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PubMedDate not supplied

Number of eggs in egg-noodles.

The official method to determine the number of eggs present in egg-noodles is the digitonin method. By applying this method the total content of sterols is determined and expressed as total sterols. The official method is time consuming, not very accurate and its performance is very complicated. Its results are not very reliable either because the composition of the wheat is not considered. In this paper some markers are proposed to verify the correct ratio between eggs and triticum durum (TD) semolina used to prepare egg-noodles. Markers are selected ratios between sterols and FAME. The lipid extract is trans-esterified and injected into a gas chromatograph. The ratio between the areas of the selected components gives the markers. This method is proposed to substitute or alternate the official method because is more accurate and time saving.

Eggs↗
PubMed1990

Administration of egg-derived vaccines in patients with history of egg sensitivity.

A history of a prior hypersensitivity reaction to egg has precluded patients from receiving egg-derived vaccines. We present three cases of successful administration of egg-derived vaccines; specifically influenza and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) to patients with egg hypersensitivity. Two were given influenza vaccine without incident and one was successfully desensitized to MMR. Skin testing and desensitization protocols are described. Desensitization to all three components of MMR has not been reported previously.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Egg production, egg weight, eggshell strength, and mortality in three strains of commercial layers vaccinated with F strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Three strains of commercial leghorns vaccinated at 17 to 22 weeks of age with F strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were maintained through 117 weeks of age. The three strains differed in both mortality and percent egg production per hen housed; however, the strains did not differ in egg weight (EW), eggshell strength (ESS), or percent daily egg production. Results of this study indicate EW and ESS for F strain MG-vaccinated hens follow patterns previously reported for uninfected layers. Further, mortality may account, in part, for differences in percent egg production per hen housed between strains of F strain MG-vaccinated hens.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[The effect of adding dried pig feces to the diet of egg-laying hens on the quality of eggs].

Eggs from two groups of layers (eight hens in each group) were subjected to examination. The hens were given diet with pig dried faeces at a concentration of 2.5% and 5% for six months and at a concentration of 5% and 10% for another five months. The organoleptic examination of the eggs and determination of some chemical characteristics of yolks and albumins did not reveal any systematic deviations of their properties in comparison with the eggs from the hens of the control group. This did not suggest that pig faeces added to hen diet as a feed component might have a negative effect on egg quality.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

[Lipids of the plasma, aortic wall and egg yolk of egg-laying hens after short-term feeding with atherogenic diet].

In laying hens of the Cornish breed about 1,8 kg of body weight, which, beside being fed abundantly for 4 days, were given 1 g of cholesterol and 1 g of pork fat in a piece directly into the crop, attempts were made to determine the level of fat compounds in blood plasma, in the wall of the abdominal aorta, and egg cell yolk. The control group was kept in similar conditions, receiving a bare piece of food. Blood was taken on empty stomach from the heart on heparin. With the methods adopted the following were examined in the plasma: total cholesterol, triglycerides, total fat and beta-lipoproteins. After bleeding the birds, extracts from the aorta intima and media and maturing egg cell yolk balls were made by the method of Folch et al., and then they were analysed with thin-layer chromatography on silica gel (Kieselgel-Fertigplatten DC Merck). Following densimetric measurements, the results obtained were statistically analysed, tabled and plotted in chromatograms. In general, almost a double concentration increase in the total cholesterol and fat, triglycerides and beta-lipoproteins was observed in comparison with control group. In the aorta analysed chromatographically, the mean level of phospholipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides and ester cholesterol increased almost twice, and that of monoglycerides ten times. In egg cell yolk more than a double increase in the level of phospholipids, triple of monoglycerides and over triple of free cholesterol and fatty acids, over quadruple of triglycerides and over sevenfold of free cholesterol was observed. In this way it was found that in laying hens of the Cornish breed on intensive atherogenic diet a rapid and high increase in the concentration of the lipids studied occurred after 4 days, particularly in maturing egg cells, in which it exceeded many times the control values.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Metabolites of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline and their distribution in egg white, egg yolk, and hen plasma.

4-epioxytetracycline and N-demethyloxytetracycline, as metabolites of oxytetracycline (OTC), 4-epitetracycline and N-demethyltetracycline, as metabolites of tetracycline (TC), and 4-epichlortetracycline, isochlortetracycline (ICTC), 4-epi-ICTC, and N-demethyl-ICTC, as metabolites of chlortetracycline (CTC), were detected in egg yolk and plasma obtained from feeding studies with either OTC, TC, or CTC. In egg white, only OTC, TC with its 4-epimer, and ICTC with its 4-epimer were detected in substantial concentrations. The ratios of epimerization and N-demethylation in the eggs did not change during the medication period. The samples were analyzed by an automated HPLC system (ASTED) with UV, fluorescence, or MS-MS detection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patch testing with egg represents a useful integration to diagnosis of egg allergy in children with atopic dermatitis.

Our aim was to investigate atopy patch and skin prick test reactions to egg in 85 children with atopic dermatitis, and to evaluate their relevance by performing repeated open challenges with egg. Thirty-one percent of our patients showed an eczematous response to the challenge. Positive reactions to atopy patch and skin prick tests were recorded in 37% and 19%, respectively. Atopy patch test sensitivity proved significantly higher than that of skin prick test (79.6% vs. 46.2%), whereas specificity was lower (81.4% vs. 93.2%). Our data suggest that combined skin prick and patch testing improves screening for egg allergy in affected children, identifying 92% of those who were challenge positive among our patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Sperm-egg binding: identification of a species-specific sperm receptor from eggs of Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus.

We have attempted to identify a surface component of echinoderm eggs that is involved in the species-specific binding of sperm. Cell surface membranes from eggs of the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus or Arbacia punctulata were radioiodinated, detergent-treated, and subjected to density-gradient centrifugation. In the presence of bindin, the complementary binding protein isolated from sperm, one component of the membranes sedimented to a different density. This membrane component bound species specifically to sperm that had undergone the acrosome reaction. This binding led to an inhibition of the ability of treated sperm to fertilize eggs. Exhaustive proteolytic digestion of this receptor fraction yields a high molecular weight glycopeptide that can also bind to bindin. It therefore appears that this egg surface membrane fraction contains a functionally intact, species-specific receptor for sperm.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The vitelline coat spikes: a new peculiar structure of Mytilus galloprovincialis eggs with a role in sperm-egg interaction.

In the course of this study we found that in Mytilus galloprovincialis eggs long filamentous protrusions never described before, which we have termed "vitelline coat spikes," could be clearly detected using the lectin from Dolichos biflorus, which recognizes the GalNAc residues. The spikes could be also observed by transmission electron microscope but only in some fortuitous sections could their origin in the vitelline coat be clearly observed. The spikes were also clearly visible using the scanning electron microscope. Observations of the sperm-egg interaction very few seconds after insemination or using fixed eggs suggested that the spikes could play a role in a primary binding to the unreacted sperm. Experiments have been done to test the effect of GalNAc on the sperm-egg binding and on the fertilization process which seem to confirm this hypothesis.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1989

The cortical actin-membrane cytoskeleton of unfertilized sea urchin eggs: analysis of the spatial organization and relationship of filamentous actin, nonfilamentous actin, and egg spectrin.

Whole mounts, cryosections, and isolated cortices of unfertilized sea urchin eggs were probed with fluorescent phalloidin, anti-actin and anti-egg spectrin antibodies to investigate the organizational state of the cortically associated actin-membrane cytoskeleton. Filamentous actin and egg spectrin were localized to the plasma membrane, within microvillar and nonmicrovillar domains. The nonmicrovillar filamentous actin was located immediately subjacent to the microvilli forming an extensive interconnecting network along the inner surface of the plasma membrane. The organization of this filamentous actin network precisely correlated with the positioning of the underlying cortical granules. The cortical cytoplasm did not contain any detectable filamentous actin, but instead contained a sequestered domain of nonfilamentous actin. Spectrin was localized to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane with concentrated foci co-localized with the filamentous actin present in microvilli. Spectrin was also observed to coat the surfaces of cortical granules as well as other populations of intracellular vesicles. On the basis of light microscopic morphology, intracellular distribution, and co-isolation with the egg cortex, some of these spectrin-coated organelles represent acidic vesicles. Identification of an elaborate organization of inter-related domains of actin (filamentous and nonfilamentous) and spectrin forming the cortical membrane cytoskeleton provides insight into the fundamental mechanisms for early membrane restructuring during embryogenesis. Additionally, the localization of spectrin to the surface of intracellular vesicles is indicative of its newly identified functional roles in membrane trafficking, membrane biogenesis and cellular differentiation.

Actins↗
PubMed1986

Egg white lysozyme is the major protein of the hen's egg vitelline membrane.

Lysozyme accounts for 37% of the proteins of the hen's egg vitelline membrane. It can be extracted by salt solutions and purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. There are no differences between the chemical and enzymic properties of egg white and vitelline membrane lysozymes. Vitelline membranes of ovarian eggs do not contain lysozyme. It is thus concluded that lysozyme is localized in the outer layer. Vitelline membranes from fertilized and unfertilized eggs contain the same amount of lysozyme; its percentage decreases after two days of incubation.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Studies on chromosome aberrations in the eggs of mice fertilized in vitro after irradiation. II. Chromosome aberrations induced in mature oocytes and fertilized eggs at the pronuclear stage following X-irradiation.

Cytological analysis of the first-cleavage metaphase of eggs exposed to X-rays at the mature oocyte stage or the pronuclear stage 4 h after fertilization was performed using the in vitro fertilization technique. The frequency of chromosome aberrations in irradiated mature oocytes increased exponentially with dose, the dose-response relationship being best fitted to the linear-quadratic model. On the other hand, in eggs irradiated at the early pronuclear stage, the frequency increased linearly with dose and the dose-response relationship was best fitted to the linear model. The aberrations were mainly chromosome-type (mature oocytes: 86.0% and pronuclear stage: 88.5%) and the majority were fragments in both cases. Eggs in the early pronuclear stage were markedly more radiation-sensitive than mature oocytes. A comparison of the present results with the previous ones (Matsuda et al., 1985b) showed that the sensitivities to induction of chromosome aberrations were in the order: egg at early pronuclear stage (highest) greater than mature oocyte greater than mature sperm.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infection: evaluation of ELISA using keyhole limpet haemocyanin or soluble egg antigen in comparison with detection of eggs or haematuria.

Keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) was compared with Schistosoma haematobium soluble egg antigen (SEA) in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of S. haematobium infection, using 187 human sera collected from the S. haematobium endemic area of Pemba Island, Tanzania, and 30 normal sera from blood donors in Europe. There was a clear separation in terms of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM titres between parasitologically positive patients and the blood donors, but titres of many parasitologically negative individuals in the endemic area were significantly high in comparison with the normal controls. Using as cut-off point the mean optical density +2 SD of sera from the blood donors to define ELISA positivity, and comparing the results with urine egg counts, the sensitivity of IgG-ELISA using KLH or SEA was high (91.11% and 95.56%, respectively) but the specificity was poor (43.30% and 31.90%, respectively. Similar results were obtained with IgM. When the 'gold standard' of haematuria and/or egg positivity as indicative of infection was used, the sensitivity of the ELISAs was similar but the specificity was increased to 59.25% and 44.44%, respectively. These results suggest that the patients with haematuria were probably infected with S. haematobium, which further supported the diagnostic value of haematuria detection for S. haematobium infection in endemic areas, and KLH was found to have a potential use in immunodiagnosis of S. haematobium infection in endemic areas. With both KLH and SEA antigens, the trend of reactivity in ELISA provided a correlate of the egg output (parasite burden) of infected patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The phosphorylation of thymidine and the synthesis of histones in ammonia-treated eggs and egg fragments of the sea urchin.

Unfertilized sea urchin eggs may be preloaded with workable amounts of 3H-thymidine. After fertilizing the eggs or treating the eggs with ammonia, the preloaded thymidine is incorporated into DNA in amounts that are proportional to the number of chromosomes that are replicated. The phosphorylation of the internal thymidine is turned on by fertilization and ammonia treatment, but 3H-TTP does not accumulate because it is immediately used for nuclear DNA synthesis. Accumulation of 3H-TTP occurs only in ammonia-treated enucleate fragments in which no nuclear DNA synthesis can occur. Along with the phosphorylation of thymidine, the synthesis of histones occurs in ammonia-treated enucleate egg fragments.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2000

Nuclei and microtubule asters stimulate maturation/M phase promoting factor (MPF) activation in Xenopus eggs and egg cytoplasmic extracts.

Although maturation/M phase promoting factor (MPF) can activate autonomously in Xenopus egg cytoplasm, indirect evidence suggests that nuclei and centrosomes may focus activation within the cell. We have dissected the contribution of these structures to MPF activation in fertilized eggs and in egg fragments containing different combinations of nuclei, centrosomes, and microtubules by following the behavior of Cdc2 (the kinase component of MPF), the regulatory subunit cyclin B, and the activating phosphatase Cdc25. The absence of the entire nucleus-centrosome complex resulted in a marked delay in MPF activation, whereas the absence of the centrosome alone caused a lesser delay. Nocodazole treatment to depolymerize microtubules through first interphase had an effect equivalent to removing the centrosome. Furthermore, microinjection of isolated centrosomes into anucleate eggs promoted MPF activation and advanced the onset of surface contraction waves, which are close indicators of MPF activation and could be triggered by ectopic MPF injection. Finally, we were able to demonstrate stimulation of MPF activation by the nucleus-centriole complex in vitro, as low concentrations of isolated sperm nuclei advanced MPF activation in cycling cytoplasmic extracts. Together these results indicate that nuclei and microtubule asters can independently stimulate MPF activation and that they cooperate to enhance activation locally.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Fine structure of the egg of Trichoprosopon digitatum (Diptera: Culicidae) and its relationship to egg raft formation.

Eggs of Trichoprosopon digitatum (Rondani) occur in rafts; the anterior poles are submerged, and the posterior two-thirds float above the water surface. Each egg is approximately 1,060 microns long and 270 microns wide. The hydrophilic end is more curved dorsally than ventrally and is covered with flattened, anteriorly pointed, scalelike tubercles except for a small area around the micropyle. The hydrophobic portion is clad in a layer of closely arrayed, small, round tubercles among which are positioned much larger, flattened, anteriorly directed tubercles with deeply fissured surfaces. At three positions equidistant around the periphery of the egg, narrow, tongue-shaped extensions (the embrasures) from the anterior hydrophilic region project posteriorly into the hydrophobic region. Along these embrasures, progressing posteriorly, the tubercles change in form from flattened and bladelike to finely tapered, then, at the extension's posterior two-thirds, to long filaments with well-developed terminal hooks. Eggs in rafts are maintained in polygonal rosettes by the interlocking of these filaments and hooks and the surface tension of menisci between contiguous embrasures.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of egg turning angle and frequency during incubation on hatchability and incidence of unhatched broiler embryos with head in the small end of the egg.

The effect of turning angle (from vertical) and the interaction with turning frequency during incubation on fertile hatchability, embryonic mortality, and the incidence of embryos with head in the small end of the egg (malpositioned) was studied in 2 experiments comprising 2 trials each to determine if a turning angle of less than 45 degrees could be successful. Hatching eggs from commercial broiler breeder flocks from 55 to 61 wk of age were utilized, and turning was for 18 d. Eggs were subjected to turning angles of 35, 40, or 45 degrees, with a turning frequency of 24 times daily (24x) in Experiment 1. Turning angle had no effect on fertile hatchability. However, the incidence of separately enumerated, malpositioned embryos was increased by the 35 degrees angle, compared with both the 40 and 45 degrees angles in Experiment 1. Eggs were subjected to turning angles (from vertical) of 35 degrees, with a turning frequency of either 24x or 96x daily, or 45 degrees, with 24x turning in the 2 trials of Experiment 2. Turning angle and frequency had no effect on fertile hatchability or embryonic mortality, but the incidence of separately enumerated, malpositioned embryos was increased by the 35 degrees angle with 24x turning, compared with the 35 degrees angle with 96x turning, and the 45 degrees angle, with 24x turning, in Experiment 2. These data demonstrated that the incidence of malpositioned embryos was increased by a reduced turning angle, but that this effect was ameliorated by a concomitant increase in turning frequency.

Aging↗