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PubMed1999

Energy intake and dietary pattern in cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of energy and macronutrients in cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. METHODS: Case-control study: 754 individuals with first incident cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx and 1775 controls in hospital for acute, non-neoplastic diseases were interviewed in two Italian areas and in the Swiss Canton of Vaud between 1992 and 1997. RESULTS: Cases reported higher total energy intake, due to higher intake of alcohol energy. Non-alcohol energy intake was lower in cases than controls. The composition of diet also differed: proteins (OR for an addition of 100 kcal/day = 0.8) and monounsaturated fatty acids (OR = 0.8) were inversely associated, while saturated fatty acids (OR = 1.4) were directly associated with oral cancer risk. Vegetable intake, which was positively correlated with oil intake, was lower in cases than controls, but accounted only partly for the observed difference in fat intake pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol energy may not be used efficiently after some threshold. Protein deficiency may enhance cancer risk in heavy drinkers. An opposite influence of different types of fat is emerging for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx as well as other sites of the upper aero-digestive tract.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Eating patterns, dietary quality and obesity.

Obesity among children has reached epidemic proportions. Today, an estimated one in four children in the United States is overweight. while 11% arc obese. Children who are overweight tend to remain so up to 20 years of age; in general, they have a 1.5- to twofold higher risk for becoming overweight as adults. The prevalence of overweight has increased approximately twofold in the 20-year period from 1974 to 1994, with the largest increases observed among 19- to 24-year-olds. The annual increases in weight and obesity that occurred from 1983 to 1994 were 50% higher than those from 1973 to 1982. Overweight youth are 2.4 times as likely to have a high serum total cholesterol level, and 43.5 times as likely to have three cardiovascular risk factors. Although the total energy intake of children has remained the same, and the macronutrient density of the diet has changed, the percentage of energy from fat has decreased, while that from carbohydrates and protein has increased. Children have been consuming lower amounts of fats/oils, vegetables/soups, breads/grains, mixed meats, desserts, candy, and eggs. and increasing amounts of fruits/fruit juices, beverages. poultry, snacks, condiments, and cheese. Changes in specific eating patterns may explain the increase in adiposity among children; e.g., increases have occurred in the number of meals eaten at restaurants, food availability, portion sizes, snacking and meal-skipping. Successful prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood could reduce the adult incidence of cardiovascular disease. Because substantial weight loss is difficult to maintain, the prevention of obesity by promoting healthier lifestyles should be one of our highest priorities in the new millennium.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Dietary patterns of women smokers and non-smokers.

The 1-day food intakes of 1,338 women, aged 19 to 50, who were respondents in the 1985 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals, were studied. The energy, nutrient, and food intake patterns of smokers, those how had quit smoking, and those who had never smoked cigarettes were compared. Mean energy intakes of smokers (1,627 kcal), those who had never smoked (1,620 kcal), and those who had quit at least 1 year before the interview (1,719 kcal) were not significantly different. Self-reported body weight was significantly different between never-smokers and smokers (p less than .01) and quitters (p less than .05) only for the oldest category of women (ages 41 to 50 years). The consumption of fruits (p less than .001) and vegetables (p less than .01) was significantly lower and the intake of eggs (p less than .01), sugars (p less than .001), regular carbonated soft drinks (p less than .01), coffee (p less than .001), and alcoholic beverages (p less than .001) was significantly higher for women smokers than for non-smokers. After controlling through regression analysis for physical activity, health status, and demographic characteristics, we found that smokers, compared with never-smokers, had significantly lower protein (p less than .04), dietary fiber (p less than .001), vitamin C (p less than .001), and thiamin (p less than .01) intakes and higher cholesterol (p less than .02) intakes per 1,000 kcal.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Potential cariogenicity of low and high sucrose dietary patterns.

In vivo daytime plaque pH telemetry during 2 week periods was combined with measurement of changes in enamel microhardness and analysis of microbial plaque composition in 2 human subjects. Well defined sucrose rich and sucrose poor diets were used as variables. During the 2 weeks of the high sucrose diet (50-80 g/day), a high cariogenic acid attack calculated from pH changes in "Proton hours" was associated with a marked progressive decrease in enamel microhardness. The low sucrose diet (2-6 g/day) showed a low "Proton hour" acid attack during the entire 2 weeks. The decrease in enamel microhardness, however, was low only during the first week. After day 7 a marked decrease could be observed. It could not be explained by the glycolytic activity of the plaque, which was low. Streptococcus mutans was present in all microbial samples.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of dietary patterns between population samples in the three French MONICA nutritional surveys.

A nutritional survey was carried out from 1985 to 1987 in three French areas covered by the ischaemic heart disease registers: Bas-Rhin (BR), Haute-Garonne (HG) and the Urban Community of Lille (UCL). 1,128 men aged 45-64 were included in a survey, using the 3-day record method. The results, after adjustment for age, socio-economic status, residence and prescribed diet, showed differences, sometimes significant, between the three samples. Fat represented 37% of the total energy intake in BR, 36% in UCL, and 34% in HG. The P:S ratio ranged from 0.50 in HG, to 0.47 in BR, and 0.40 in UCL. These differences were due to a higher intake of vegetable fat and a lower intake of animal fat in HG. In spite of a very important alcohol intake, with no big differences between the centres (33 to 36 g/day), we noticed that HG drank mainly wine, whereas BR and UCL drank wine and beer in about the same proportions.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed1996

Outcomes of a field trial to improve children's dietary patterns and physical activity. The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. CATCH collaborative group.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcomes of health behavior interventions, focusing on the elementary school environment, classroom curricula, and home programs, for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. DESIGN: A randomized, controlled field trial at four sites with 56 intervention and 40 control elementary schools. Outcomes were assessed using prerandomization measures (fall 1991) and follow-up measures (spring 1994). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5106 initially third-grade students from ethnically diverse backgrounds in public schools located in California, Louisiana, Minnesota, and Texas. INTERVENTION: Twenty-eight schools participated in a third-grade through fifth-grade intervention including school food service modifications, enhanced physical education (PE), and classroom health curricula. Twenty-eight additional schools received these components plus family education. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: At the school level, two primary end points were changes in the fat content of food service lunch offerings and the amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in the PE programs. At the level of the individual student, serum cholesterol change was the primary end point and was used for power calculations for the study. Individual level secondary end points included psychological factors, recall measures of eating and physical activity patterns, and other physiologic measures. RESULTS: In intervention school lunches, the percentage of energy intake from fat fell significantly more (from 38.7% to 31.9%) than in control lunches (from 38.9% to 36.2%)(P<.001). The intensity of physical activity in PE classes during the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) intervention increased significantly in the intervention schools compared with the control schools (P<.02). Self-reported daily energy intake from fat among students in the intervention schools was significantly reduced (from 32.7% to 30.3%) compared with that among students in the control schools (from 32.6% to 32.2%)(P<.001). Intervention students reported significantly more daily vigorous activity than controls (58.6 minutes vs 46.5 minutes; P<.003). Blood pressure, body size, and cholesterol measures did not differ significantly between treatment groups. No evidence of deleterious effects of this intervention on growth or development was observed. CONCLUSION: The CATCH intervention was able to modify the fat content of school lunches, increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in PE, and improve eating and physical activity behaviors in children during 3 school years.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Interaction between dietary pattern and alcohol intake on the risk of liver cirrhosis. The Provincial Group for the Study of Chronic Liver Disease.

In order to assess the inter-relationship between nutritional intake and alcohol consumption on the risk of liver cirrhosis we performed a hospital-based retrospective case-control study. We enrolled 115 cases admitted to hospital for liver decompensation at their first diagnosis of liver cirrhosis and 167 hospital controls without evidence of liver disease admitted for acute diseases unrelated to alcohol intake. Daily alcohol intake and average nutrient intake were measured throughout the patient's life, using a reproducible questionnaire. No dose-effect relationship was found between nutrient intake and risk of cirrhosis using classical association statistical methods. We then corrected the intake of each nutrient for the total caloric intake and this energy-adjusted nutrient intake was used in a logistic regression model together with alcohol intake, viral B and C hepatitis markers, age and gender. Using this approach, carbohydrates intake were shown to have a protective effect on the risk of cirrhosis, whereas saturated lipid intake had a significant multiplicative effect on the risk associated with alcohol consumption. By comparison with the teetotalers category who had an average daily intake of saturated fatty acids lower than 40.3 g (reference category; OR = 1), drinkers of more than 100 g ethanol per day showed ORs ranging from 14.2 (95% confidence interval 2.0-101.0) for consumers of less than 40.3 g fatty acid per day, to 39.0 (95% confidence interval 5.0-305.1) for consumers of more than 40.4 g fatty acid per day. In conclusion we give additional evidence on the relationship between diet and risk of cirrhosis, whereby saturated lipid intake multiplies the risk associated with alcohol intake. However, caution should be used to interpret such results, since they seem to suggest that diet but not a particular nutrient can modify the effect of alcohol on the risk of cirrhosis. The present lack of agreement on the mechanisms and the nutrients involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury should stimulate wider epidemiological studies using modern nutritional techniques.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

A dietary pattern that lowers oxidative stress increases antibodies to oxidized LDL: results from a randomized controlled feeding study.

BACKGROUND: Oxidation of LDL (oxLDL) is thought to have an important role in early stages of atherogenesis. Antibody to oxLDL (Ab-oxLDL) has been proposed as a biomarker which might be directly associated with oxidative stress. Yet studies designed to test this hypothesis are lacking. We tested the hypothesis that consumption of a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables and reduced in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol will concomitantly reduce oxidative stress and Ab-oxLDL. METHODS: One hundred and three healthy individuals were randomly assigned to consume a typical American (control) diet or the DASH diet rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products and reduced in fat (27%), saturated fat (7%), and cholesterol (150 mg/day) for 3 months. Outcomes were urinary isoprostanes (in vivo marker of oxidative stress), oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC, an in vitro assay measuring antioxidant activity in serum), and Ab-oxLDL measured at baseline, 1-3 months of feeding. RESULTS: Compared to the control diet, consumption of the DASH diet significantly lowered urinary isoprostane (-226 pg/ml, 95% CI: -420 to -32, P=0.023). Compared with the control group, change in ORAC was higher in the DASH group, 143 trolox units/ml (95% CI: -23 to 308, P=0.091). In comparison with the control diet, increased titers of Ab-oxLDL (37 mU/ml [95% CI: 16-57, P=0.006]) were seen after consumption of the DASH diet. Higher titers of Ab-oxLDL occurred at month 2 (56 mU/ml, 95% CI: 20-90, P=0.004) and month 3 (41 mU/ml, 95% CI: -6 to 88, P=0.082), after initially small increases at month 1 (20 mU/ml, 95% CI: -10 to 51, P=0.176). End-of-study increases in AB-oxLDL were highly correlated with increased ORAC (Spearman's rho=0.46, P<0.0001), but not with changes in specific carotenoids, tocopherols or with change in LDL cholesterol (each: P>0.10). CONCLUSION: Consumption of a healthy diet replete in antioxidants reduced oxidative stress (urinary isoprostanes) yet increased Ab-oxLDL. This indirect association of Ab-oxLDL with urinary isoprostanes hinders use of Ab-oxLDL as a marker of oxidative damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Dietary patterns in high and low consumers of meat in a Swedish cohort study.

The objective was to examine relationships between meat and other food items which have been associated with higher risk of cancer in the colon and prostate in some epidemiological studies. The study was conducted as a population-based cohort study comprising 11648 subjects (4816 male and 6742 female) born between 1926 and 1945 and living in the city of Malmö, Sweden. Data on mean daily intake of foods and nutrients were assessed with a diet history method combining a 7-day menu book and a food frequency questionnaire. Increasing meat intake, expressed in quintiles and adjusted for energy, was associated with decreasing intakes of poultry, fish, fruits, bread, cereals and cheese in both sexes. Low negative correlations between meat intake and ascorbic acid (r= -0.11) and fiber (r= -0.16 to -0.20) were noted. The average intake of fat from meat out of total fat intake was 13.6% in men and 11.9% in women. No major associations were noted between meat and the cholesterol raising fatty acids C:12:0, C:14:0, C:160 nor for C:20:4 or its precursor C:18:2. In conclusion, our findings indicate that meat consumption is negatively associated with food groups rich in antioxidants and fiber and the positive covariance reported between meat and cancer and coronary heart disease might, therefore, not be directly linked to components in meat.

Adult↗