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PubMed2002

Facial expressions modulate the time course of long latency auditory brain potentials.

Long latency auditory brain potentials were recorded while subjects listened to bi-syllabic words spoken with an emotional expression and concurrently viewed congruent or incongruent facial expressions. Analysis of the auditory waveforms suggests the existence of a positive deflection around 240 ms post-stimulus with a clear posterior topography (the P2b component). This potential is subsequent upon the modality-specific auditory N1-P2 components and precedes the amodal N2-P3 complex. Congruent face-voice trials elicited an earlier P2b component than incongruent trials suggesting that auditory processing is delayed in the presence of an incongruent facial context. These electrophysiological results are consistent with previous behavioural studies showing an acceleration of reaction times for rating voice expressions that are part of congruent bimodal stimulus pairs. A source localisation analysis performed on the scalp EEG during the time-window corresponding to the P2b component disclosed a single dipole solution in the anterior cingulate cortex.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

Making faces: posed facial expression, self-competence, and personality.

This study examined the relationships between posed facial expression, childrens' perceived self-competence, and teachers' perceptions of competence. Third- and fifth-grade children completed the Self-Perception Profile for Children, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Junior Self-Monitoring Scale for Children. Individual differences in posing accuracy were determined with a videotaped acting task. Children who were more able to produce prototypical expressions obtained higher teacher ratings of academic competence; however, posing ability bore little relationship to children's self-competence. Gender differences in feelings of self-competence, but not in sending ability, were observed. Extraversion and self-monitoring were unrelated to ability to pose emotional expressions.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Brain mechanisms for recognition of faces, facial expression, and gestures: neuropsychological and electroencephalographic studies in normals, brain-lesioned patients, and schizophrenics.

The perception and recognition of faces and nonface stimuli were investigated by means of EP techniques in normal subjects. Neuropsychological studies on recognition of faces, facial expression, and gestures were performed in normal subjects, brain-lesioned patients, and schizophrenic patients. 1. Two neuropsychological tests investigating recognition of faces, mimic expression, and gestures were applied in normals and brain-lesioned patients. In the first test, the recognition of faces and vases was tested 1 hr and 1 week after an inspection series. It was found that the size rather than the location of the lesion (excluding occipital lobe lesions) was an important determinant of the error score. No significant differences were found between patients suffering from RH and LH lesions. In general the same observation was true when recognition of faces, expression, and gestures was studied by means of a movie test consisting of 12 10-sec movie scenes and 10 multiple-choice tests following inspection of each scene. A slight tendency to higher error scores appeared in patients suffering from right temporo-occipital lesions compared with other RH lesions. 2. Impairment in the perception and recognition of faces, facial expression, and gestures was also found in schizophrenic patients. Their error score, especially in the movie tests, was on the average higher than in brain-lesioned patients, indicating a major perceptual or cognitive deficit in this disease. This observation is consistent with some clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. It is remarkable that in the slide test, schizophrenic patients had a significantly higher error score in the easy tasks (recognition of upright faces) than normals, whereas in the difficult tasks (involving upside-down faces) their performance was not significantly different from that of an age- and socially matched group. 3. The degree of schizophrenic defect and acute psychotic symptoms had some effect on the impairment in schizophrenics performing these tests. When the error scores of adolescent and middle-aged schizophrenics were compared to corresponding control group error scores, the relative impairment of adolescent schizophrenic patients was found to be somewhat stronger than that of adult schizophrenics. This supports the hypothesis that the impairment in face and mimic recognition found in schizophrenic patients is caused by the disease and not by other factors such as duration of illness or hospitalization. It is conjectured that a component very specific to schizophrenia leads to the dramatic cognitive defect found in our tests in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1999

Single trial analysis of neurophysiological correlates of the recognition of complex objects and facial expressions of emotion.

In an earlier experiment, we have used the BTi twin MAGNES system (2 x 37 channels) to record the evoked magnetic field from five healthy right-handed male volunteers using two tasks: visual recognition of complex objects including faces and facial expressions of emotion. We have repeated the experiment with one of the five subjects using the BTi whole head system (148 channels). Magnetic field tomography (MFT) was used to extract 3D estimates of brain activity millisecond by millisecond from the recorded magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals. Results from the MFT analysis of the average signals of the five subjects have been reported elsewhere (Streit et al. 1997; Streit et al. 1999). In this paper, we present results of the detailed single trial analysis for the subject recorded from the whole head system. We found activations in areas extending from the occipital pole to anterior areas. Regions of interest (ROIs) were defined entirely on functional criteria and confirmed independently by the location of the maximum activity on the MRI. Activation curves for each ROI were computed and objective statistical measures (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) were then used to identify time segments for which the ROI activity showed significant differences both within the same and across different object/emotion categories. Emphasis is placed on the quantification of the activity from two ROIs, fusiform gyrus (FG) and amygdala (AM), which have been best studied in the context of processing of faces and facial expressions of emotion, respectively. We found no face-specific area as such, but instead areas like the FG was activated by all complex objects at roughly similar latencies and varying strengths. The amygdala activity was significantly different between 150 and 180 ms for fearful expression, and even earlier for happy expression.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Interactions between the processing of gaze direction and facial expression.

In this article, we explored the relationship between the processing of facial expression and the processing of gaze direction. In Experiment 1, participants were unable to ignore gaze while classifying expression-or to ignore expression while classifying gaze. This suggests that the processing of expression and the processing of gaze are interdependent. In Experiment 2, the faces were inverted to isolate configural from part-based contributions to this interdependence. Inversion had a striking effect on expression judgments, which could now be processed independently of gaze, but not on gaze judgments, which were still influenced by expression, even when photos that contained only the eye region of faces were presented (Experiment 4). In Experiment 3 the processing of expression was found to be sensitive to even small variations in the direction of gaze. These results suggest that the processing underlying judgments of expression is configural and entails an obligatory computation of gaze direction. Judgments of gaze direction, however, are carried out in a part-based manner using local features around the eyes and are insensitive to the configural aspects of facial processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Voluntary facial expression of emotion: comparing congenitally blind with normally sighted encoders.

The ability of congenitally blind persons to produce voluntarily facial expressions of a number of emotions was compared with that of normally sighted individuals using both objective facial measurement and observer recognition. Results revealed that there were almost no significant differences between blind and sighted participants with respect to the number and type of facial action units produced. The portrayals of the blind participants were significantly more poorly recognized by observers than were those of the sighted participants (except for happiness). Correspondence analyses of the data showed differences between sighted and blind participants in the dimensional structure of the expressions (as based on the similarity among emotions with respect to both objective measurement and judgments). Overall, the data relavitize earlier conclusions on the facial expression of blind as compared with sighted persons and suggest specific hypotheses and procedures for further work in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

When the social mirror breaks: deficits in automatic, but not voluntary, mimicry of emotional facial expressions in autism.

Humans, infants and adults alike, automatically mimic a variety of behaviors. Such mimicry facilitates social functioning, including establishment of interpersonal rapport and understanding of other minds. This fundamental social process may thus be impaired in disorders such as autism characterized by socio-emotional and communicative deficits. We examined automatic and voluntary mimicry of emotional facial expression among adolescents and adults with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and a typical sample matched on age, gender and verbal intelligence. Participants viewed pictures of happy and angry expressions while the activity over their cheek and brow muscle region was monitored with electromyography (EMG). ASD participants did not automatically mimic facial expressions whereas the typically developing participants did. However, both groups showed evidence of successful voluntary mimicry. The data suggest that autism is associated with an impairment of a basic automatic social-emotion process. Results have implications for understanding typical and atypical social cognition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Observing emotion in infants: facial expression, body behavior, and rater judgments of responses to an expectancy-violating event.

Eleven-month-old European-American, Japanese, and Chinese infants (ns = 23, 21, and 15, respectively) were videotaped during baseline and stimulus episodes of a covert toy-switch procedure. Infants looked longer at the object during the expectancy-violating event (stimulus episode) but did not produce more surprise-related facial expressions. American and Japanese infants produced more bodily stilling during stimulus than baseline, and American infants also produced more facial sobering. Naive raters viewing both episodes could correctly identify the expectancy-violating event. Rater judgments of surprise were significantly related to infants' bodily stilling and facial sobering. Judgments of interest were related to cessation of fussing. Thus, observer judgments of infant emotions can be systematically related to behaviors other than prototypic emotional facial expressions.

Attention↗
PubMed2003

Kinematical analysis of emotionally induced facial expressions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND; Motor function is deficient in many patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), especially in the face. To investigate subtle motor dysfunction, kinematical analysis of emotional facial expressions can be used. Our aim was to investigate facial movements in response to humorous film stimuli in OCD patients. METHOD: Kinematical analysis of facial movements was performed. Ultrasound markers at defined points of the face provided exact measurement of facial movements, while subjects watched a humorous movie ('Mr Bean'). Thirty-four OCD patients (19 male, 15 female; mean (S.D.) age: 35.8 (11.5) years; mean (S.D.) total Y-BOCS score: 25.5 (5.9)) were studied in unmedicated state and after a 10-week treatment with the SSRI sertraline. Thirty-four healthy controls (19 male, 15 female; mean (S.D.) age: 37.5 (13.1) years) were also investigated. RESULTS: At baseline, OCD patients showed significantly slower velocity at the beginning of laughing than healthy controls and a reduced laughing frequency. There was a significant negative correlation between laughing frequency and severity of OCD symptoms. Ten weeks later a significant increase of laughing frequency and initial velocity during laughing was found. CONCLUSIONS: Execution of adequate facial reactions to humour is abnormally slow in OCD patients. Susceptibility of OCD patients with regard to emotional stimuli is less pronounced than in healthy subjects. This phenomenon is closely correlated to OCD symptoms and is state-dependent.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Principles of oscillatory brain dynamics and a treatise of recognition of faces and facial expressions.

The research of event-related oscillations is one of fast-growing fields in neuroscience. In this study, a theory of the "whole-brain-work," which can be useful for functional interpretation of brain oscillations, is presented together with its application to recognition of faces and facial expressions. Following results are summarized: (1) Mechanisms leading to the perception of the grandmother picture are manifested with parallel activations of neural assemblies in different cortical locations and as superposition of delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma oscillations. Known and anonymous faces can be differentiated by means of oscillatory brain dynamics. Percepts cannot be localized in a given specific region. The differentiation of facial expression induces significant change in alpha and theta oscillation. (2) While the importance of fMRI in object recognition is clear, this method has low temporal resolution. Our results shows that multiple brain oscillations clearly differentiate the known and unknown faces with varied degrees of selective-responsiveness in a short time window between 0 and 800 ms, thus completing and implementing the analysis of percepts in the dynamic window and indicating a broader distribution at the cortex. (3) The presented evidence of selectively distributed multiple oscillations for differentiation of facial percepts is in conceptual accordance with the "selectively distributed processing" in neurocognitive networks of Goldman-Rakic, Fuster, and of Mesulam. The large-scale approach of several investigators is also confirmed with the new results. On facial stimuli, a given location can show a considerable selected activation, but the formation of percepts is manifested by multiple oscillations with differentiated weight in large neural populations. (4) The most important feature of the comparison of percepts of grandmother and anonymous faces is the existence of a variety of significant differences in delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma responses between the anonymous and grandmother faces in frontal, central, parietal, temporal, and occipital sites. (5) The brain response is a construct in a multi-dimensional state manifested by amplitudes of oscillatory responses, topological coordinates, and changes in the time axis following presentation of the percepts including delays and prolongations, coherence between locations. Only a new metrics embracing all these parameters can be representative for dynamics of functionality in the brain. The conceptual aspects of this new scope are explained in the presented theory.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Facial expressivity during the clinical interview as a predictor functional disability in schizophrenia. a pilot study.

Despite the central role of nonverbal behavior in regulating social interactions, its relationship to functional disability in schizophrenia has received little empirical attention. This study aimed at assessing the relationship of patients' spontaneous facial expressivity during the clinical interview to clinician-rated and self-reported measures of functional disability. The nonverbal behavior of 28 stabilized patients with schizophrenia was analyzed by using the Ethological Coding System for Interviews (ECSI). Functional disability was assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale and the Sheehan Disability Scale (DISS). Partial correlation analysis controlling for the confounding effects of neuroleptic treatment showed that facial expressivity was correlated with the GAF score (r=0.42, P=0.03) and the scores on the subscales of the DISS measuring work (r=-0.52, P=0.005) and social (r=-0.50, P=0.007) disability. In a multiple regression model, nonverbal behavior explained variation in patients' work and social disability better than negative symptoms. The results of this pilot study suggest that deficits in encoding affiliative signals may play a role in determining or aggravating functional disability in schizophrenia. One clinical implication of this finding is that remediation training programs designed to improve nonverbal communication could also serve as a useful adjunct for improving work and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The emotional integration of childhood experience: physiological, facial expressive, and self-reported emotional response during the adult attachment interview.

Attachment researchers claim that individual differences in how adults talk about their early memories reflect qualitatively distinct organizations of emotion regarding childhood experiences with caregivers. Testing this assumption, the present study examined the relationship between attachment dimensions and physiological, facial expressive, as well as self-reported emotional responses during the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Consistent with theoretical predictions, more prototypically secure adults behaviorally expressed and reported experiencing emotion consistent with the valence of the childhood events they described. Insecure adults also showed distinctive and theoretically anticipated forms of emotional response: Dismissing participants evidenced increased electrodermal activity during the interview, a sign of emotional suppression, whereas preoccupied adults showed reliable discrepancies between the valence of their inferred childhood experiences and their facial expressive as well as reported emotion during the AAI. Results substantiate a case that the AAI reflects individual differences in emotion regulation that conceptually parallel observations of attachment relationships in infancy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Voluntary emotional facial expressions in patients with focal cerebral lesions.

This study investigates the voluntary production of emotional facial expressions in 43 brain-damaged and 9 control subjects. The expressions of right- and left-hemisphere lesion groups did not differ significantly, but those of the anterior lesion group were impoverished relative to the posterior lesion and control groups. Deficits of voluntary expression were dissociable from impairments in "non-emotional" facial-motor functions, dysphasia, and unilateral neglect.

Aphasia↗
PubMed2006

Self-reported aggression and the perception of anger in facial expression photos.

The author's purpose in this study was to assess the relationship between self-reported aggression and "seeing" anger in others. Eighty-four undergraduate participants completed a self-report questionnaire about their own aggression (i.e., aggressive attitude, verbal aggression, and physical aggression), as well as measures of resiliency and locus of control. They also responded to a series of photographs depicting facial expressions of happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotions. The results indicated that individuals reporting higher levels of overall aggression also misidentified anger from the facial expressions when this was not the emotion presented (errors of commission). No significant differences appeared among individuals reporting high and low levels of aggression in terms of underreporting anger (errors of omission). The author also found significant correlations among identification of anger from photographs, resiliency, and locus of control. The findings of the study have important implications for understanding the relationship between aggression and one's perception of anger in others.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Low doses of alcohol have a selective effect on the recognition of happy facial expressions.

Alcohol is one of the most widely used recreational drugs, yet it is associated with undesirable social behaviour. It is used primarily for its psychoactive properties, increasing sociability and talkativeness. We hypothesize that low doses of alcohol can improve the performance related to positive emotional cognition. In this experiment, we examined the effect of low doses of alcohol on the processing of emotional facial expressions. Fifteen young male volunteers drank alcohol at volumes of 30, 60, 120 ml (0.14, 0.28, 0.56 g/kg) and performed discrimination tasks on morphed facial emotion expressions of anger, happiness, sadness and surprise-neutral. One-way ANOVA co-varying pretreatment performances revealed significant differences between alcohol levels in happy face discrimination ( p<0.01). Bonferroni correction demonstrated that low doses of alcohol caused a significantly better discrimination of happy faces, and that the performances were worse with higher doses ( p<0.001). No significance was observed with the other three emotional faces. These results indicate that low doses of alcohol affect positive emotional cognition of happy facial expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effects of deliberate control on verbal and facial expressions of pain.

The 'facial feedback hypothesis' suggests that inhibiting or exaggerating pain displays produces parallel effects on subjective experience. Research on the regulation of emotional expressions suggests that the act of self-regulation may be detectable in the properties of facial behavior. Both issues were examined in this study. Healthy young volunteers were videotaped while they were exposed to electric shocks varying in intensity. Participants in the Augment group were instructed to exaggerate their facial reactions to the shocks. Participants in the Attenuate group were instructed to inhibit their reactions. Controls simply responded to the shocks. All groups rated the pain of each shock on numeric, sensory and affective scales. In subsequent phases, judges rated the intensity of pain displays for all participants, and facial reactions were measured with the Facial Action Coding System. Results provided no support for the facial feedback hypothesis. Judges' ratings of participants' pain indicated that the augment instructions produced distinct alterations in pain expression. The control and inhibit groups showed linear increases in pain expression with increasing pain intensity, which did not differ significantly. Fine-grained analysis of participants' facial behavior provided evidence that pain augmentation was accompanied by topographic changes in pain expression. Parallels with existing studies, methodological issues and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Photogrammetry of the muscles of facial expression.

The present study has attempted to determine the volume, square measure as well as length, width and thickness of the individual muscles of facial expression by photogrammetry. 15 fresh male head specimens were employed for a careful dissection of muscle layers. The volume was measured using the immersion procedure. The mean values of each parameter together with the standard deviation were summarized. The results suggest that this novelty in the representation of the mimetic muscles will facilitate the planning of corrective interventions in plastic surgery. Moreover, photogrammetry offers additional information on the required size and measurements of donor muscles.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Face-specific event-related potential in humans is independent from facial expression.

A face-specific brain EEG potential at approximately 160 ms after stimulus presentation has recently been described by various research groups. Most of these studies analysed this face-specific brain potential using smiling faces as stimuli. In electrophysiological studies, however, differences in amplitude due to the emotional valence of the stimuli were described as early as 100 ms after stimulus presentation. In order to investigate the effect of facial expressions with different emotional content on face-specific brain EEG potentials, event-related potentials (ERPs) to faces with sad, happy and neutral expressions were compared to ERPs elicited with buildings in 16 healthy subjects. A face-specific potential at vertex approximately 160 ms after stimulus presentation has been verified in the present study. No significant differences in latency or amplitude of this component were found for different facial expressions.

Adult↗