Medical ethics: plain talk about ethics in practice.
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A fundamentalistic point of view is for the evaluation of genetic engineering inadequate. Using ethics to evaluate the consequences is not valid for gene transfers across species as a morally relevant criterion but is rather the assessment of toxic, pathogenic, and ecological effects of transgenic organisms. A criterion for human genetics is not the inviolability of the human embryo, but social and human tolerance and the consent of the affected.
Functions, main features, organization and operating principles of ethical committees for animal experiments in France and foreign countries are presented from a general viewpoint. Four majors concepts are underlined: awareness of respect of animal, competence, open door policy, communication.
An argumentational analysis of the German legislation for animal welfare suggests that the concept "Ethischer Tierschutz", declared as a state objective in 2002, allows the legislative body greater scope than that utilized so far. The legislator would, in principle, be able to regulate some problem areas which have been repeatedly addressed by the public as well as the ethics. A comparison with Switzerland and the EU-member Austria shows that both countries' animal welfare legislations already reach beyond a strictly suffering-based protection framework by employing additional anthropocentric arguments. The concept "Ethischer Tierschutz" would make this approach likewise feasible in Germany.
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