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PubMed2025

Host Genetic Factors and Clinical Comorbidities Associated With Tuberculosis Risk.

HLA influence the immune response, shaping genetic susceptibility or resistance to tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to investigate the associations of host genetics and comorbidities with TB infection in Taiwanese populations. This retrospective case-control study utilised data from the Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative. TB cases and non-TB controls were compared using genome-wide association studies (GWAS), HLA allele typing, and genotype data. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of TB and interactions between risk factors. A total of 390 TB cases and 3,909 controls were analysed. Risk factors for TB included bronchiectasis (OR = 2.76; 95% CI 1.54-4.44; p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.00-1.68; p = 0.050), malignancy (OR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.15-1.85; p = 0.002), smoking (OR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.08-1.88; p = 0.012), and steroid use (OR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.29-2.13; p < 0.001). HLA-DRB1*16:02 was associated with a higher frequency in the TB group (OR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.04-2.09; p = 0.030). Interaction analysis showed HLA-DRB1*16:02 increased TB risk in non-smokers (OR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.02-2.46; p = 0.042), but not in smokers. HLA-DRB1*16:02 was associated with a higher risk for TB. While carriers of HLA-DRB1*16:02 did not exhibit an increased risk of TB among smokers, we demonstrated a heightened risk among non-smokers.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

BMP-2 gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis: the Rotterdam Study.

UNLABELLED: After reported associations of variations in the BMP-2 gene with osteoporosis in small populations, we studied the association of the BMP-2 gene polymorphisms Ser37Ala and Arg190Ser with osteoporosis in 6353 men and women from the Rotterdam Study. We did not observe an association of these variants with BMD, bone loss, hip structural analysis parameters, and fracture risk. INTRODUCTION: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) plays a role in osteoblast differentiation. BMP-2 gene variation has previously been associated with osteoporosis in various small populations, but current evidence remains inconclusive about the exact association with osteoporosis. Therefore, we studied the association of two polymorphisms located in the BMP-2 gene (Ser37Ala and Arg190Ser) and haplotypes defined by these polymorphisms with BMD, rates of bone loss, parameters of hip structural analysis (HSA), and fractures in the Rotterdam Study, a large prospective cohort study of diseases in the elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Databases were searched for polymorphisms and haplotype blocks in the BMP-2 gene region. Allele frequencies for Ser37Ala and Arg190Ser were determined in 60 blacks and 110 Chinese from Coriell panels. Genotype data on Ser37Ala and Arg190Ser were available for 6353 individuals from the Rotterdam Study population. Haplotype alleles defined by Ser37Ala and Arg190Ser were inferred using PHASE software. Genotype and haplotype analyses for BMD (measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck), bone loss per year (measured at the femoral neck), and HSA were performed using AN(C)OVA. Fractures were analyzed using a Cox proportional-hazards model and logistic regression. All outcomes were adjusted for age, height, and weight. RESULTS: Allele frequencies were 2.5% for Ala37 and 40.2% for Ser190, whereas haplotype allele frequencies were 57.28% (Ser37Arg190), 40.19% (Ser37Ser190), 2.50% (Ala37Arg190), and 0.02% (Ala37Ser190). For BMD, bone loss, HSA outcomes, and (incident) fractures, no differences could be seen between genotype and haplotype groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this large population-based cohort of Dutch whites, we conclude that the BMP-2 Ser37Ala and Arg190Ser polymorphisms or haplotypes thereof are not associated with parameters of osteoporosis.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Desulfitibacter alkalitolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, alkalitolerant, sulfite-reducing bacterium isolated from a district heating plant.

A novel alkalitolerant, anaerobic bacterium, designated strain sk.kt5(T), was isolated from a metal coupon retrieved from a corrosion-monitoring reactor of a Danish district heating plant (Skanderborg, Jutland). The cells of strain sk.kt5(T) were motile, rod-shaped (0.4-0.6 x 2.5-9.6 microm), stained Gram-positive and formed endospores. Strain sk.kt5(T) grew at pH 7.6-10.5 (with optimum growth at pH 8.0-9.5), at temperatures in the range 23-44 degrees C (with optimum growth at 35-37 degrees C), at NaCl concentrations in the range 0-5 % (w/v) (with optimum growth at 0-0.5 %) and required yeast extract for growth. Only a limited number of substrates were utilized as electron donors, including betaine, formate, lactate, methanol, choline and pyruvate. Elemental sulfur, sulfite, thiosulfate, nitrate and nitrite, but not sulfate or Fe(III) citrate, were used as electron acceptors. The G+C content of the DNA was 41.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequence data for the dsrAB genes [encoding the major subunits of dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase] and the 16S rRNA gene placed strain sk.kt5(T) within a novel lineage in the class Clostridia of the phylum Firmicutes. Taken together, the physiological and genotypic data suggest that strain sk.kt5(T) represents a novel species within a novel genus, for which the name Desulfitibacter alkalitolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Desulfitibacter alkalitolerans is sk.kt5(T) (=JCM 12761(T)=DSM 16504(T)).

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed2000

Statistical tests for detection of misspecified relationships by use of genome-screen data.

Misspecified relationships can have serious consequences for linkage studies, resulting in either reduced power or false-positive evidence for linkage. If some individuals in the pedigree are untyped, then Mendelian errors may not be observed. Previous approaches to detection of misspecified relationships by use of genotype data were developed for sib and half-sib pairs. We extend the likelihood calculations of Göring and Ott and Boehnke and Cox to more-general relative pairs, for which identity-by-descent (IBD) status is no longer a Markov chain, and we propose a likelihood-ratio test. We also extend the identity-by-state (IBS)-based test of Ehm and Wagner to nonsib relative pairs. The likelihood-ratio test has high power, but its drawbacks include the need to construct and apply a separate Markov chain for each possible alternative relationship and the need for simulation to assess significance. The IBS-based test is simpler but has lower power. We propose two new test statistics-conditional expected IBD (EIBD) and adjusted IBS (AIBS)-designed to retain the simplicity of IBS while increasing power by taking into account chance sharing. In simulations, the power of EIBD is generally close to that of the likelihood-ratio test. The power of AIBS is higher than that of IBS, in all cases considered. We suggest a strategy of initial screening by use of EIBD and AIBS, followed by application of the likelihood-ratio test to only a subset of relative pairs, identified by use of EIBD and AIBS. We apply the methods to a Genetic Analysis Workshop 11 data set from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1992

Marine star-shaped-aggregate-forming bacteria: Agrobacterium atlanticum sp. nov.; Agrobacterium meteori sp. nov.; Agrobacterium ferrugineum sp. nov., nom. rev.; Agrobacterium gelatinovorum sp. nov., nom. rev.; and Agrobacterium stellulatum sp. nov., nom. rev.

Two new species of aerobic, gram-negative, peritrichously flagellated or nonmotile marine bacteria usually forming star-shaped aggregates were isolated from northeastern Atlantic Ocean bottom sediments. These organisms resembled eight star-shaped-aggregate-forming bacterial species from the Baltic Sea originally ascribed to the genus Agrobacterium but not included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names because of their questionable relationships to true agrobacteria. These two sets of star-shaped-aggregate-forming bacteria were compared by means of phenotypic data, DNA base compositions, DNA-DNA relatedness, and one-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of low-molecular-weight RNAs (5S rRNA and tRNA). According to the results of genotyping, the northeastern Atlantic Ocean isolates and three of the Baltic Sea species formed a group of closely related bacteria that could not be excluded from the genus Agrobacterium with certainty. Until more genotypic data are available, these five marine species are regarded as a distinct subdivision of the genus Agrobacterium consisting of Agrobacterium atlanticum sp. nov. (type strain, 1480T = DSM 5823T), A. meteori sp. nov. (type strain, 1513T = DSM 5824T), A. ferrugineum sp. nov. nom. rev. emend. (type strain, ATCC 25652T), A. gelatinovorum sp. nov. nom. rev. emend. (type strain, ATCC 25655T), and A. stellulatum sp. nov. nom. rev. emend. (type strain, ATCC 15215T). "A. aggregatum" proved to be a later subjective synonym of A. stellulatum, which had priority. The remaining four Baltic Sea species, "A. agile," "A. kieliense," "A. luteum," and "A. sanguineum," could not be placed in the new subdivision of Agrobacterium.

DNA, Bacterial↗

PubMed2006

Interactive visual analysis of SNP data for rapid autozygosity mapping in consanguineous families.

Autozygosity mapping of recessive disorders using small numbers of highly inbred families is a powerful tool for disease gene identification. With the advent of cheap rapid methods for whole-genome SNP genotyping, data analysis, rather than laboratory work, has become rate-limiting for this approach. Here, we describe AutoSNPa, a computer program used for handling and visually presenting large amounts of SNP data, in such a way as to facilitate the rapid identification and subsequent scrutiny of autozygous regions.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

Age-dependent association between hepatic lipase gene C-480T polymorphism and the risk of pre-hospital sudden cardiac death: the Helsinki Sudden Death Study.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between hepatic lipase (HL) C-480T polymorphism and the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as well as pre-hospital sudden cardiac death (SCD). METHODS: Seven hundred sudden or unnatural pre-hospital deaths of middle-aged (33-70 years, mean 53 years) Caucasian Finnish men were subjected to detailed autopsy (Helsinki Sudden Death Study). Genotype data were obtained for 682 men. RESULTS: In logistic regression analysis with age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and alcohol consumption as covariates, men with the TT genotype had an increased risk for SCD and AMI compared to CC carriers (OR=3.0, P=0.011; and OR=3.7, P=0.003). There was a significant age-by-genotype interaction (P<0.05) on the risk of SCD. Compared to CC genotype carriers, the association between the TT genotype and SCD was particularly strong (P=0.001) among men <53 years of age, but this association was non-significant among older men. This was mainly due to a strong association between the TT genotype and AMI due to severe coronary disease in the absence of thrombosis. Carriers of the TT genotype were more likely to have severe coronary stenoses (> or =50%) than men with the CT or CC genotype (P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that HL C-480T polymorphism is a strong age-dependent risk factor of SCD in early middle-aged men.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Phylogenetic reconstruction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within four settings of the Caribbean region: tree comparative analyse and first appraisal on their phylogeography.

In order to compare phylogenetic methods and to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the tubercle bacilli, a set of macro-array-based genotyping data of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates (called spoligotyping for spacer oligonucleotide typing, which assays the variability of the Direct Repeat -DR- locus), was analyzed in four settings of the Caribbean region (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Cuba and Haiti). A set of 47 alleles, split into 26 shared and 21 unique alleles) representative of 321 individual M. tuberculosis clinical isolates from patients residing in the above regions was studied. The following methods (and software in brackets) were investigated: numerical taxonomy distance methods (TAXOTRON), maximum parsimony procedure (PAUP), median-joining networks (NETWORK), and nested clade analysis (GEODIS). Results using these methods were analyzed, compared and discussed. The latter method (GEODIS) was investigated in detail by introducing geographical data together with genetic variability results to detect a link between population structure and population history, and to test the null hypothesis of no association between geography and genotypes. Irrespective of the methods used, our findings demonstrate that a core structure of four families (or clades) of M. tuberculosis strains is highly prevalent within the islands studied, indirectly reflecting passed colonization history of these different settings. Specificity of M. tuberculosis genotypes in each of the islands is discussed in the light of their respective colonial and contemporary histories.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed1998

UGT1A1 genotypes and glucuronidation of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan.

BACKGROUND: Irinotecan (CPT-11) is metabolized by esterase to form a SN-38, which is further conjugated by UGT1A1. Genetic polymorphism has been shown in a promoter region of UGT1A1 and is related to its activity. We investigated whether there might be an inter-individual difference in pharmacokinetics of SN-38 and its glucuronide, depending on the genotypes of UGT1A1. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine male patients with lung cancer were treated with irinotecan (50 mg/m2) and carboplatin. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with full sampling plasma data. Genotypes were determined by analyzing the sequence of TATA box of UGT1A1 of genomic DNA from the patients. RESULTS: The genotyping analysis revealed one heterozygote (6/7) and one homozygote (7/7) for (TA)7TAA allele (UGT1A1*28). The remaining seven patients were homozygote for (TA)6TAA allele (6/6, wild type). The metabolic ratios (SN-38/SN-38 glucuronide) in the patient with 7/7 genotype were uncharacteristically higher than those in the patients with other genotypes (6/6 and 6/7). Biliary index was 6980 versus 2180 +/- 1110 (range 840-3730) in patients with 7/7 versus 6/6 genotypes, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results support the idea that the patient with 7/7 genotype has an impaired capacity for glucuronidation of SN-38.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Impact of alcohol intake on measures of lipid metabolism depends on context defined by gender, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and apolipoprotein E genotype.

Hyperlipidemia, smoking, and obesity are well-known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Conversely, moderate alcohol intake is associated with lower atherosclerosis risk. However, the influence of taking alcohol on the interrelationships of these factors in a particular context has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we asked whether the association between plasma measures of lipid metabolism and alcohol intake is dependent on context defined by gender, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Data were obtained in a sample of 869 women and 824 men who participated in the Quebec Heart Health Survey. There was no evidence that variation among APOE genotypes influenced the association between LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) or HDL cholesterol (HDL)-C and alcohol, after adjustment for age and BMI. Further, the positive (LDL-C and BMI) and the negative (HDL-C and BMI) associations that were observed in men and women with the epsilon3/2 and epsilon3/3 genotypes were not modified by alcohol intake. However, in women with the epsilon4/3 genotype only, we found a significant influence of an alcohol by BMI interaction on the prediction of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, apoA-I, and apoB, and this interaction was influenced by the status of smoking. Whereas the influence of an alcohol by BMI interaction on total cholesterol and LDL-C was significant in smokers, its influence on HDL-C was significant only in non-smokers. This study emphasizes the context dependency of the influence of alcohol on lipid metabolism and demonstrates how biological, environmental, and genetic factors interact to determine cardiovascular disease risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups.

Trimeric and tetrameric short tandem repeats (STRs) represent a rich source of highly polymorphic markers in the human genome that may be studied with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We report the analysis of a multilocus genotype survey of 97-380 chromosomes in U.S. Black, White, Mexican-American, and Asian populations at five STR loci located on chromosomes 1, 4, 11, and X. The heterozygote frequencies of the loci ranged from 0.36 to 0.91 and the number of alleles from 6 to 20 for the 20 population and locus combinations. Relative allele frequencies exhibited differences between populations and unimodal, bimodal, and complex distributions. Although deviations were noted at some locus-population test combinations, genotype data from the loci were consistent overall with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by three tests. Population subheterogeneity within each ethnic group was not detected by two additional tests. No mutations were detected in a total of 860 meioses for two loci studied in the CEPH kindreds and five loci studied in other families. An indirect estimate of the mutation rates gave values from 2.3 x 10(-5) to 15.9 x 10(-5) for the five loci. Higher mutation rates appear to be associated with greater numbers of tandem repeats in the core motif. The most frequent genotype for all five loci combined appears to have a frequency of 7.59 x 10(-4). Together, these results suggest that trimeric and tetrameric STR loci are useful markers for the study of new mutations and genetic linkage analysis and for application to personal identification in the medical and forensic sciences.

Alleles↗

PubMed2000

AFLP fingerprint analysis of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Faidherbia albida and Aeschynomene species.

The diversity of Bradyrhizobium isolates from Faidherbia albida and Aeschynomenee species was assessed using AFLP analysis, a high-resolution genomic fingerprinting technique. Reference strains from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Bradyrhizobium liaoningense were included for comparison. At a similarity level of 50%, a total of 34 different groups were obtained by cluster analysis of the genomic fingerprints. Four of these clusters correspond to the three reference species, demonstrating the large diversity of the isolates studied. Comparison with other data demonstrates that AFLP has a higher resolution than restriction analysis of 16S rRNA genes, SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins and phenotypic analysis. Results of the latter two methods showed little correspondence with the genotypic data.

Acacia↗

PubMed2006

Statistical methods in genetics.

In recent years, a very large variety of statistical methodologies, at various levels of complexity, have been put forward to analyse genotype data and detect genetic variations that may be responsible for increasing the susceptibility to disease. This review provides a concise account of a number of selected statistical methods for population-based association mapping, from single-marker tests of association to multi-marker data mining techniques for gene-gene interaction detection.

Genetic Markers↗

PubMed2000

Genetic control of susceptibility to UV-induced immunosuppression by interacting quantitative trait loci.

Ultraviolet B radiation (290-320 nm) initiates a dose and wavelength dependent down-regulation of cell-mediated immunity which is critical in experimental ultraviolet radiation (UV) carcinogenesis, preventing immune attack on highly antigenic UV-induced tumors. UV-induced immunosuppression has been demonstrated in humans and may be a risk factor for skin cancer. In this study, we have investigated genetic linkage of the autosomal loci controlling this trait. Previously, we had derived a model describing control of susceptibility to UV-induced immunosuppression in inbred mice by unlinked interacting autosomal and X-linked loci. A genome-wide scan using MIT microsatellite markers was carried out on 100 backcross (BALB/c x (BALB/c x C57BL/6) F1) mice derived from the inbred strains BALB/c (low susceptibility) and C57BL/6 (high susceptibility) and tested for systemic UV-induced immunosuppression of a contact hypersensitivity response. The values for % suppression for each animal and the genotype data were used to investigate genetic linkage by multiple regression analysis. Significance was assessed using the permutation test. Both main effects and interactive effects were investigated, first with each genotype marker singly, and secondly, in a novel approach using markers pairwise. A joint model was derived in which all loci and pairs of loci identified were included simultaneously in a multiple regression model. This model indicates four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with significant main effects, one on chromosome 10 which decreased susceptibility to UV-induced immunosuppression and QTLs on chromosomes 6, 17 and 1 which increased susceptibility. Additionally, loci on chromosomes 14 and 19 showed significant interaction with the locus on chromosome 1. Further investigation indicated a potential three-way interaction involving the loci on chromosomes 1, 14 and 19.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

How well do HapMap haplotypes identify common haplotypes of genes? A comparison with haplotypes of 334 genes resequenced in the environmental genome project.

One of the goals of the International HapMap Project is the identification of common haplotypes in genes. However, HapMap uses an incomplete catalogue of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and might miss some common haplotypes. We examined this issue using data from the Environmental Genome Project (EGP) which resequenced 335 genes in 90 people, and thus, has a nearly complete catalogue of gene SNPs. The EGP identified a total of 45,243 SNPs, of which 10,780 were common SNPs (minor allele frequency >or=0.1). Using EGP common SNP genotype data, we identified 1,459 haplotypes with frequency >or=0.05 and we use these as "benchmark" haplotypes. HapMap release 16 had genotype information for 1,573 of 10,780 (15%) EGP common SNPs. Using these SNPs, we identified common HapMap haplotypes (frequency >or=0.05) in each of the four HapMap ethnic groups. To compare common HapMap haplotypes to EGP benchmark haplotypes, we collapsed benchmark haplotypes to the set of 1,573 SNPs. Ninety-eight percent of the collapsed benchmark haplotypes could be found as common HapMap haplotypes in one or more of the four HapMap ethnic groups. However, collapsing benchmark haplotypes to the set of SNPs available in HapMap resulted in a loss of haplotype information: 545 of 1,459 (37%) benchmark haplotypes were uniquely identified, and only 25% of genes had all their benchmark haplotypes uniquely identified. We resampled the EGP data to examine the effect of increasing the number of HapMap SNPs to 5 million, and estimate that approximately 40% of common SNPs in genes will be sampled and that half of the genes will have sufficient SNPs to identify all common haplotypes. This inability to distinguish common haplotypes of genes may result in loss of power when examining haplotype-disease association.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Genetic variation in TNF and IL10 and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the InterLymph Consortium.

BACKGROUND: Common genetic variants in immune and inflammatory response genes can affect the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma. We aimed to test this hypothesis using previously unpublished data from eight European, Canadian, and US case-control studies of the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph). METHODS: We selected 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms for analysis, on the basis of previous functional or association data, in nine genes that have important roles in lymphoid development, Th1/Th2 balance, and proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory pathways (IL1A, IL1RN, IL1B, IL2, IL6, IL10, TNF, LTA, and CARD15). Genotype data for one or more single-nucleotide polymorphisms were available for 3586 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and for 4018 controls, and were assessed in a pooled analysis by use of a random-effects logistic regression model. FINDINGS: The tumour necrosis factor (TNF) -308G-->A polymorphism was associated with increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (p for trend=0.005), particularly for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, the main histological subtype (odds ratio 1.29 [95% CI 1.10-1.51] for GA and 1.65 [1.16-2.34] for AA, p for trend <0.0001), but not for follicular lymphoma. The interleukin 10 (IL10) -3575T-->A polymorphism was also associated with increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (p for trend=0.02), again particularly for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (p for trend=0.006). For individuals homozygous for the TNF -308A allele and carrying at least one IL10 -3575A allele, risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma doubled (2.13 [1.37-3.32], p=0.00083). INTERPRETATION: Common polymorphisms in TNF and IL10, key cytokines for the inflammatory response and Th1/Th2 balance, could be susceptibility loci for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Moreover, our results underscore the importance of consortia for investigating the genetic basis of chronic diseases like cancer.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1986

Log-linear model analysis of allelic associations.

An approach is outlined for the analysis of nonrandom allelic associations in multilocus systems in a diploid population. The concept of composite link functions in generalised linear model analysis is used to handle the problem of incomplete identification of constituent gametes often encountered in genotypic data for two or more marker loci.

Alleles↗

PubMed2006

Chromosome 5 and Parkinson disease.

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Despite the identification of five causative genes, the majority of PD etiology is still unknown. A region on chromosome 5q is one of the few regions of the genome found linked in multiple studies of familial PD. Analyses were performed using genotypic data from two independent research studies to evaluate rigorously the evidence of linkage on chromosome 5. The combined sample consisting of 1238 affected individuals from 569 multiplex PD families were genotyped for a common set of 20 microsatellite markers spanning an 80 cM region on chromosome 5q. Two disease models were employed and model-free linkage analyses were performed to detect linkage to a PD susceptibility gene and also to detect linkage to a quantitative phenotype, age of onset of PD. There was little evidence of linkage using either a narrower or broader disease definition (lod <0.5). Analyses employing age of onset of PD as the phenotype produced a lod score of 1.8. These results in a very large sample of familial PD suggest that it is unlikely that a PD susceptibility gene is located on chromosome 5q. Evidence for a locus contributing to the age of onset of PD is modest at best (empirical P-value=0.07).

Adult↗