Meal cost analysis: health food store versus conventional food sources.
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Commerce↗
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[Analysis of food motivational stimulation on the level of thalamic neurons in the rabbit brain].
The activity of 34 neurons of the ventral and posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, a transmissive link of the gustatory analyzer, was studied in fed rabbits before and after the alimentary reaction was produced by stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Of special interest is the appearance of bundle-like activity in 26.4% neurons in response to the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. This seems likely to reflect the involvement of neurons from the given nucleus of the hypothalamus into alimentary motivation excitation.
Animal Feed↗
Agricultural sector analysis in food and nutrition planning and policy.
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Agriculture↗
Origin of trans fatty acids and their analysis in food, tissue and blood plasma.
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Fatty Acids, Unsaturated↗
Food selection by bacterivorous protists: insight from the analysis of the food vacuole content by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization.
A modified fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was used to analyze bacterial prey composition in protistan food vacuoles in both laboratory and natural populations. Under laboratory conditions, we exposed two bacterial strains (affiliated with beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria -- Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively) to grazing by three protists: the flagellates Bodo saltans and Goniomonas sp., and the ciliate Cyclidium glaucoma. Both flagellate species preferably ingested A. hydrophila over P. fluorescens, while C. glaucoma showed no clear preferences. Differences were found in the digestion of bacterial prey with B. saltans digesting significantly faster P. fluorescens compared to two other protists. The field study was conducted in a reservoir as part of a larger experiment. We monitored changes in the bacterial prey composition available compared to the bacteria ingested in flagellate food vacuoles. Bacteria detected by probe HGC69a (Actinobacteria) and R-BT065 were negatively selected by flagellates. Bacteria detected by probe CF319a were initially positively selected but along with a temporal shift in bacterial cell size, this trend changed to negative selection during the experiment. Overall, our analysis of protistan food vacuole content indicated marked effects of flagellate prey selectivity on bacterioplankton community composition.
Aeromonas hydrophila↗
[Sanitary conditions of community dining halls in greater Buenos Aires, Argentina].
Because of the importance of food safety for public health, a study was done to determine the microbiologic quality of foods provided to patrons of community dining halls in greater Buenos Aires, Argentina. The study was descriptive and was conducted in three municipalities with intermediate or high poverty indices; a sample of 52 dining halls was selected randomly from those municipalities. Information was collected from April 1994 through April 1995 by means of surveys, direct observations, and microbiologic analyses of the water and food served. Water and food analysis followed the recommendations of the Argentine Food Code and the International Commission on Microbiologic Specifications for Foods, respectively. The results were interpreted according to the values for cooked foods agreed upon by the Working Group on Food Monitoring. The microbiologic analysis revealed that 28 (54%) of the dining halls had food or water of inadequate quality and 11 (21%) had inadequacies in both. Bacillus cereus was the most commonly found pathogenic bacterium in the food samples analyzed. The factors that were significantly associated with unsatisfactory microbiologic conditions in the food and water were lack of disinfection of the water (P = 0.009), lack of hygiene in the environment (P = 0.03), the presence of rodents and insects (P = 0.05), the supply system for raw materials (P = 0.01), and a relatively small number of users, i.e., fewer than 100 (P = 0.0008). It was concluded that water disinfection and general clean-up of the dining halls were measures that could be put in place by providing education in the areas of hygiene and food handling to supervisors and employees. The results obtained also indicate the need to include a food safety evaluation among the general evaluation criteria for food assistance programs.
Adolescent↗
Australian food sources and intakes of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Both omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are recognised as essential nutrients in the human diet, yet we have little information on the extent to which different food sources contribute to their intake. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the daily intakes and food sources of omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs in our local community. METHODS: Three-day food records were obtained from 83 healthy adults living in the Illawarra region of New South Wales. The PUFA composition of the foods which they consumed was derived from food composition tables and recently published food analysis data. RESULTS: Polyunsaturated margarine, nuts/seeds, bread, snacks/desserts and takeaway foods were important sources of omega-6 PUFAs, while canola oil and margarine, takeaway foods, snacks/desserts and bread were sources of alpha-linolenic acid (LNA), an omega-3 PUFA. As expected, fish was the main source of the very long chain (VLC) omega-3 PUFAs, i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), to which significant health benefits are attributed. An unexpected finding, however, was that, due to the large amount eaten, meat was also a major contributor (29%) to the dietary intake of VLC omega-3 PUFAs. Median intakes of omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs were 9.9 and 1.2 g/day, respectively, resulting in a dietary omega-6:omega-3 ratio of 8:1. The median intake of VLC omega-3 PUFA was 0.18 g/day. CONCLUSION: We have identified food sources and intakes of PUFAs for an Australian subpopulation differentiating between omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs. Whilst canola and fish were the primary sources of LNA and VLC omega-3 PUFAs respectively, we found that meat made a significant contribution to VLC omega-3 PUFA intake.
Adult↗
Fumigant contamination during large-scale food sampling for analysis.
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Chromatography, Gas↗
Method development and analysis of retail foods for annatto food colouring material.
Analytical methods for the determination of the permitted food colouring annatto (E160b) have been developed or refined to encompass the wide range of food commodity types permitted to contain it. Specific solvent extraction regimens have been used depending upon the food commodity analysed and HPLC analysis techniques coupled with spectral confirmation have been used for the determination of the major colouring components. Qualitative and quantitative data on the annatto content of 165 composite and two single retail food samples covering a wide range of foods at levels above the limit of quantification (0.1 mg kg(-1)) is reported. Quantitative results are given for the major colour principals 9'-cis-bixin, 9'-cis-norbixin and trans-bixin. Semi-quantitative results are given for the minor bixin and norbixin isomers monocis- (not 9'-), di-cis- and trans-norbixin, for which authentic reference standards were not available. Repeat analyses (n = 4-9) of 12 different types of food commodity (covering the permitted range) spiked with annatto at levels between 1.7 and 27.7 mg kg(-1) gave mean recoveries between 61 and 96%. The corresponding relative SDs (RSD) were between 2.1 and 7.9%.
Animals↗
Aflatoxins isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography from foods consumed in The Gambia, West Africa.
An aflatoxin-specific, monoclonal antibody-based immunoaffinity chromatography method has been developed for the rapid isolation of aflatoxins from human foods. Aflatoxins were isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography from a variety of cooked foods, including maize, rice, millets, groundnut sauces, and leaf sauces, collected in The Gambia, West Africa. The aflatoxins were measured by direct fluorescence or high-pressure liquid chromatography. The highest levels were found for groundnut sauces, mean 162 ppb (range 18 to 943 ppb) for 18 positive samples, but aflatoxins were found in other foods; e.g., maize, mean 9.7 ppb (range 2 to 35 ppb) for nine positive samples. The food analysis results were used with records of the amounts of cooked food to estimate a mean daily intake for an individual of the order of 3.5 micrograms of aflatoxins per day. This approach for exposure assessment is considered in relation to other biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure using biological fluids.
Aflatoxins↗
Taste reactivity patterns in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus).
The present study is aimed at finding taste reactivity patterns in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) which reflect 'liking' or perceived palatability. Three groups of nonstressed cats living in households were formed which a priori were expected to differ in motivational state for eating food items (more or less hungry), and which were offered two different food items differing in general taste properties (more or less flavourful food, MFF and LFF, respectively) around the time that they were fed their normal food. Analysis of the amount of food eaten showed that MFF was consumed regardless of hunger level and that LFF was consumed depending on the hunger level of cats: the more hungry cats ate more of LFF than the less hungry cats. Analysis of post-meal behavioural sequences showed that the 'MFF consumption sequence' differed from the 'LFF refusal sequence' and that the 'LFF consumption sequence' strongly resembled the 'MFF consumption sequence' but also contained elements of the 'LFF refusal sequence'. Subsequent analysis of the frequencies and total durations of behavioural patterns showed that two kinds of patterns existed, possibly reflecting two 'palatability dimensions': hedonic taste reactivity patterns (lick/sniff feeding bowl, lip lick and groom face) and aversive taste reactivity patterns (lick/sniff food and lick nose). These dimensions may be combined to obtain a single palatability score.
Journal Article↗
Thin-layer chromatography in food and agricultural analysis.
The TLC analysis of agricultural products, foods, beverages, and plant constituents is reviewed for the period from mid-1995 to mid-1999. Techniques and applications for a wide range of analyte and sample matrix types are covered, with specification of the particular layers, mobile phases, detection methods, and quantification conditions in many cases.
Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
SPR for molecular interaction analysis: a review of emerging application areas.
PubMed searches identified four emerging application areas for surface plasmon resonance systems. Food analysis, proteomics, immunogenicity and drug discovery. These application areas are reviewed. In connection with the review of drug discovery applications a case study is presented. This study demonstrates the value of combining results from drug-target and ADME predictive assays for compound selection.
Antigens↗
Analysis of patterns of food intake in nutritional epidemiology: food classification in principal components analysis and the subsequent impact on estimates for endometrial cancer.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of different methods of classifying food use on principal components analysis (PCA)-derived dietary patterns, and the subsequent impact on estimation of cancer risk associated with the different patterns. METHODS: Dietary data were obtained from 232 endometrial cancer cases and 639 controls (Western New York Diet Study) using a 190-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were generated using PCA and three methods of classifying food use: 168 single foods and beverages; 56 detailed food groups, foods and beverages; and 36 less-detailed groups and single food items. RESULTS: Classification method affected neither the number nor character of the patterns identified. However, total variance explained in food use increased as the detail included in the PCA decreased (approximately 8%, 168 items to approximately 17%, 36 items). Conversely, reduced detail in PCA tended to attenuate the odds ratio (OR) associated with the healthy patterns (OR 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35-0.84 and OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.49-1.20, 168 and 36 items, respectively) but not the high-fat patterns (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.57-1.58 and OR 0.85, 0.51-1.40, 168 and 36 items, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Greater detail in food-use information may be desirable in determination of dietary patterns for more precise estimates of disease risk.
Adult↗
Likelihood of using food stamps during the adulthood years.
OBJECTIVE: The Food Stamp Program represents the cornerstone of the federal nutrition assistance safety net. This article estimates the likelihood that Americans will use such food assistance at some point during their adulthood. The probability and duration of food stamp use are estimated for the population as a whole and for differences in race, education, and gender. Based on these food stamp percentages, a lower boundary is also estimated with regard to the life course risk of food insecurity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND ANALYSIS: Thirty waves (1968 to 1997) of the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data set were merged for analysis. Food stamp use is defined as an individual being in a household that has used the Food Stamp Program at some point during the year. Approximately 260 000 person-years of information on food stamp use are analyzed using both life table techniques and logit modeling. RESULTS: Between the ages of 20 and 65, slightly over half (50.8%) of all Americans will, at some point, receive food stamps. Use of the program takes place over relatively short periods of time but typically recurs at several points in the life course. Race and education exert a profound influence on the odds of program participation. Based on the life course patterns of food stamp use, it is estimated that at least 42% of the American population will experience food insecurity at some point between the ages of 20 and 65. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The overall life course patterns reveal a substantial need and use of food stamps within the US population. These results also suggest a significant risk of food insecurity across the life course. The implications for nutritionists are discussed.
Adult↗
Evaluation of various rapid chloride tests for assessing urinary NaCl excretion.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The evidence linking NaCl intake to high blood pressure and probably to other diseases has become stronger. Therefore, a population-wide reduction of NaCl intake is generally recommended. Measuring NaCl excretion in urine is the preferred method for estimating dietary NaCl intake. Rapid tests measuring urinary NaCl excretion might be useful for self-monitoring the individual NaCl consumption. METHODS: The accuracy of four rapid tests measuring chloride content in urine was assessed. Three tests were originally not designed for urine analysis, but for water and food analysis. Totally 204 urine samples were analysed both with the 4 different rapid tests and with quantitative routine laboratory procedures for chloride and sodium. RESULTS: Chloride and sodium were highly correlated (r = 0.96), indicating chloride determination as a reasonable method to assess sodium and NaCl contents in urine. Accuracy of the rapid tests was acceptable in three cases. The drawback of two tests was their narrow calibration range, so that most urine samples had to be diluted. Use of one test showed problems in interpreting its results because the decolouration of the test pads was difficult to recognize. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that rapid chloride tests designed for water analysis might be suitable to determine NaCl in urine samples.
Calibration↗
Biosensor commercialization strategy - a theoretical approach.
Biosensors are analytical devices, which use biological interactions to provide either qualitative or quantitative results. They are extensively employed in many fields such as clinical diagnosis and biomedicine, military applications, anti-terrorism, farm, garden and veterinary analysis, process control, fermentation control and analysis, pharmaceutical and drug analysis, food and drink production and analysis, pollution control and monitoring, microbiology, bacterial and viral analysis, mining, and industrial and toxic gases. The biosensor market has significantly increased and will be mushrooming in the next decade. The total biosensor market is estimated to be 10.8 billion dollars by 2007. The emerging biosensor market presents both opportunities and obstacles to start-up biosensor entrepreneurs. The major challenge and threat for these entrepreneurs is how to predict the biosensor market and how to convert promising biosensor technology into commercialized biosensors. By adopting a simple commercialization strategy framework, we identify two key elements of biosensor commercialization strategy: excludability and complementary asset. We further divide biosensor commercialization environments into four distinct sub-environments: the Attacker's Advantage, Reputation-Based Idea Trading, Greenfield Competition and Ideas Factories. This paper explains how the interaction between these two key elements shapes biosensor commercialization strategy and biosensor industry dynamics. This paper also discusses alternative commercialization strategies for each specific commercialization environment and how to choose from these alternatives. The analysis of this study further provides a good reference for start-up biosensor entrepreneurs to formulate effective biosensor commercialization strategy.
Animals↗
Early childhood feeding practices in southern Italy: is the Mediterranean diet becoming obsolete? Study of 450 children aged 6-32 months in Campania, Italy. Cultural Paediatric Association.
With increasing affluence, the traditional food choices of Mediterranean populations are changing. The changes appear to begin in early infancy, with increased consumption of processed foods. To determine current consumption patterns of the diets of 450 toddlers, 6-32 months old, enrolled from 17 paediatric practices in the Campania region of Italy, quantitative data were collected for 7 d, using calibrated feeding bottles, cups and dishes. Automated food analysis was employed and quality control was performed on a sub-sample. The average daily intake was 373 kJ/kg. Forty-three percent of energy was provided by carbohydrates, while fats supplied 39%, 45% of fats were saturated and 46.7% were monosaturated (primarily olive oil). Proteins provided 18% of daily energy; most (81.4%) were of animal origin. Fibre was virtually absent from the study children's diet. Total daily cholesterol reached an average value of 191 mg/d, corresponding to 201 mg/4.2 mJ. The intake per kg of cholesterol increased with age in the first year, while proteins and fats decreased. Dairy products were the main source of energy, fats and cholesterol. Vegetables and legumes were a minor source of energy at all ages: the consumption of fruit decreased with age. Although the overall pattern of feeding of this cohort remains favourable compared with other children groups in developed countries, consumption of whole milk and full fat dairy products may be reduced to equilibrate the diet.
Age Factors↗