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PubMed1999

Tsetse challenge, trypanosome and helminth infection in relation to productivity of village Ndama cattle in Senegal.

Data on tsetse fly, and on village Ndama cattle collected over a 4-year period in southern Senegal, were analysed. A total of 431 Ndama cattle in four herds of three villages in the Upper Casamance area of southern Senegal were monitored monthly. Glossina morsitans submorsitans and Glossina palpalis gambiensis are present in the study area. Mean tsetse apparent density was 5.4 flies/trap/day. Trypanosome (Trypanosoma congonlense and Trypanosoma vivax) infection rate in flies was 2.4 (s.e. 0.37)%. Tsetse challenge index was 17.3 (s.e. 4.18). Mean monthly trypanosome prevalence in cattle was 2.5 (s.e. 0.51)%. Highest trypanosome prevalence occurred during the dry season, and animals less than 1-year old were more frequently infected than older animals. The linear relationship between the log10+1 tsetse challenge and the arcsine of the trypanosome prevalence was significant only when mean monthly values of these variables over the 4-year period were used with tsetse challenge preceding infection rate by 3 months. Mean monthly prevalence of strongyle, Strongyloides spp., Toxocara spp. and coccidia were 34.4 (s.e. 0.60), 2.1 (s.e. 0.18), 1.2 (s.e. 0.45) and 15.6 (s.e. 0.47)%, respectively. Calf mortality rate at 1,6 and 12 months of age was 2.1 (s.e. 2.1), 5.2 (s.e. 2.8) and 12.2 (s.e. 3.3)%, respectively. Calving interval (584 s.e. 58 days) was not influenced by trypanosome status of the cow during lactation. Calving interval was shorter by 167 days when the calf died before 1 year of age in comparison to calving intervals for which the calf survived beyond one year. Live weight at birth, 6 and 12 months of age were 15.8 (s.e. 0.54), 48.1 (s.e. 2.56) and 71.1 (s.e. 5.44) kg, respectively. Mean lactation length, total and daily milk offtake were 389 (s.e. 16) days, 231 (s.e. 15) litres and 0.69 (s.e. 0.037) litres, respectively. Trypanosome infection during lactation did not have a significant effect on the amount of milk extracted for human consumption nor did trypanosome status affect calf growth.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2002

Paneth and intermediate cell hyperplasia induced in mice by helminth infections.

Hyperplasia of Paneth and intermediate cells is a recently described component of the response of the small intestine of mice to infection with the nematode Trichinella spiralis. To investigate whether this hyperplasia is parasite specific or represents a generic intestinal response to infection, mice were infected with T. spiralis, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus or Schistosoma mansoni and tissue samples taken at various time-points post-infection to determine Paneth and intermediate cell numbers. All infections induced Paneth and intermediate cell hyperplasia, but the patterns of response varied between the parasite species concerned, reflecting differences in their relationships with the host. Increases in the numbers of these cells appeared to correlate with known patterns of T-helper-2 immune responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Nutrition, immunity and helminth infection: effect of dietary protein on the dynamics of the primary antibody response to Trichuris muris (Nematoda) in CBA/Ca mice.

The effect of dietary protein on the specific antibody responses (total immunoglobulins, IgG1 and IgA) to the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris was studied in CBA/Ca mice fed isocaloric diets containing 16% or 4% protein. Mice fed the 16% diet and given a high infection dose of 650 eggs expelled almost their entire primary infection by day 21 post infection. In similarly infected animals fed the 4% protein diet, there was prolonged survival of adult worms. At a low infection dose of 10 eggs, there was no evidence of an expulsion response in either dietary group. The primary antibody response to parasite excretory/secretory (E/S) antigen was time-dependent, regardless of dietary protein or infection dose, and was predominantly an IgG1 response. Within each dietary group, antibody production and antigen recognition occurred earlier and the antibody responses were more intense in mice given the higher infection dose. The principal finding was that the specific antibody response was more vigorous, both quantitatively (serum titres) and qualitatively (antigen recognition by IgG1), in mice on a low protein diet, even though worm expulsion did not occur in these hosts. This result suggests that serum antibody level or antigen recognition is not related simply to protective immunity against T. muris in CBA/Ca mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Threshold quantities for helminth infections.

For parasites with a clearly defined life-cycle we give threshold quantities that determine the stability of the parasite-free steady state for autonomous and periodic deterministic systems formulated in terms of mean parasite burdens. We discuss the biological interpretations of the quantities, how to deal with heterogeneity in both parasite and host populations, how to incorporate the effects of periodic discontinuities, and the relation of the threshold quantities to the basic reproduction ratio Ro. Examples from the literature are given. The analysis of the periodic case extends easily to 'micro-parasitic' systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Equine helminth infections: control by selective chemotherapy.

A programme of selective anthelmintic therapy was used in a herd of 31 horses. Faecal egg counts were done during the months of September, November, January, March, May and the following September. Horses with greater than or equal to 100 eggs per gram (epg) were treated with ivermectin, and those with less than 100 epg were not treated. The criteria for adequate internal parasite control in the herd was a median herd faecal egg count of less than or equal to 100 epg. Effectiveness of selective therapy was assessed by faecal egg count after nine months of treatment and was determined to be adequate when a median herd egg count of 0 epg was obtained. However, on returning from pasture the following September, median herd egg count had risen to 325 epg. A statistically significant correlation was seen in the paired September faecal egg counts of the horses in that initial September faecal egg count was predictive for the following September. Initial September faecal egg count was related to the number of anthelmintic treatments required during the period of selective therapy, whereas age of horse was not. We propose that faecal egg counts be incorporated into strategic anthelmintic programmes as an economical tool for identifying and targeting herd members predisposed to shedding elevated numbers of helminth eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of treatment for intestinal helminth infection on growth and cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomised trials.

OBJECTIVE: To summarise the effects of anthelmintic drug treatment on growth and cognitive performance in children. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases: Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group controlled trial register, Cochrane controlled trials register, Embase, and Medline. Citations of all identified trials. Contact with the World Health Organization and field researchers. REVIEW METHODS: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials in children aged 1-16 that compared anthelmintic treatment with placebo or no treatment. Assessment of validity and data abstraction conducted independently by two reviewers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Growth and cognitive performance. RESULTS: Thirty randomised controlled trials in more than 15 000 children were identified. Effects on mean weight were unremarkable, and heterogeneity was evident in the results. There were some positive effects on mean weight change in the trials reporting this outcome: after a single dose (any anthelmintic) the pooled estimates were 0.24 kg (95% confidence interval 0.15 kg to 0. 32 kg; fixed effects model assumed) and 0.38 kg (0.01 kg to 0.77 kg; random effects model assumed). Results from trials of multiple doses showed mean weight change in up to one year of follow up of 0.10 kg (0.04 kg to 0.17 kg; fixed effects) or 0.15 kg (0.00 to 0.30; random effects). At more than one year of follow up, mean weight change was 0.12 kg (-0.02 kg to 0.26 kg; fixed effects) and 0.43 (-0.61 to 1. 47; random effects). Results from studies of cognitive performance were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS: There is some limited evidence that routine treatment of children in areas where helminths are common has effects on weight gain, but this is not consistent between trials. There is insufficient evidence as to whether this intervention improves cognitive performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Helminth infections in small mammals from Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve and the risk to human health.

A survey for small mammal parasites carried out in a secondary forest of Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Peninsula Malaysia yielded the following animals: Rattus bowersi (7), Rattus tiomanicus jalorensis (2), Maxomys rajah (12), Maxoyms whiteheadi (3), Leopoldamys sabanus(13), Sundamys muelleri(10), Lariscus insignis (1), Sundasciurus tenuis (1) and Tupaia glis (2). The following nematodes: Capillaria hepatica, Hepatojarakus malayae, Trichostrongylus sp. and Streptopharagus sp., the following cestodes: Hymenolepis sp., Raillietina sp. and Taenia taeniaformis; and trematode, Zonorchis sp. from Tupaia glis were recovered. No parasites were observed during blood examination. No endoparasite was seen in Maxomys whiteheadi, Lariscus insignis and Sundasciurus tenuis. The following parasites, Capillaria hepatica, Hymenolepis sp., Raillietina sp. and Taenia taeniaformis are considered of medical importance.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Milk yield increase after anthelmintic treatment of dairy cattle related to some parameters estimating helminth infection.

On 81 farms blood samples were taken from adult dairy cattle, on pasture in October 1986 and after stabling in December 1986, to measure antibody titres against the nematodes Dictyocaulus viviparus, Cooperia spp. and Ostertagia spp., and the trematode Fasciola hepatica, and serum pepsinogen values. Faecal samples, collected in October, were examined to confirm the presence of parasites by means of egg counts and larval identifications. From December until the end of the stabling period, dry cows were either treated with albendazole or left untreated in alternate sequence of calving date. Treated cows produced 132.9 kg milk per cow per lactation more than untreated cows (P less than 0.01). Fat and protein percentage were not significantly influenced by anthelmintic treatment. The mean herd milk yield response to treatment varied from -889 to +1231 kg milk per cow per lactation. There was a significant between-herd variation in antibody titres against nematodes and in pepsinogen values. However no significant correlations between these parameters and the mean herd milk yield response to treatment were found.

Albendazole↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impacts of dietary intake and helminth infection on diversity in growth among schoolchildren in rural south China: a four-year longitudinal study.

The authors carried out six transverse anthropometric, dietary, and parasitological surveys of 274 schoolchildren (138 boys and 136 girls), aged 10-12 years (in 2001), from the Dongting Lake region in rural South China from 2001 to 2005 to examine intra-population differences in growth. Compared to the Chinese references, the subject children were judged to be retarded in growth at the population level. Comparisons among tertiles classified by the extents of change in weight-for-age Z score from the first to the last survey revealed significant effects of dietary intakes and parasite infections. In particular, there were two observations for the high-tertile boys and girls, whose Z scores of height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age in higher ages were similar to, or higher than, the Chinese references. First, their energy intakes were larger than those of mid- and low-tertile boys and girls but were only 80-88% of the recommended dietary allowances for Chinese. Second, they were characterized by high prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum at the first survey but nil from the second survey. In conclusion, there is a high possibility that the children, who are recognized as undernourished at the population level, are able to attain the Chinese standards by increase of energy intake to the level of 10% lower than the recommended allowance for Chinese and eradication of S. japonicum.

Animals↗