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PubMed2002

Modelling death rates for carriers of hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B carriers who acquired the infection perinatally die from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis at high rates. Published cohort studies are largely limited to males and are too small to estimate the age-specific risk of death. We therefore used routinely collected Hong Kong data to estimate the risks. Deaths were partitioned between carriers and non-carriers, then current life table calculations determined life expectancy and probability of dying from HCC or cirrhosis. HCC is the dominant cause of death for male carriers in middle adulthood with a lifetime risk of 27% for HCC compared to 4% for females. Predicted life expectancy is 72 years for male carriers, compared to 79 years for non-carriers. Female carriers have a life expectancy of 81 years and non-carriers 83 years. This model probably applies to all southern Chinese populations and emigrants with similar life history, and other populations that acquired infection early in life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Antenatal and perinatal care in Jamaica: do they reduce perinatal death rates?

Information concerning 9919 singleton pregnancies delivered in Jamaica in the 2-month period of September and October 1986 and surviving the early neonatal period were compared with 1847 singleton perinatal deaths occurring in the 12-month period from 1 September 1986 to 31 August 1987, classified according to the Wigglesworth schema. Logistic regression was used to assess features of antenatal and intrapartum care that were associated with the different groups of perinatal death after taking account of environmental, maternal and medical factors. In Jamaica, 67% of all mothers took iron during pregnancy. These mothers appeared to have a lower risk of perinatal death. This does not appear to be an artefact related to the gestation at which the mother delivers, and was particularly associated with antepartum fetal deaths. Commencement of antenatal care in the first trimester appeared to reduce the risk of all perinatal deaths, and for intrapartum asphyxia in particular. It is speculated that the mechanism may involve early detection and treatment of anaemia and syphilis. Quality of perinatal care available in the area of residence, as measured by the presence of consultant obstetricians and a paediatric consultant unit, is shown to be significantly related to a reduction in deaths from intrapartum asphyxia, but it appeared not to be related to antepartum fetal deaths.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Death rates of characters in soap operas on British television: is a government health warning required?

OBJECTIVE: To measure mortality among characters in British soap operas on television. DESIGN: Cohort analysis of deaths in EastEnders and Coronation Street, supplemented by an analysis of deaths in Brookside and Emmerdale. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Standardised mortality ratios and the proportional mortality ratio for deaths attributable to external causes (E code of ICD-9 (international classification of diseases, ninth revision). RESULTS: Staying alive in a television soap opera is not easy. Standardised mortality ratios for characters were among the highest for any occupation yet described (771 (95% confidence interval 415 to 1127) for characters in EastEnders), and this was not just because all causes of death were overrepresented. Deaths in soap operas were almost three times more likely to be from violent causes than would be expected from a character's age and sex. A character in EastEnders was twice as likely as a similar character in Coronation Street to die during an episode. CONCLUSIONS: The most dangerous job in the United Kingdom is not, as expected, bomb disposal expert, steeplejack, or Formula One racing driver but having a role in one of the United Kingdom's most well known soap operas. This is the first quantitative estimate of the size of the pinch of salt which should be taken when watching soap operas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Trends in early and late deaths due to motor vehicle accidents in Japan.

To clarify trends and urban-rural differences in the early death rate (deaths within 24 h divided by the deaths within 1 year after motor vehicle accident x100 [%]) due to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) in Japan. Mortality data were collected from the annual statistics of traffic accident research and vital statistics in Japan from 1980 through 1998 and analyzed. Early death rates were nearly constant (73.9-78.0%) from 1980 through 1998. Early death rates were lower in younger and elderly groups. As regards to geographic variations, early death rates and 1-year death rates per 100,000 vehicles were significantly higher in rural areas (population density <1000/km(2)) than in urban areas. To investigate MVA deaths, both early and late deaths should be examined. Decreasing the early death rate, a new index for MVA death, which reflects the reduction of injury severity is important for preventing MVA deaths.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Death rate from ischaemic heart disease in Western Australian psychiatric patients 1980-1998.

BACKGROUND: People with mental illness suffer excess mortality due to physical illnesses. AIMS: To investigate the association between mental illness and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) hospital admissions, revascularisation procedures and deaths. METHOD: A population-based record-linkage study of 210 129 users of mental health services in Western Australia during 1980-1998. IHD mortality rates, hospital admission rates and rates of revascularisation procedures were compared with those of the general population. RESULTS: IHD (not suicide) was the major cause of excess mortality in psychiatric patients. In contrast to the rate in the general population, the IHS mortality rate in psychiatric patients did not diminish over time. There was little difference in hospital admission rates for IHD between psychiatric patients and the general community, but much lower rates of revascularisation procedures with psychiatric patients, particularly in people with psychoses. CONCLUSIONS: People with mental illness do not receive an equitable level of intervention for IHD. More attention to their general medical care is needed.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Death rates in 71 men with antisocial personality disorder. A comparison with general population mortality.

Mortality data are presented from a 16- to 45-year follow-up study of 71 men with antisocial personality disorder. Death ascertainment was made through both a personal follow-up and use of the National Death Index. Comparisons were made with the mortality experience of the general population of the state of Iowa by using gender and age standardized mortality ratios. Seventeen men died (24%) died during the follow-up. Antisocial men younger than 40 years were at excessive risk for premature death (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 33, P < 0.25): men between ages 40 and 60 years also appeared to be at risk for premature death, although the excess was not statistically significant. Three subjects (18% of all deaths) died of complications from diabetes mellitus (SMR = 14, P < 0.05). Deaths were spread out among the four decades of follow-up. The findings and their implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effect of embryonic death rates in cattle on the efficacy of estrus synchronization programs.

Reproductive failure in inseminated cattle results from poor fertilization and embryo survival. Recent studies utilizing dairy and beef cattle indicate that fertilization rates are higher for nulliparous dairy and beef heifers and nonlactating beef cows than lactating beef and dairy cows and nonlactating dairy cows. Several factors affect fertilization rates, but the greatest impact was observed for high producing cows under heat stress, when fertilization was only 55%. Once fertilization has occurred, the fate of a successful pregnancy is then determined by the survival of the embryo and fetus. Losses of pregnancy are characterized by early embryonic death, which occurs prior to the period of corpus luteum (CL) maintenance in the cow at days 15-17 of the cycle, and late embryonic death, which occurs from CL maintenance to the end of the differentiation stage, at approximately 42 days of gestation. After 50 days of gestation, pregnancy losses are less frequent and characterize fetal death. Most pregnancy losses occur prior to the period of maintenance of the CL, but in high producing lactating dairy cattle, substantial losses continue to occur up to 42-56 days after insemination. Several factors affect pregnancy losses in cattle, such as compromised oocytes, which result in poorly developed embryos incapable of cross-talking with the endometrial epithelial cells, to inadequate uterine environment and infectious agents resulting in death of the embryo from undernourishment. Recently, studies have indicated that anovulation/anestrous, the metabolic status of the animal, some dietary ingredients, as well as occurrence of diseases, predispose the cow to experience embryonic and fetal death. Although some insemination protocols might impact embryo survival, when timed AI has been implemented properly, it has not influenced embryonic or fetal death in cattle. Improvements in reproductive programs in the future will have to focus on enhancing fertilization rates and minimizing embryonic losses to optimize conception rates in dairy and beef cattle.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗