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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Therapy of chronic pancreatitis].

Therapy of chronic pancreatitis is dependent on the stage of the disease and its possible complications. A conservative therapy has to focus 1) on pain relief which implicates an understanding of the multiple causes of pain, 2) on therapy of the exocrine insufficiency by application of the appropriate pancreatic enzymes, dietary regimes, and substitution of fat soluble vitamins, and finally 3) therapy of endocrine insufficiency with insulin. The most important therapy is abstinence from alcohol. One special topic of this review is a discussion about the problem of "negative feedback regulation" of the exocrine pancreas with its question whether one can inhibit pancreatic secretion by application of pancreatic enzymes and, thus, reach a pain relieving effect. Various surgical procedures and possibilities of interventional endoscopy are briefly discussed.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1987

The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on iron absorption in rats.

Alcoholics often have an increased amount of iron in the liver which may contribute to the development of alcoholic liver disease, although the mechanism is unknown. It has been shown that chronic ethanol intake decreases the enterocyte turnover and enhances galactose absorption. Whether it affects iron absorption is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on whole body iron absorption in rats. Twenty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were pair-fed a liquid diet containing either ethanol as 36% of total calories or an isocaloric diet where fat was substituted for ethanol. On the 28th day, four-hour fasted rats were given an oral dose of 59Fe (0.5 microCi) and were immediately counted by a whole body counter. 59Fe levels were then monitored over the following nine days. Although ethanol- and control-fed rats had a similar hepatic iron content (59.5 +/- 5.8 vs 60.2 +/- 7.4 micrograms/100 mg dry liver weight) (mean +/- S.E.M.), the 59Fe total body content was greater in the ethanol group (75% +/- 3%) compared with the control group (45% +/- 4%). These results show that chronic ethanol ingestion increased iron absorption in rats. A reduction of enterocyte turnover may play a role in determining this effect.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1977

[Parenteral hyperalimentation (author's transl)].

Intravenous hyperalimentation allows complete nutrition and anabolism in patients who cannot be fed by the oral route. However, several complications have been reported, e.g. septicaemia and hyperglycaemina. In 51 intensive-care patients receiving hyperalimentation, 18% were found to be hyperglycaemic in spite of insulin administration. Hyperglycaemia was frequently associated with stress. In 8 patients undergoing major surgery, which was chosen as a stress model, decreased insulin and increased glucagon, growth hormone and cortisone levels were observed. These findings could explain stress-induced glucose intolerance. In a further experiment, 8 intensive-care patients were given alternative intravenous feedings with either 600g of a mixture of glucose, fructose and xylitol in a ration of 1:2:1 or 600g glucose per day. During both regimens insulin administration was required in 4 patients, but the insulin dosage was lower with the mixture. Plasma glucose during glucose infusion was 205+/-25mg/100ml(M+/-SEM) and the sum of plasma glucose, fructose and xylitol during infusion of the mixture was 176+/-33mg/100ml, the difference being of borderline significance (p less than 0.05). The advantages and disadvantages of infusable substrates are summarized on the basis of the available literature and it is concluded that, in general, glucose is preferable. However, if hyperglycaemia is difficult to control, partial replacement of glucose by glucose substitutes or fat emulsions may be advantageous. A routine infusion programme for central venous feeding is suggested. Causes and prevention of side-effects are reviewed. In many patients receiving central venous nutrition less hazardous and less expensive methods could be used such as nasogastric tube feeding, elemental diet or peripheral venous nutrition.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1994

Factors influencing energy intake of rats fed either a high-fat or a fat mimetic diet.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of chronic feeding of a high-fat diet and a diet containing a fat mimetic on energy intake, body composition and tissue metabolism of mature female Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were fed a control, 25% kJ fat, diet for 10 days. Preference for this diet compared with a high-fat, 45% kJ fat, or fat mimetic, 25% kJ fat, diet was determined by offering rats two diets, in random order, for a period of 13.5 hours on three different occasions at two day intervals. Animals were then divided into three groups, receiving one of the three diets for 42 days. Dietary preference was tested again. Hepatic and muscle glucose and fatty acid utilization were measured in vitro and body composition was determined. Most of the rats preferred the mimetic diet over either control or high-fat diet, but there was no correlation between preference for a diet and intake of that diet during the experimental period. Animals fed either the high-fat or mimetic diet had greater energy intakes and body fat contents than control rats. Stepwise multiple regression determined which combination of variables correlated with energy intake of animals in each group. In rats fed high-fat diet, energy intake = 7.2 hepatic fatty acid oxidation (FAO) -0.2 hepatic glycogen - 131 muscle glycogen -0.9 hepatic fatty acid esterification (FAE) + 1.3 hepatic fatty acid synthesis (FAS) (R2 = 0.67). In rats fed mimetic diet, energy intake = 77.3 initial weight + 4.5 hepatic FAS -2.4 serum free fatty acids + 68.4 serum insulin (R2 = 0.67). These data suggest that obesity can be induced by changing the orosensory properties of a diet without changing macronutrient composition.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

[Lipid metabolism and new dietetic recommendations in diabetes mellitus].

Abnormalities of plasma lipids are highly prevalent in both types of diabetes, but there are important quantitative and qualitative differences that this paper reviews. The importance of abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism as determinant of vascular risk in general population is similar in diabetes, where there is chronic hyperglycemia associated, but it is considered as an independent vascular risk factor. People with IDDM in adequate glycemic control generally have plasma lipid concentrations in normal levels, but in NIDDM, even in good glycemic control, there are another factors associated and usually there are hypertriglyceridemia and total hypercholesterolemia with reduced HDL fraction. Carbohydrate-rich diet increase plasma triglyceride levels and low HDL-cholesterol levels in the majority of studies. Substitute monounsaturated fats in the diet to replace saturated fats lowers total cholesterol and LDL fraction and increase HDL, in addition it acts over others vascular risk factors. These findings were taken into account by ADA and recently revises their 1986 dietary recommendations with the same goals of medical nutrition therapy but with individualized approach appropriate for the personal life style to facilitate adherence to achieve the glycemic, lipid body weight and blood pressure aims with a good quality of live.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1997

Olestra affects serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids but not vitamin D or vitamin K status in free-living subjects.

Normal, healthy, free-living adults ingested either 18 g/d olestra, with or without 1.1 mg tocopheryl acetate/g olestra, or 18 g/d triglyceride placebo, for 16 wk in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, retinol and cholesterol were measured biweekly. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time and plasma concentration of functional prothrombin (Simplastin-Ecarin assay) were measured at wk 0, 8 and 16. Relative to the placebo group, serum alpha-tocopherol concentration was reduced 6% for the group given 18 g/d olestra. Addition of tocopheryl acetate to olestra partially offset the effect of olestra. For the group given 18 g/d olestra plus 1.1 mg tocopheryl acetate/g olestra, serum alpha-tocopherol concentration was 4% less than the placebo value. Olestra reduced serum concentration of beta-carotene by 27%; the other carotenoids were similarly affected. Serum cholesterol concentration was reduced approximately 4.5% in the olestra groups, relative to placebo, but the differences were not significant. Serum triglycerides, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time or the plasma concentration of under-gamma-carboxylated prothrombin were unaffected by olestra. Clinical observations and laboratory measures indicated no health-related effects of olestra; mild-to-moderate transient gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramping, loose stools and diarrhea were reported by all groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cholesterol-lowering effects of modified animal fats in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: In an attempt to improve the nutritional value of animal fats (including milkfat and lard), two technological approaches (i.e., cholesterol removal by steam distillation and linoleic acid enrichment by addition of safflower oil) were tested for cholesterolemic effects in a cohort of 29 older women (age 68 +/- 7 years). METHODS: Test fat sources were incorporated into crackers, cookies, cheese, ice cream, whipped topping, sour cream, baking shortening, and table spreads. Subjects were permanent residents of a convent where meals were prepared in a centralized kitchen, allowing test fats to be provided in daily food menu items. The foods containing test fats were introduced into three sequential dietary treatment periods, each lasting 4 weeks, in the following order: cholesterol-reduced animal fat (CRAF): fatty-acid modified, cholesterol-reduced animal fat (FAMCRAF); and-unaltered animal fat (AF). Subjects were offered menu items cafeteria style and encouraged to make food selections consistent with their habitual diets, which were recorded daily. RESULTS: Fasted blood lipid profiles determined at the end of each treatment period showed that FAMCRAF reduced mean plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B concentrations relative to AF (p < 0.05). Mean HDL cholesterol concentrations were not influenced by diet. DISCUSSION: Relative to native products, animal fats modified by cholesterol removal and linoleic acid enrichment reduced plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations in a predictable manner similar to that based on studies of men.

Aged↗