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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Influence of transplacentally acquired antibody on neonatal susceptibility to canine distemper virus in gnotobiotic dogs.

In utero acquistion of protective levels of neutralizing antibody to canine distemper virus (CDV) was observed in four litters of colostrum-deprived gnotobiotic and specific-pathogen-free puppies. Pregnant bitches with high antibody titers passively transferred antibody to these pups transplacentally in average titers of 1:7 to 1:16 per litter. Maternally derived antibody protected neonatal pups from otherwise fatal infection with virulent CDV. Protection was associated with a transient lymphopenia and viremia and temporary suppression of lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin-P.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Immune responses to canine distemper virus in joint diseases of dogs.

Measurement of immune complexes, antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) and anti-CDV antibodies in immune complexes were made in sera and SF from 'normal' dogs and from dogs with joint diseases. These data were compared with cytological analyses of SF samples. In dogs with canine rheumatoid-like arthritis (CRA) there were correlations between circulating anti-CDV antibody levels and circulating immune complex levels (P < 0.001) and between SF anti-CDV antibody levels and SF immune complex levels (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the SF PMN count in dogs with CRA correlated with both the SF anti-CDV antibody levels (P < 0.001) and the SF immune complex anti-CDV antibody levels (P < 0.001). The results demonstrated a relationship between CDV and ongoing synovial inflammation in dogs with CRA.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The isolation of large and small plaque canine distemper viruses which differ in their neurovirulence for hamsters.

Large and small plaque-forming viruses were isolated from the Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper virus (CDV). Small plaque virus, which was released more slowly from infected cells than large plaque virus, readily established persistent infections in Vero cells, whereas large plaque virus required undilute passage to do so. All persistently infected cultures eventually released small plaque virus. No difference was found in the size of polypeptides induced by either plaque-purified viruses or virus released from persistent cultures. Both dilute and undilute passage, large plaque virus produced an acute neurological illness in weanling hamsters. whereas small plaque virus failed to produce any clinical signs of disease for 3 months after inoculation. After this period 50% of the animals infected with small plaque virus showed a general deterioration in their condition and lesions were observed in the brain which resembled those found in cases of large plaque virus infection. Serum-neutralizing antibody titres to CDV rapidly increased after infection with small plaque virus, whereas animals infected with large plaque virus had low or undetectable levels. All hamsters infected with small plaque virus and a small number which survived large plaque virus infection had elevated titres of antibody over a test period of 15 months.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of cytoskeletal organization in canine distemper virus-infected and uninfected cells.

The organization of vimentin filaments, keratin filaments, microtubules and microfilaments was compared in canine distemper virus (CDV)-infected and uninfected cells by indirect immunofluorescence. Infection of tissue culture cells with CDV caused a total reorganization of all the cytoskeletal structures with the most notable changes in the microtubules and intermediate filaments. During virus infection two different patterns of staining were observed for both the intermediate filaments and microtubules, suggesting a step-by-step reorganization of the structures. While the two types of intermediate filaments (vimentin and keratin) had quite different staining patterns, the vimentin (but not keratin) filaments had a distribution pattern similar to the microtubules in both infected and uninfected cells. These results suggest that microtubules and vimentin (but not keratin) filaments may have a close association in CDV-infected cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Canine distemper infection in mice: characterization of a neuro-adapted virus strain and its long-term evolution in the mouse.

The Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper virus (CDV) which has been adapted to newborn Swiss mice was used in a study in weanling mice. Intracerebral inoculation of newborn mice with either the parent or mouse-adapted virus strain led to mortality in 100% of the animals. In weanling mice the parent virus produced less than 10% mortality, whereas the mouse-adapted strain killed approximately 40% of the animals and this was not dose-dependent. Although a meningitis was observed in the surviving mice, the occurrence of viral antigens was less widespread in the brain of weanling mice than in the brain of newborn mice, and could not be detected more than 5 months after infection. In long-term experiments two phenomena were observed. At 4 to 6 months post-infection up to 30% of the mice became obese; however, no viral antigens were detected in the brains. At 13 to 17 months post-infection a number of mice became paralysed and virus antigen could be detected in the brain and lymph glands; however, infectious virus could not be isolated. These observations are discussed in relation to neurological infection and metabolic disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Canine distemper virus (CDV) immune-stimulating complexes (Iscoms), but not measles virus iscoms, protect dogs against CDV infection.

The potential of immune-stimulating complexes (iscoms), a novel form of antigenic presentation, for the induction of protective immunity against morbillivirus infection was shown by immunizing dogs with canine distemper virus (CDV) iscoms, which contained the fusion (F) protein and a minor amount of the haemagglutinin of the virus. The immunized dogs developed CDV-neutralizing antibodies but, in contrast to non-immunized dogs, did not develop viraemia or clinical signs of infection upon intranasal challenge with the virulent Snyder Hill strain of CDV. Immunization of dogs with measles virus (MV) iscoms, prepared either from affinity-purified MV F protein or from purified whole virus, resulted in partial protection against challenge with CDV. The data presented clearly show that the iscom form of antigenic presentation may be considered a serious candidate for subunit vaccines against morbillivirus infection.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1991

Protective effects of monoclonal antibodies against lethal canine distemper virus infection in mice.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the haemagglutinin (H), fusion protein (F) and nucleoprotein of canine distemper virus (CDV) were examined for their ability to protect mice against lethal CDV infection. One MAb against H and two of six MAbs against F protected mice, the protective effect of the anti-H MAb being stronger than that of the anti-F MAbs. The anti-H MAb showed virus neutralizing activity, but the two anti-F MAbs, which recognized the same epitope, did not. Protection by the anti-F MAbs correlated with cell fusion inhibition, but not with complement-dependent neutralization, complement-dependent cytolysis or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These results suggest that neutralization by antibody against H and cell fusion inhibition by antibody against F play important roles in the protective mechanism against CDV infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Canine distemper virus from diseased large felids: biological properties and phylogenetic relationships.

Specific pathogen free (SPF) domestic cats were inoculated with tissue homogenate obtained from a Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis) that had died in a North American zoo from a natural infection with canine distemper virus (CDV). The cats developed a transient cell-associated CDV viraemia along with pronounced lymphopenia but did not show any clinical symptoms. Plasma neutralizing-antibody titres against the homologous CDV (A92-27/4, isolated from the Chinese leopard) were consistently higher than against the CDV vaccine strain 'Bussell'. The Chinese leopard CDV isolate showed in vitro biological properties reminiscent of virulent, wild-type CDV strains. Sequence analysis of the H gene of two large felid CDV isolates from the USA (A92-27/4 and A92-6) revealed up to 10% amino acid changes including up to four additional potential N-linked glycosylation sites in the extra-cytoplasmic domain as compared to CDV vaccine strains. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the entire coding region of the H gene and a 388 bp fragment of the P gene of several morbillivirus species. Evidence was obtained that recent CDV isolates from different species in the United States (including isolates from large felids), Europe and Africa are significantly distinct from CDV vaccine strains. All wild-type CDV isolates analysed clustered according to geographical distribution rather than to host species origin. By sequence analysis a CDV epizootic among large felids in a Californian safari park was linked to a virus which most likely originated from feral non-felid carnivores.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the haemagglutinin (H) proteins of field isolates of canine distemper virus from naturally infected dogs.

We isolated three strains of canine distemper virus (CDV)--the Ueno, Hamamatsu, and Yanaka strains--from dogs in Japan and analysed the molecular properties of their haemagglutinin (H) proteins. Immunoprecipitation of all three strains with a monoclonal antibody revealed H proteins with molecular masses of 84 kDa, which differs from the molecular mass (78 kDa) of the H protein of the Onderstepoort vaccine strain. However, after tunicamycin treatment immunoprecipitation identified H proteins of identical molecular mass (68 kDa) for all three field isolates and the vaccine strain. Sequence analysis showed nine potential sites for asparagine-linked glycosylation in the H proteins of the new isolates, in contrast to four in the H protein of the Onderstepoort strain. Thus, variation in glycosylation of the H proteins of the isolates and the vaccine strain may cause differences in antigenicity of the viruses. Sequences of the H genes showed that the new Japanese isolates have 99% identity with each other, 95% with other European and American isolates (from seals, a German dog, a ferret and large felids) and 90% with the vaccine strain. Phylogenetically, the new Japanese isolates form one cluster which is separate from recent European or American isolates, all of which are distinct from vaccine strains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Identification and real-time PCR quantification of Phocine distemper virus from two colonies of Scottish grey seals in 2002.

The North Sea European harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) population has endured two phocine distemper virus (PDV) epidemics in 1988 and 2002. The grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) is a sympatric seal species that shows little or no mortality from PDV. Two Scottish grey seal breeding colonies were sampled for evidence of PDV infection approximately 2 months after the peak of the 2002 epidemic. In both colonies, a proportion of mothers (13/109) and pups (6/84) tested positive for PDV in their leukocytes. All infected animals were asymptomatic and completed the breeding season successfully. These results illustrate that grey seals come into contact with infectious seals and can become infected themselves without experiencing acute effects. In some seals the virus is able to replicate from the primary site of infection. This study provides evidence that grey seals may have an active role in the spread of PDV during an epidemic.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of chloramphenicol on the development of immune responses to canine distemper virus in beagle pups.

The effect of oral chloramphenicol (CHPC) on the development of immune responses to canine distemper virus (CDV) in Beagle pups was studied. Dogs were treated with CHPC for 14 days at a dose of 50 mg/kg, three times a day. Hematologic changes in CHPC-treated dogs included: polychromasia, anisocytosis, and target cell formation of red blood cells concurrent with vacuolation of lymphocytes and basophilic granule formation in neutrophils. Dogs given this therapy showed normal in vivo and in vitro immune responses after CDV vaccination and survived a virulent CDV challenge, whereas untreated, unvaccinated dogs became ill or died after challenge exposure. The results of this study indicate that CHPC therapy does not interfere with either the prechallenge immune response to attenuated viral antigen or the efficient immune mechanisms invoked during virulent virus challenge.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropathology and neurovirulence of canine distemper virus plaque isolates in the hamster.

The relationship between neuropathological abnormalities, antibody response and neurovirulence of plaque isolates has been studied in an experimental model of canine distemper in the hamster. Genetic virus variance influenced neurovirulence and the experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that the mechanism of this effect may be through the modulating effect of circulating antibody. Large plaque virus (LPV) produced severe encephalitis with little early antibody response and a high degree of pathological abnormality. Small plaque virus (SPV) produced mild chronic encephalitis and early antibody response. Microscopically, histological abnormalities in this group were qualitatively similar to those seen with LPV but generally of lesser degree. Immunosuppression in SPV infected animals increased the severity of the encephalitis, reflected by the increase in inflammation and inclusion formation. Combined SPV and LPV infection produced high antibody levels and less severe disease than LPV infection alone with an intermediate pattern of histological abnormality.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Distemper skin lesions in a dog.

Skin lesions were studied in a 3-year-old male Maltese dog with distemper. Hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis with vesicles and pustule formation were the outstanding features of the skin lesions around the eye, nose, and mouth. Multinucleated syncytial giant cells together with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies containing viral particles and viral antigen were scattered in the epidermis, and epidermal appendages. These findings suggest a direct viral attack on the skin.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Electroencephalographic findings of encephalitis in beagle dogs experimentally infected with canine distemper virus (CDV).

The present research study had two goals. Firstly, the effect of medetomidine/propofol on the electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings of nine SPF dogs was analysed. It was found that the basic pooled pattern of EEG recordings was characterized by a mean amplitude of 28 uV (range = 15-70 uV) and mean frequency of 1.8 Hz (range = 1-2.5 Hz), with superimposed low voltage (amplitude range = 4-20 uV; mean 14 uV) and fast activity (frequency range = 10-27 Hz; mean 18 Hz). All results were significantly constant (P < 0.05) and accurately reproducible (R = 0.70). The second goal was to investigate the value of EEG findings from dogs experimentally infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) under the same anaesthetic conditions, for the diagnosis of encephalitis. It was found that the EEG traces were characterized by high voltage, slow activity (HVSA) with superimposed low voltage, fast activity (LVFA). By comparing the mean values of amplitude and frequency for each single phase at different time intervals, it was found that only the mean value of the superimposed frequency was linearly distributed and changed significantly (P < 0.001). Thus, at least three readings should be taken from phase III of the EEG recording in order to obtain accurate values. The study has shown that electroencephalography can supply valuable information in cases of CDV encephalitis and can assist greatly in the differential diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Detection of canine distemper virus in blood samples by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was used to detect canine distemper virus (CDV) genomic RNA. A set of four primers, two outer and two inner, were designed from CDV genomic RNA targeting the nucleocapsid protein gene. The optimal reaction time and temperature for LAMP were determined to be 60 min at 65 degrees C. The relative sensitivity and specificity of RT-LAMP was found to be 100% and 93.3%, respectively, based on 50 canine blood samples and using RT-PCR as the gold standard. The detection limit of the RT-LAMP method was 100 times lower than with RT-PCR (10-1TCID50 ml(-1) versus 10TCID50 ml(-1)). In addition to the advantage resulting from the visual detection of the end-product, the LAMP method is fast, requiring only 1 h to complete the assay. The LAMP method is a viable alternative to RT-PCR for diagnosing CDV infection in dogs. The LAMP method might be useful as an on site diagnostic assay for detecting CDV.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of one-step RT-PCR and a nested PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus in clinical samples.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of canine distemper virus (CDV) by nested PCR using clinical specimens. DESIGN: A nested PCR was developed, compared to a one-step RT-PCR and validated. PROCEDURE: Two sets of specific primers for a one-step RT-PCR and a nested PCR, targeting a 640 bp fragment and a 297 bp fragment, respectively, were selected from the highly conserved region of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene of CDV. The nested PCR and the one-step RT-PCR were used to amplify a part of the CDV NP gene of a CDV vaccinal strain and samples of urine, blood, nasal discharge and saliva from 29 dogs suspected of suffering CD. RESULTS: Both the one-step RT-PCR and the nested PCR reacted with the CDV vaccinal strain, but not with canine parvovirus. The expected 640 bp fragment of the NP gene was detected in 11/22 (50.0%) blood, 10/20 (50.0%) urine, 5/25 (20.0%) saliva and 6/27 (22.2%) nasal swab samples by one-step RT-PCR, whereas the nested PCR amplified an expected 297 bp fragment of the NP gene in 18/22 (81.8%) blood, 15/20 (75.0%) urine, 14/25 (56%) saliva and 19/27 (70.3%) nasal swab samples. CONCLUSION: The nested PCR detected CDV in blood, urine, nasal swab and saliva more frequently than did the one-step RT-PCR. Therefore, this assay should be a useful aid to antemortem diagnosis of CDV infections in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Complement-mediated neutralization of canine distemper virus in vitro: cross-reaction between vaccine Onderstepoort and field KDK-1 strains with different hemagglutinin gene characteristics.

The properties of neutralization of antigens of canine distemper virus Onderstepoort and a recent field isolate, KDK-1, were investigated with strain-specific dog sera. A conventional neutralization assay indicated antigenic dissimilarity between the strains; however, when guinea pig complement was included in the reaction mixture, the strains were neutralized with not only the homologous but also the heterologous antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of canine distemper virus infection on lymphoid function in vitro and in vivo.

In the present study, the immunodepressive effects of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of dogs on two parameters of lymphocyte function, namely phytomitogen-induced cellular proliferation and skin allograft rejection, were investigated. Infection of susceptible gnotobiotic dogs with virulent R252-CDV resulted in a depression of peripheral blood lymphocyte mitogen response as measured by (3H)thymidine incorporation for up to 10 weeks after inoculation. This effect coincided with the appearance of viral antigen by immunofluorescence in leukocytes but persisted after the virus was no longer detectable. Loss of mitogen reactivity was seen in all infected dogs. However, when these same CDV-infected dogs were challenged with foreign skin allografts, no significant retention of grafts over controls was observed despite the depressed lymphocyte activity. Considering the in vitro and in vivo data it was concluded that, although immunodepressive effects of CDV were demonstrated in vitro, paralled in vivo experiments indicated that less than complete suppression of immune functions occurs during the course of CDV infection.

Animals↗