is in fact no true endpoint to sexual identity development.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Gender differences and attitudes towards homosexuality.

The aim of this research is two-fold. First, it examined individuals' attitudes towards homosexuals in Singapore. Second, it also investigated whether gender differences in attitudes towards homosexuals exist. Respondents comprised 365 students and data were collected through the use of questionnaires. Results generally suggested that respondents harboured negative attitudes towards homosexuals. The prevalence of such ambivalent attitudes seemed to suggest that respondents were still generally quite conservative in their attitudes towards gender roles and homosexuality. Our findings also revealed that, generally, women reported that they were more comfortable in working closely with male homosexuals while the reverse was true for men. Implications of our findings were discussed.

Attitude↗