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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Smooth pursuit eye movements and saccadic eye movements in patients with delusional disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study used eye movement tests to examine whether frontal lobe dysfunction is present in delusional disorder. METHOD: Smooth pursuit and voluntary saccadic eye movements of 15 delusional patients, 40 schizophrenic patients, and 40 normal subjects were recorded and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The schizophrenic patients differed significantly from the normal subjects in some smooth pursuit eye movement characteristics, whereas both the schizophrenic and the delusional patients showed more saccades than the normal subjects during the smooth pursuit test. The delusional patients and normal subjects differed significantly in some voluntary saccadic eye movement characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The data support the idea of a biological dysfunction in eye tracking in delusional disorder.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The corneal barrier function in myopic eyes after laser in situ keratomileusis and after photorefractive keratectomy in eyes with haze formation.

BACKGROUND: Corneal barrier function following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) was evaluated to determine corneal damage and to compare the amount of corneal trauma associated with haze development with the two procedures. METHODS: The PRK and LASIK procedures were performed with the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser. The Chiron Hansatome microkeratome was used in the LASIK procedures. We followed 1528 eyes of myopic patients (range, -1.00 to -23.00 D) classified into three groups according to age. Each group was divided into four subgroups depending on the amount of myopia (-1.00 to -2.75 D; -3.00 to -5.75 D; -6.00 to -9.75 D; -10.00 to -23.00 D). In eyes with haze formation, haze intensity and postoperative period of haze development were evaluated. The corneal uptake was 5.6 carbonfluorescein 5%, and a computer program analyzed video slit-lamp corneal images. RESULTS: PRK and LASIK increased corneal permeability to fluorescein (2 to 8 weeks after PRK and 4 to 6 weeks after LASIK). Deeper ablations showed higher corneal fluorescein permeability for longer periods. In eyes with haze formation, an increased index of corneal fluorescein permeability was observed in the eyes with early postoperative haze formation (1 to 2 months) and a decreased index of corneal permeability was observed in eyes with late postoperative period haze formation (after 3 months). This finding suggests a difference in the haze that developed in the early and later postoperative periods. Fluorescein permeability after PRK returned to normal in 2 to 8 weeks and remained constant. Following LASIK, fluorescein permeability returned to normal in 4 to 6 weeks. Decreasing corneal permeability to fluorescein was observed 2 to 6 months after LASIK, and returned to normal at 6 months. CONCLUSION: Photorefractive surgery disrupts corneal barrier function for up to 6 months postoperatively, even though other clinical tests of the cornea may be normal. This finding may help explain some mechanisms of pathogenesis of complication development following PRK and LASIK. The fluorescein permeability findings demonstrated different mechanisms for early and late haze formation after PRK.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Eye surgery in severe retinopathy of prematurity. Experience from the Copenhagen University Eye Clinic of Rigshospitalet 1986-91, with emphasis on cryotherapy.

Data concerning observation of 40 pre-term infants referred to the Copenhagen University eye clinic 1986-91 for evaluation of ROP, predominantly of advanced stages, have been analysed. Twenty-one eyes in 13 subjects underwent cryotherapy at stage 3 (-4), on day 50-172 after delivery (median 72 days). Out of 19 eyes available for follow-up 10 obtained good of fair function; nine eyes ended with no L. Four subjects with ROP stage 4-5 at referral underwent vitrectomy and one trabeculectomy, all in eyes where surgery on beforehand was considered palliative or 'mainly experimental'. No indication for therapy was recorded in 22 infants; they mainly appeared for evaluation rather late in the course of ROP, to have the feasibility of reconstructive anatomy considered. The mean age of the infant at first discovery of ROP was 55 days when only stage 1-2 was found, 63 days when stage 3, and 69 days when at least stage 4 was described. Altogether, the range was 30-100 days. The inhomogeneity of the data is stressed. Though the possible benefit of earlier recognition cannot be proven, the investigation clearly indicates the need of uniform observation schedules nationwide and clearer indications for referral to the vitreo-retinal department.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1996

The primate frontal eye field and the generation of saccadic eye movements: comparison of lesion and acute inactivation/activation studies.

The frontal eye field (FEF) of monkeys has been repeatedly implicated in the generation of saccadic eye movements by various experimental approaches. Electrical stimulation of most of the FEF produces saccadic eye movements, many cells have activities related to saccades, and it has anatomical connections with many other oculomotor areas. Surprisingly, complete lesions of the FEF have remarkably little effect on oculomotor behavior. Only when more cognitive aspects are tested is a deficit clearly detected. In contrast, acute inactivation of the FEF of monkeys with the GABA agonist muscimol produced much more severe oculomotor impairment. This difference is probably due to the acute nature of the muscimol effect, which does not allow time for reorganization of the control of eye movements before testing begins. In addition, acute activation of the FEF with the GABA antagonist bicuculline caused the monkey to make irrepressible saccades of the same dimensions as those electrically elicited at the site. These experiments further confirm the strong involvement of the FEF in the control of saccadic eye movements and fixation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Modifications of the falciform process in the eye of beloniformes (Teleostei: Atherinomorpha): evolution of a curtain-like septum in the eye.

In order to comparatively analyze curtain-like septa in the eyes of visually orientated "close-to-surface-predators" among atherinomorph teleosts, we examined the eyes of 24 atherinomorph species under a binocular microscope with regard to the falciform process and related structures in the vitreous cavity. Additionally, falciform process samples were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. All the studied representatives of the Cyprinodontiformes and Atheriniformes, and of one of the beloniform suborder, Adrianichthyioidei, possess a "typical" processus falciformis. In the eyes of the representatives of the other beloniform suborder, Belonoidei, however, pigmented structures that originate in the region of the optic disc and protrude into the vitreous cavity were noted. In the Hemiramphidae (halfbeaks) and Exocoetidae (flying fishes) these pigmented structures have a more cone-like shape, whereas in the Belonidae (needlefishes) and Scomberesocidae (sauries) horizontally oriented heavily pigmented curtain-like septa occur that divide the vitreous cavity dorsoventrally. It is suggested that the "typical" processus falciformis represents a plesiomorphic feature within the Atherinomorpha, whereas the pigmented modifications of the falciform process must be seen as a synapomorphic character state of the Belonoidei. The curtain-like septum of the Belonidae and Scomberesocidae might have evolved from the cone-like structures that are found in the Exocoetoidea. The functional significance of the pigmented structures in the eye is as yet not clear, except for the curtain-like septum found in Belonidae. It might play a role in visual orientation near the water surface at Snell's window.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Optic disc histomorphometry in normal eyes and eyes with secondary angle-closure glaucoma. I. Intrapapillary region.

The intrapapillary region of the optic disc shows ophthalmoscopical changes in glaucoma. In search of a histological correlate, this region was examined histomorphometrically in serial sections of 21 human eyes with secondary angle-closure glaucoma and 28 control eyes with malignant choroidal melanoma. The lamina cribosa was significantly (P less than 0.05) thinner, the optic cup deeper and wider, the peripapillary scleral ring finer, and the corpora amylacea count was lower in glaucoma eyes than in control eyes with normal optic nerves. There was no significant difference in optic disc diameter. The decrease in lamina cribrosa thickness may be one of several factors leading to glaucomatous optic nerve fiber loss. Due to a decrease in the relative height the inner limiting membrane should not be taken as the reference level for optic-cup-depth measurement. A high corpora amylacea count may point to a normal optic nerve fiber population.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of Fucithalmic viscous eye drops and Chloramphenicol eye ointment as a single treatment in corneal abrasion.

PURPOSE: To compare the healing of the cornea and the incidence of infection after traumatic corneal epithelial defect after single treatment with double bandage combined with either Fucithalmic single unit dose eye drops or chloramphenicol eye ointment. METHODS: This is a single-centre, randomised, single-blind, parallel-group study of 144 patients with accidental corneal abrasion or corpus alieni cornea who were referred to the Eye Department at Gentofte Hospital. The injured eye was examined with a photo slit-lamp before and 24 hours after treatment. The size of the abrasion was recorded and calculated on a PCX computerized video system and by slit-lamp photography. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: The Fucithalmic and chloramphenicol ointment treated groups showed no significant difference in corneal healing, local side effects, or signs of local infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The scarlet eye colour gene of the tephritid fruit fly: Bactrocera tryoni and the nature of two eye colour mutations.

A homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster eye-colour gene, scarlet (st), has been isolated from the genome of the tephritid fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni. The comparison of the B. tryoni and D. melanogaster scarlet gene shows 71.2% and 79.3% sequence identity at the DNA and the derived amino acid level, respectively. Two allelic eye-colour mutations of B. tryoni, orange-eyes and lemon-eyes, have been recovered and found to be colocalized with the st gene. The st gene sequence in the two mutant strains has been examined for DNA sequence changes and expression levels.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

[25 years Cardona keratoprosthesis after severe chemical eye burns--long-term outcome of 4 eyes].

BACKGROUND: A keratoprosthesis should be implanted only in such eyes, in which a risk-keratoplasty (HLA-typified) was unsuccessful. However, the keratoprosthesis is an ultima ratio procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 25 years ago a modified keratoprosthesis according to Cardona was implanted in 2 patients in 4 eyes with very heavy alkali burns. Complications are described in a 25-years follow up in all of the 4 eyes. The loss of visual acuity was the first alarm sign for each complication. Reversible epicorneal complications are: epithelium over-running in front of the prosthesis, retraction of mucosa, lyophilized sclera including fistulation and dislocation or extrusion of the prosthesis. The opposite of the epithelium over-running was the development of a retro-prosthetic membrane as a sign for over-running inside. Severe (intraocular) complications were: macular oedema and choriodal detachment in bulbar hypotension, vitreal haemorrhage, retinal detachement and exacerbation of a secondary glaucoma. An endophthalmitis and later a phthisis bulbi were observed due to a permanent fistulation. RESULTS: Exactly after 25 years the visual acuity is in both patients: patient 1: 0.6 p and amaurosis; patient 2: 1.3 p and 0.8 p. The visual field is limited by the keratoprosthesis usually to 30 to 40 degrees, in our both eyes with secondary glaucoma the visual field was reduced to 10 and 25 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Bad auspices bring many complications and many operations. The patients should be sent back to the surgeons very early. Besides, a psychological guidance is important for the patients.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fluorescence angiography of the anterior eye segment in severe eye chemical burns].

BACKGROUND: Severe eye burns usually result in extensive necrosis of the conjunctiva and subconjunctival tissue. To reduce the reactive inflammatory response excision of the necrotic tissue is necessary. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Between August 1990 and December 1994 fluorescein angiograms of the anterior eye segment were performed in 13 (17 eyes) patients with most severe eye burns. The angiographies were carried out 1-4 days after the accident. Conventional photo angiography was performed using a fundus camera (NF 505-AF Nikon). RESULTS: The angiograms revealed characteristic patterns that provided exact information on the perfusion of burned conjunctival and underlying tissue. It was particularly useful in the detection of clinically not recognisable subconjunctival ischemia. In addition, perfusion of the episcleral vessels and the extent of scleral ischemia could be quantified. According to the angiographic findings subtile excision of the necrotic tissue was performed and vascularized tissue was preserved. CONCLUSION: Anterior segment angiography is a valuable method in assessing the extent of necrosis of the conjunctiva and underlying tissue and in determining scleral ischemia. It provides a basis for deciding the extent of surgical debridement of necrotic tissue in the acute phase of the burn. The quantification of limbal and scleral ischemia may give useful information for early plastic-reconstructive procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Regulation of gene expression in the mammalian eye and its relevance to eye disease.

We used expression quantitative trait locus mapping in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) to gain a broad perspective of gene regulation in the mammalian eye and to identify genetic variation relevant to human eye disease. Of >31,000 gene probes represented on an Affymetrix expression microarray, 18,976 exhibited sufficient signal for reliable analysis and at least 2-fold variation in expression among 120 F(2) rats generated from an SR/JrHsd x SHRSP intercross. Genome-wide linkage analysis with 399 genetic markers revealed significant linkage with at least one marker for 1,300 probes (alpha = 0.001; estimated empirical false discovery rate = 2%). Both contiguous and noncontiguous loci were found to be important in regulating mammalian eye gene expression. We investigated one locus of each type in greater detail and identified putative transcription-altering variations in both cases. We found an inserted cREL binding sequence in the 5' flanking sequence of the Abca4 gene associated with an increased expression level of that gene, and we found a mutation of the gene encoding thyroid hormone receptor beta2 associated with a decreased expression level of the gene encoding short-wavelength sensitive opsin (Opn1sw). In addition to these positional studies, we performed a pairwise analysis of gene expression to identify genes that are regulated in a coordinated manner and used this approach to validate two previously undescribed genes involved in the human disease Bardet-Biedl syndrome. These data and analytical approaches can be used to facilitate the discovery of additional genes and regulatory elements involved in human eye disease.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Eye Injury Registry of Alabama (preliminary report): demographics and prognosis of severe eye injury.

Each year an estimated 1.3 million Americans suffer eye injuries. There is little information in the literature regarding the prevalence, demographic characteristics, and prognosis of these patients. The Eye Injury Registry of Alabama (EIRA) serves as the first and only statewide system of its kind for the collection of information on serious eye injuries. We have analyzed 736 cases of serious eye injury (injury involving permanent structural or functional change) accumulated by the EIRA between August 1982 and May 1986. Prognosis was found to be related to early diagnosis and initial vision. Individuals with follow-up vision of 20/40 or better were found in all early diagnostic groups, and 13% of patients with no light perception on initial examination had some improvement on follow-up. The worst visual prognosis was among those patients suffering blunt eyeball rupture, of whom 40% had no light perception and 25% regained vision of 20/100 or better.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed2006

Abnormal migration and distribution of neural crest cells in Pax6 heterozygous mutant eye, a model for human eye diseases.

PAX6/Pax6 gene encodes a transcription factor that is crucially required for eye development. Pax6 heterozygous mutant mouse (Pax6(Sey/+)) shows various ocular defects, especially in the anterior segment. It has been well known that the induction of the lens and development of the cornea and retina are dependent on PAX6/Pax6 in a cell-autonomous fashion, although the influence of PAX6/Pax6 on the other tissues derived from the ocular mesenchyme is largely unknown. Using transgenic mouse lines in which neural crest cells are genetically marked by LacZ or EGFP, we revealed the extensive contribution of neural crest derived cells (NCDCs) to the ocular tissues. Furthermore, various eye defects in Pax6(Sey/+) mouse were accompanied by abnormal distribution of NCDCs from early developmental stages to the adult. In Pax6(Sey/+) mouse mice, neural crest cells abnormally migrated into the developing eye in a cell nonautonomous manner at early embryonic stages. These results indicate that normal distribution and integration of NCDCs in ocular tissues depend on a proper dosage of Pax6, and that Pax6(Sey/+) eye anomalies are caused by cell autonomous and nonautonomous defects due to Pax6 haploinsufficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Video fluorescein angiography of the anterior eye segment in severe eye burns.

PURPOSE: Severe eye burns often result in extensive necrosis of the conjunctiva and episcleral tissue. Video fluorescein angiography was performed to reveal the perfusion of the anterior eye segment after severe eye burns. METHODS: A scanning laser ophthalmoscope was used for anterior segment fluorescein angiography in 12 patients (14 eyes) with severe burns grade III-IV and in 7 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Necrotic tissues occurred as non perfused areas and remained dark throughout the whole angiogram. In general, the borders from healthy to necrotic conjunctival tissue were sharply demarcated. Thus, the extent of scleral and limbal ischemia could be determined exactly. Injured vessels showed hyperfluorescence with late leakage. Damage of the subconjunctival tissue appeared as a deep weak fluorescence in the early angiography and exhibited patchy leakage in the late angiogram. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior segment angiography provides a basis for deciding the extent of surgical debridement of necrotic tissue in the acute phase of the burn. The determination of the extent of limbal and scleral ischemia may give useful information for early plastic-reconstructive procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Increasing paintball related eye trauma reported to a state eye injury registry.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate an apparent increase in documented trauma from paintball related eye injuries reported to the Eye Injury Registry of Indiana. METHODS: A retrospective review of cases reported to the database is reported, with representative case histories. RESULTS: No injuries from paintball were reported during the period June 1992 to June 1996. Over the next two years 11 injuries were reported, representing 4% of all ocular trauma reports over this period. Visual outcome is poor in many of these eyes and more than one half present with posterior segment ocular injury. CONCLUSIONS: Severe ocular trauma results from impacts from paintball pellets, and the occurrence of injuries appears to be increasing due to growth in popularity of this war game. Diligent use of eye protection by all participants is necessary to prevent a continuing rise in ocular trauma prevalence from this activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Eye complaints in the office environment: precorneal tear film integrity influenced by eye blinking efficiency.

To achieve a common base for understanding work related eye complaints in the office environment, it is necessary to merge approaches from indoor air science, occupational health, and ophthalmology. Based on database searches, it is concluded that precorneal tear film (PTF) alteration leads to eye complaints that may be caused by: (1) thermal factors (low relative humidity; high room temperature); (2) demanding task content (attention decreases blinking and widens the exposed ocular surface area); and (3) individual characteristics (for example, tear film alterations, blinking anomalies, gland dysfunctions, and use of contact lenses). These factors and conditions are able to progressively increase water evaporation and faster thinning of the PTF, which causes dryness and dry spot formation on the cornea, possibly followed by corneal and conjunctiva epithelial alterations and eye complaints. Another possible cause of eye complaints is certain irritating chemical compounds, in addition to oxidation mixtures that are formed in reactions between ozone and unsaturated organic compounds (alkenes). The effect may be exacerbated by low relative humidity.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1976

Causes for removal of the eye: a study of 890 eyes.

This study is a review of 890 cases of eye enucleations performed over a period of 22 years. The major cause for enucleations was trauma, accounting for 39.7% of the eyes enucleated. Chronic inflammatory diseases accounted for 22.1%, glaucoma for 11.5% and tumours for 9.2% in this group. Retinal diseases were responsible for 5.5% of the eyes; vascular occlusion for 5%; and miscellaneous causes for the remaining 7%. Injuries were everyday tools and small flying missiles caused most of the trauma. Previously planned surgical operations accounted for 15% of the enucleations. Forty-eight of these eyes had epithelial or fibrous downgrowths resulting from inflammation, secondary glaucoma, and phthisis bulbi. A more careful selection of cases and better surgical techniques might significantly lower these statistics. Also, vascular occlusion should be given a high level of suspicion in all intractable cases of glaucoma of unexplained etiology. As a general rule, enucleations should not be performed because of the suspected presence of sympathetic ophthalmia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Intraoperative adjustment of eye muscle surgery. Correction based on eye position during general anesthesia.

During general anesthesia, the eye position of patients with strabismus, measured by Krimsky's test at 1 m, 30 minutes after induction, has a linear correlation with the eye position measured clinically preoperatively. A similar study was performed on 77 patients; however, Hirschberg's test was used for simplicity and was performed as soon as the patient was in a surgical plane of anesthesia. We confirmed that there was a linear correlation. We also adjusted the surgery performed in seven cases where the test was anomalous, ie, when the eye position under anesthesia was more than 15 prism diopters more or less than expected based on preoperative clinical measurements. We did approximately 1 mm more or less surgery than we had planned on each eye muscle. This significantly improved the final results in anomalous cases. Patients with anomalous tests who did not have such adjustments had significantly poorer results.

Adolescent↗