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PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing students' use of collaborative computer technology to create family and community assessment instruments.

Undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a community health nursing clinical course collaboratively designed their own family or community assessment instrument using innovative computer technology. Student perceptions of using an instrument they designed and the effects of technology on the group process were evaluated across four groups. Overall, students felt an enhanced sense of ownership of the jointly developed product. Additionally, they perceived that the computer-assisted process enabled a more positive group experience compared with past group work that did not use technology. The learning experiences of the four groups of students are analyzed and discussed in this article.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2003

Hamlet at the millennium: assisting today's teens through the group psychotherapy process.

This article reviews Shakespeare's Hamlet and its universal appeal 400 years after it was written. Focusing on the soliloquy "to be or not to be," the author notes that the play examines the fundamental philosophical question of whether to continue with life, or not. The article then discusses difficulties experienced by adolescents at admission to an inpatient psychiatric program by referring to them as modern day Hamlets. An examination of the theme of ambivalence as it complicates the assessment and treatment process is undertaken. A checklist of therapist responses to ambivalence in the conducting of inpatient group psychotherapy in an adolescent psychiatric hospital unit is offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Enhancing the impact of groups: an evaluation of two group formats for smokers.

The effects of two different group formats constituting part of an otherwise identical smoking cessation programme were evaluated. Each group format was in use for one full calendar year. One hundred and thirty-two smokers were treated in 14 'therapist-oriented' (T-O) groups run in traditional didactic style and 138 in 14 'group-oriented' (G-O) groups, where the primary emphasis was on group resources (group support, group pressure and spontaneous modelling of coping responses). G-O groups were significantly more successful. The two types of groups did not differ in the number of clients who succeeded in stopping smoking just after the first meeting, i.e. before the difference in group formats could have any impact; but in the G-O groups more of those who failed initially persisted in trying and succeeded later in the course. Independently of the format, larger groups were more successful and in addition there was significant variation between single groups regardless of both format and size. Group processes seem to play an important role in smoking cessation and the way in which a group is structured can affect outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Grouping effects on spatial attention in visual search.

In visual search tasks, spatial attention selects the locations containing a target or a distractor with one of the target's features, implying that spatial attention is driven by target features (M.-S. Kim & K. R. Cave, 1995). The authors measured the effects of location-based grouping processes in visual search. In searches for a color-shape combination (conjunction search), spatial probes indicated that a cluster of same-color or same-shape elements surrounding the target were grouped and selected together. However, in searches for a shape target (feature search), evidence for grouping by an irrelevant feature dimension was weaker or nonexistent. Grouping processes aided search for a visual target by selecting groups of locations that shared a common feature, although there was little or no grouping by an irrelevant feature when the target was defined by a unique salient feature.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Group therapy for chronic medical illness: a multidiagnosis group.

Chronic medical illness, and the resulting feelings of alienation, dependency, and distress, represent significant psychiatric issues in the general hospital setting. This article presents the results of the first 3 years of a pilot psychotherapy group at UCLA. This group differed from the typical didactic or support groups offered within the hospital in that membership was not limited to any particular diagnostic group. It was hypothesized that such a multidiagnosis group would facilitate exploration of dynamic and interpersonal issues. Both the group process and the response of the membership supported this hypothesis. However, an interesting distinction emerged within the group between members who saw themselves as chronically medically ill and those who defined themselves as disabled. "Disabled" members were generally less satisfied with the group and tended to benefit less than other members. In light of the above findings, we offer recommendations for establishment of similar groups in other hospital settings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of expert- and practitioner-derived criteria for post-operative pain management.

A comparison of two methods of criteria formulation was carried out as part of a 3-year research study looking at the effectiveness of a nursing quality assurance system (the Royal College of Nursing's Dynamic Standard Setting System). In particular, the study wished to explore whether and to what extent criteria sets derived from an expert group differed from criteria generated by local practitioner groups. One expert group and five local groups were helped to develop criteria on the topic of post-operative pain management. Results showed that the expert group underwent a much more controlled and systematic approach to the task than any of the local groups who were supported by newly trained facilitators. Despite this difference, two of the five local groups had criteria convergence scores of more than 55%, demonstrating that the local knowledge on the topic was acceptable. Whether the lower convergence of the groups was due to lack of knowledge or a combination of difficult group processes and novice facilitation is difficult to say. However, what the study did show was that local groups can generate criteria sets comparable to expert groups, given proper facilitation and support.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Outcome and process differences between professional and nonprofessional therapists in time-limited group psychotherapy.

The outcome of clients who saw one of four "expert" professional group therapists selected by peer nomination or four "natural helper" nonprofessional nominated by students is contrasted in a 15-session psychotherapy group. Process measures tapping specific group and "common factors" were drawn from sessions 3, 8, and 14; outcome was assessed at pre, mid, posttreatment, and a 6-month follow-up. Results were examined by leader condition (professional vs. nonprofessional therapists) and time (group development). Virtually no reliable differences were found on measures of outcome primarily because of a floor effect on several measures. Therapist differences on the process measures tapping the "common factors" of therapeutic alliance, client expectancy, and perception of therapists were either nonsignificant or disappeared by the end of treatment. A complex picture of differences on one therapeutic factor (insight), common factor measures and subtle variation in the outcome data suggests a distinct pattern of change, however. Methodological limitations are also addressed including problems inherent in large-scale clinical-trial studies, ethical concerns raised by using nonprofessional leaders, and problems with generalizability, given the absence of significant psychopathology in group members.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Learning during group dynamics training: the effects of silent versus traditional training formats.

According to practicing group psychotherapists, the two most valued components of training for group psychotherapy are: (1) the opportunity to conduct a therapy group under supervision, and (2) participation in experiential training (Dies 1974). It is no wonder, then, that a large spectrum of experiential training models has emerged (Lakin, Lieberman, and Whitaker 1969). What is learned from the various models relates to the milieu, the leader, and the group composition (Stone and Green 1978), and in part depends on the particular training format. In contrast to descriptions of training, however, is the relatively limited formal evaluation of the learning which occurs in these programs. This paper will focus on an evaluation of the learning which took place during the group dynamics component of group psychotherapy training. The effect on learning of variations in format in which the leader is either silent or explicates group processes was tested.

Group Processes↗
PubMed2000

[Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups. Formal and inherent problems of grouping with the example of stroke care].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: With the Health Reform 2000, the Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (AR-DRG), Version 4.1 have been chosen as the basis for the future German costing system for hospitals. With regard to Stroke Severity (Barthel Index [BI]) we investigated to what extent the grouping according to AR-DRGs can reproduce healthcare expenditures for such patients. Options to adapt and optimize the system are discussed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 632 patients who had suffered a cerebrovascular accident and were discharged from conservative acute care in 1999, were classified according to the AR-DRGs. For the grouping we alternatively used data from the current hospital information system and a stroke database for quality assurance. The results were also compared with the clinical profiles for the public hospital sector of the corresponding DRGs in Australia (1997-98). RESULTS: On average 0.99 additional diagnoses per case were documented in the hospital information system, compared to 3.65 in the stroke database. In the stroke database 177 cases (36.8%) were assigned to the DRG with the highest cost weight. 53.7% of these patients suffered a serious stroke (BI < 30). Grouping on the basis of hospital information system data led only to 14 cases (2.8%) assigned to the DRG with the highest cost weight. CONCLUSIONS: Type and extent of additional diagnoses are crucial for the grouping process. From a clinical and economic point of view, measures of disability and impairment should be assigned to the grouping process to improve homogeneity under both aspects. Scores can also serve for determining reliable outcome parameters. For the development of an outcome related reimbursement system, procedures must be included in the definition of medical DRGs. In future, DRGs, which cover overlapping healthcare sectors, should be developed for patients with poststroke rehabilitation.

Australia↗
PubMed1975

The interprofessional team as a small group.

Conflicts in interprofessional teamwork may be as much explained by group process considerations as by the interaction of professional roles and statuses. This paper examines the interprofessional team as a small group, using a synthesis of sources from social psychology, social group work, T-group literature, management theory, and health team research. Eight issues are considered in relation to the team as a small group, namely, (a) the individual in the group, (b) team size, (c) group norms, (d) democracy, (e) decision making and conflict resolution, (f) communication and structure, (g) leadership, and (h) group harmony and its relationship to group productivity.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Working with parents of disturbed adolescents: a multifaceted group approach.

Experience with this parents' group model suggests that there are a number of advantages in using a multifaceted approach when working with parents of severely disturbed adolescents. Basic support and reduction of guilt and blaming are derived from the therapeutic aspect of the group process. This is augmented by having the parents in a leadership role, in the manner of a self-help group. Bringing in educational and advocacy elements allows the group to respond directly to the parents' need for detailed, accurate information about the disorders and treatment resources for dealing with them. This approach is not designed to replace family therapy, but to provide resources and support to parents. Future research will be necessary to substantiate the clinical impression that the group is quite helpful to parents and to elucidate all the factors producing success.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The state of the art of research on chiropractic education.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current status of research on chiropractic education, including barriers to chiropractic educational research, and provide recommendations for future research activities. DESIGN: Narrative literature review with annotated bibliography and formal consensus statements using a modified nominal group process. METHODS: A literature search from January 1985 to May 1996. The following databases were searched: Medline, Chirolars, CINAHL and ERIC. Keywords included student selection, curriculum, student learning, faculty development, performance assessment, instruction, accreditation, program evaluation, interdisciplinary education, institutional culture, governance and leadership. Conference proceedings and the personal files of the authors were searched for relevant citations. A modified nominal group process was used to generate recommendations by the education study group. RESULTS: The vast majority of current chiropractic educational research studies are descriptive in nature and receive no external funding. These studies are usually presented at chiropractic conferences and published in chiropractic journals. The annotated bibliography identifies key studies and potential models for future research. The education study group recommended that the chiropractic profession should embrace a patient-centered approach to health care and engage in research concerning all components of the educational process including assessment of students, faculty and educational programs. CONCLUSION: The field of chiropractic educational research should develop its theory and science by defining research issues and questions for investigation and then underpin them with appropriate research methodology. Studies of the chiropractic educational process is critical to the future of chiropractic education and practice.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed1977

Reactive schizophrenia and perceptual sensitization.

The perceptual behavior of process and reactive schizophrenics under neutral and stress conditions suggests an hypothesis that the former employ a repressive ego defensive mode in these conditions while reactives employ a sensitization mode. The Repression-Sensitization scale of the MMPI was administered to a sample of hospitalized process and reactive schizophrenics to test the hypothesis. Scores of the process group did not indicate modal repression. Reactives' scores were, however, well toward the sensitization pole and significantly higher than those of the process group. Results support the concept of a sensitization defensive mode as a characteristic dimension in the etiology of reactive schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Parallel processes within the 'spot-light' of attention.

Human ability to identify simultaneously two targets in the visual field is severely limited. Previous studies have shown that orientation identification of two targets takes twice the time needed for one target. Here we asked whether this seriality is imposed by the decision requirement of the task or by such stimulus properties as target spatial separation and similarity. Observers had to identify the orientations (vertical vs horizontal) of two Gabor patches presented at random positions. Performance on this double-task experiment was compared with performance on each of the tasks when carried out alone. We varied the spatial separation between the two targets for targets having identical or different spatial-frequencies and found that the orientation of two targets having different frequencies could be identified in parallel when occupying the same spatial position but not when separated in space by 4 deg of visual angle or more. Targets having the same frequency could be identified in parallel even when separated by 8 deg, demonstrating that decision factors do not impose seriality. This result can be taken as evidence for the existence of a grouping process operating prior to orientation identification. This grouping process operates according to classical Gestalt rules (proximity, similarity) and enables parallel attentive processing of large input chunks.

Form Perception↗
PubMed1986

When is it social work? Another look at practice with groups in health care.

It has been observed that there are problems in the conceptual base of social workers' practice with groups in health settings. This article suggests that to develop a sound conceptual base and to improve the integration of work with groups into the operating structures for delivering social work services in health care, it is necessary to distinguish social work groups from other groups. Criteria for social work practice with groups are identified. Criteria are based on fundamental principles of social work practice in health care and principles of social work practice differentiated to take account of group processes.

Group Processes↗