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PubMed1981

[Absorption of 14C-leucine and 15N-leucine in rats after feeding a fish meal diet in comparison with a gelatin diet].

Albino rats received after nine days of adaptation to a fish meal diet in comparison with a gelatin diet 14C-U-Leucine and 15N-L-leucine via a pellet made from the specific diet after food deprivation for 15 h. Thereafter, the experimental animals consumed the non-labelled experimental diet ad libitum. Five times after the pellet intake, 30 min, and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after injection of the labelled food, four experimental rats were sacrificed. The contents of the digestive tract and tissue samples were examined for 14C and 15N. We detected to following percentages of 14C-intake or the intake of 15N-excess (15N') in the TCA-soluble fraction of the gastric contents: [Formula: see text] We found in the TCA-soluble fraction of digesta of small intestine the following percentage of intake: [Formula see text] Where these values regarded as non-absorbed leucine, the 14C values obtained up to four hour period of experiment would be too high. Presumably, they are in the case of both diets simulated by other 14C-metabolites which originate from the leucine catabolism and reach the intestinal lumen. Amino acids labelled with 15N should be preferred in studies on the absorption of amino acids because, in case of catabolism, the 15N-aminogroup is excreted mainly in the form of urea via urine.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of glutamic acid content in the diet on the catabolic rate of the isotope-labeled glutamic acid in rats. 4. Measurement of 14C-glutamic acid oxidation to 14CO2 with various energy sources in the diet].

48 male rats (body weight 80-100 g) were fed with 2 diets different in the glutamic acid content (diet I 2.42 and diet II 6.24% glutamic acid in the dry matter). The mixture of the other synthetic L-amino acids was adapted to the egg protein pattern corresponding 10% crude protein in the diet. Each diet was fed either on 73% or 98 to 104% of the energy maintenance requirement. After 7 days of experimental feeding 14C-U-L-glutamic acid was given to each group by intragastric infusion (i.g.), intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous injection (s.c.), respectively, followed by a measurement of the CO2-and 14CO2-excretion during two subsequent periods of 3 hours. The CO2-excretion was lower in animals with restricted energy intake especially during the first 3 hour-period, which was started 2 hours after feed intake. The relative 14CO2-excretion (percent of the dose) was neither significantly influenced by the level of energy intake nor by the amount of dietary glutamic acid. The highest degradation rates of 14C-glutamic acid to 14CO2 were measured after i.g. application (more than 50%), followed by the i.p. injection (nearly 50%) and the lowest values were observed after s.c. injection (about 40%). These differences were only evident during the first CO2-absorption period. Furthermore the s.c. injection caused a lower specific radioactivity of CO2 compared with the data after i.g. and i.p. application. The results suggest the high metabolic activity of the intestinal tissue for glutamic acid.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Vitamin B-6 requirement and status assessment: young women fed a depletion diet followed by a plant- or animal-protein diet with graded amounts of vitamin B-6.

The vitamin B-6 requirement of young women consuming a high-protein diet (1.55 g/kg body wt) and the effect of protein quality on this requirement was studied. In addition, the response of clinical, functional, and biochemical measures of vitamin B-6 nutriture to short-term depletion and step-wise repletion of vitamin B-6 were evaluated. Eight healthy young women resided in a metabolic unit and were fed a formula depletion diet (< 0.05 mg vitamin B-6/d) for 11-28 d followed by either an animal-protein (AP) or plant-protein (PP) diet with successively increasing vitamin B-6 intakes (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/d) for periods of 14-21 d. Animal proteins were primarily from dairy and poultry sources and plant proteins were primarily from legumes. Vitamin B-6 status measures were assessed at weekly intervals. Results showed that a PP diet does not elevate the vitamin B-6 requirement over that required for an AP diet given the high amount of dietary protein used in this study. It was also found that 0.015 mg vitamin B-6/g protein intake normalized most biochemical indexes of vitamin B-6 status (including those indicative of functional status), and that 0.020 mg/g protein normalized all biochemical measures except total urinary vitamin B-6. Adding a margin of safety to either the 0.015 or 0.020 mg/g protein intake would raise the vitamin B-6 requirement for young women above the currently recommended dietary allowance of 0.016 mg/g protein.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids in rats fed various high fat diets or a low fat/high sucrose diet.

The effect of feeding various diets on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and on fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids was studied in rats fed for 7 wk diets containing 42% of energy as either coconut oil (CO), sunflower seed oil (SO), fish body oil (FBO), cod liver oil (CLO), or a low fat/high sucrose diet (SU). Triacylglycerols (TG) in whole plasma and VLDL + LDL were lower in rats fed high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than in those fed the CO diet. Plasma HDL2 components in FBO and CLO groups were generally lower than in the other groups. Percentages of liver and heart linoleic and arachidonic acid were higher in the SO group, but lower in groups fed marine oils, than in the CO group. There was a high relative amount of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in liver and heart of rats fed marine oils. Fecal excretion of bile acids was lower in the PUFA groups than in the CO group, whereas the sum of neutral sterols was similar in all groups. Plasma HDL2 (and VLDL + LDL) correlated positively, but HDL3 negatively, with fecal bile acid excretion. Accordingly, increased bile acid excretion does not seem to account for hypolipemia following intake of PUFA diets.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Vitamin B-6-supplemented diets compared with a low vitamin B-6 diet suppress azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing cell proliferation.

Male ICR mice were examined for the effect of vitamin B-6 [pyridoxine (PN) HCl] on azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis. Mice were fed the diets containing 1, 7, 14 or 35 mg PN HCl/kg for 22 wk, and given a weekly injection of azoxymethane (5 mg/kg body) for the initial 10 wk. Compared with the 1 mg PN HCl/kg diet, 7, 14 and 35 mg PN HCl/kg diets significantly suppressed the incidence and number of colon tumors, colon cell proliferation and expressions of c-myc and c-fos proteins. For some variables, 14 and 35 mg PN HCl/kg diets were more effective than the 7 mg/kg diet. Supplemental vitamin B-6 had no influence on the number of colon apoptotic cells. The results suggest that elevating dietary vitamin B-6 suppresses colon tumorigenesis by reducing cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Alteration in fatty acid composition of adult rat brain capillaries and choroid plexus induced by a diet deficient in n-3 fatty acids: slow recovery after substitution with a nondeficient diet.

Wistar rats were fed for three generations with a semisynthetic diet containing either 1.5% sunflower oil (940 mg% of C18:2n-6, 6 mg% of C18:3n-3) or 1.9% soya oil (940 mg% of C18:2n-6, 130 mg% of C18:3n-3). At 60 days of age, the male offspring of the third generation were killed. The fatty acyl composition of isolated capillaries and choroid plexus was determined. The major changes noted in the fatty acid profile of isolated capillaries were a reduction (threefold) in the level of docosahexaenoic acid and, consequently, a fourfold increase in docosapentaenoic acid in sunflower oil-fed animals. The total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids was close to that in the soya oil-fed rats, but the ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids was reduced by threefold. In the choroid plexus, the C22:6n-3 content was also reduced, but by 2.6-fold, whereas the C22:5n-6 content was increased by 2.3-fold and the ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids was reduced by 2.4-fold. When the diet of sunflower oil-fed rats was replaced with a diet containing soya oil at 60 days of age, the recovery in content of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids started immediately after diet substitution; it progressed slowly to reach normal values after 2 months for C22:6n-5 and 2.5 months for C22:6n-3. The recovery in altered fatty acids of choroid plexus was also immediate and very fast. Recovery in content of C22:5n-6 and C22:6n-3 was complete by 46 days after diet substitution.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of the ability of a 4:1 ketogenic diet and a 6.3:1 ketogenic diet to elevate seizure thresholds in adult and young rats.

PURPOSE: The pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) infusion test was used to compare seizure thresholds in adult and young rats fed either a 4:1 ketogenic diet (KD) or a 6.3:1 KD. We hypothesized that both KDs would significantly elevate seizure thresholds and that the 4:1 KD would serve as a better model of the KD used clinically. METHODS: Ninety adult rats and 75 young rats were placed on one of five experimental diets: (a) a 4:1 KD, (b) a control diet balanced to the 4:1 KD, (c) a 6.3:1 KD, (d) a standard control diet, or (e) an ad libitum standard control diet. All subjects were seizure tested by using the PTZ infusion test. Blood glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) levels were measured. RESULTS: Neither KD elevated absolute "latencies to seizure" in young or adult rats. Similarly, neither KD elevated "threshold doses" in adult rats. In young rats, the 6.3:1 KD, but not the 4:1 KD, significantly elevated threshold doses. The 6.3:1 KD group showed poorer weight gain than the 4:1 KD group when compared with respective controls. The most dramatic discrepancies were seen in young rats. CONCLUSIONS: "Threshold doses" and "latency to seizure" data provided conflicting measures of seizure threshold. This was likely due to the inflation of threshold doses calculated by using the much smaller body weights found in the 6.3:1 KD group. Ultimately, the PTZ infusion test in rats may not be a good preparation to model the anticonvulsant effects of the KD seen clinically, especially when dietary treatments lead to significantly mismatched body weights between the groups.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2004

Regulatory effect of sense line diet on cholesterol and body weight in mice fed a high-fat diet.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Sense line diet (SLD) is a newly developed dietary functional food that is composed of a lot of herbs. The function of SLD is to help control weight. Although it is reported that each herb has effects on lipid metabolism and obesity, these effects are not the same as SLD. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether SLD combined with high fat (HF) diet can influence body weight and fat accumulation. METHODS: An experiment was conducted with 40 C57BL/6J mice with an initial body weight of about 16 g. Body weight was recorded every week, plasma levels of triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were analyzed at the end of the study. RESULTS: Weight increases in the 10 or 20% SLD group were significantly less than in the HF diet group (p < 0.05). Plasma triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels were decreased by 52.1 and 34.2% in the 10% SLD group and 15.4 and 15.4% in the 20% SLD group, respectively, compared to the high-fat diet group. HDL cholesterol level was increased by 7.8% in the 10% SLD and by 54.9% in the 20% SLD group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that SLD may be beneficial in the regulation of high-fat-diet-induced blood circulatory disorders as well as overweight.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Energy and mineral utilization from a peptide-based elemental diet and a polymeric enteral diet given to ileostomists in the early postoperative course.

Small intestinal absorption was studied in 12 patients receiving enteral nutrition in the immediate postoperative period after colorectal surgery including construction of an ileostomy. Seven patients were given a peptide-based, low osmolality elementary diet and five patients were given a polymeric diet. Comparisons between the intake and ileal excretion showed on both diets a high utilization of energy, fat, and nitrogen as well as of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and iron. From a nutritional point of view a polymeric diet could thus replace an elementary diet in the immediate postoperative course.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Bovine growth hormone transgenic mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity but develop hyperphagia, dyslipidemia, and diabetes on a high-fat diet.

It is known that bovine GH (bGH) transgenic mice have increased body mass, insulin resistance, and altered lipoprotein metabolism when fed a normal diet (ND). In this study, the effects of 8 wk of high-fat diet (HFD) were investigated in 6-month-old male bGH mice. Although littermate controls had unchanged energy intake, energy intake was higher in the bGH mice on a HFD than on a low-fat diet. Nevertheless, the bGH mice were resistant to diet-induced weight gain, and only in the bGH mice did the HFD result in increased energy expenditure. Glucose oxidation was higher in the bGH mice compared with littermate controls on both a HFD and ND. In addition, the bGH mice had 0.5 C higher body temperature throughout the day and increased hepatic uncoupling protein 2 expression; changes that were unaffected by the HFD. On a HFD, the effect of bGH overexpression on serum triglycerides and apolipoprotein B was opposite to that on a ND, resulting in higher serum concentrations of triglycerides and apolipoprotein B compared with littermate controls. Increased serum triglycerides were explained by decreased triglyceride clearance. The HFD led to diabetes only in the bGH mice. In conclusion, bGH transgenic mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity despite hyperphagia, possibly due to increased energy expenditure. On a HFD, bGH mice became dyslipidemic and diabetic and thereby more accurately reflect the metabolic situation in acromegalic patients.

Acromegaly↗
PubMed2003

Diet plus insulin compared to diet alone in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.

Fetuses of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus are at increased risk to develop perinatal complications mainly due to macrosomia. However, in view of the marked heterogeneity of this disease, it seems difficult to set guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. This complicates the choice of assigning patients either to diet or to insulin therapy. Also of concern is how much benefit could be expected from insulin therapy in preventing fetal complications in these patients. In a systematic review of the literature assessing the efficacy of insulin in preventing macrosomia in fetuses of mothers with gestational diabetes, we found six randomized controlled trials comparing diet alone to diet plus insulin. The studies included a total of 1281 patients (644 in the diet plus insulin group and 637 in the diet group), with marked differences among trials concerning diagnostic criteria, randomization process and treatment goals. Meta-analysis of the data resulted in a risk difference of -0.098 (95%CI: -0.168 to -0.028), and a number-necessary-to-treat of 11 (95%CI: 6 to 36), which means that it is necessary to treat 11 patients with insulin to prevent one case of macrosomia. This indicates a potential benefit of insulin, but not significantly enough to set treatment guidelines. Because of the heterogeneous evidence available in the literature about this matter, we conclude that larger trials addressing the efficacy of these two therapeutic modalities in preventing macrosomia are warranted.

Diabetes, Gestational↗
PubMed1986

[Chronologic studies of the effects of a hypoproteinic diet followed by an equilibrated diet on delta-6 and delta-5 desaturations of linoleic acid in liver microsomes in the rat].

A low protein diet affects amounts of linoleic and arachidonic acids in hepatic microsomal phospholipids of growing rats. Are the changes related to modifications in microsomal delta 6- and delta 5- linoleic acid desaturase activities? Two groups of Wistar rats weighing 80 +/- 5 g at the beginning of the experiment were used: Control group (T) was fed on a 16% gluten + 4% casein diet for 53 days; Experimental group (E) was fed on a 4% gluten + 1% casein diet for 26 days (MP) then Control diet for 27 days (RE). After 2, 14 and 26 days of MP and 2, 15 and 27 days of RE, rats of each group were sacrificed. Protein and water contents of liver, quantitative fatty acid, composition of total lipids in liver and hepatic microsomes were determined. delta 6- and delta 5- linoleic acid desaturase activities were estimated from incubation of liver microsomes with [1-14C] C 18: 2 n-6 or [2(14)C] C 20: 3 n-6 respectively. The low protein diet stops practically ponderal growth. The fatty-acid compositions of microsomal total lipids of E rats were affected in comparison with values of T rats. These modifications persist after 27 days of RE. The C 20: 4 n-6/C 18: 2 n-6 ratio in microsomal total lipids was slightly different between T and E rats but increased strongly during refeeding. Same modifications take place in the fatty-acid composition of hepatic total lipids. After two days of MP, delta 6- and delta 5- desaturase activities were depressed, phenomenon that not persist in the course of MP. These enzyme activities increase to higher values than those of the T after two days of RE.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Diet and cancer prevention: the fiber first diet.

Diet can play a major role in cancer prevention. The international differences in cancer incidence are largely accounted for by lifestyle practices that include nutrition, exercise, and alcohol and tobacco use. About 50% of cancer incidence and 35% of cancer mortality in the U.S., represented by cancers of the breast, prostate, pancreas, ovary, endometrium, and colon, are associated with Western dietary habits. Cancer of the stomach, currently a major disease in the Far East, relates to distinct, specific nutritional elements such as excessive salt intake. For these cancers, information is available on possible initiating genotoxic factors, promoting elements, and prophylactic agents. In general, the typical diet in the United States contains low levels of the potent carcinogenic agents, heterocyclic amines, formed during the cooking of meats. It provides only about half the potent appropriate fiber intake and is high in calories. About twice as many calories as would be desirable come from fat, certain kinds of which enhance the development of cancers. Other foods with functional properties, such as soy products and tea, can be beneficial. To achieve reduction in risk of certain cancers, diet must be optimized, primarily to reduce caloric intake and the fat component. The latter should be 20% or less of total caloric intake and fiber should be increased to 25-35 g per day for adults. One approach to achieving these goals is the Fiber First Diet, a diet designed around adequate fiber intake from grains, especially cereals, vegetables, legumes, and fruits, which thereby reduces both calorie and fat intake. Such dietary improvements will not only reduce cancer and other chronic disease risks, but will contribute to a healthy life to an advanced age. A corollary benefit is a lower cost of medical care.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of a calcium-enriched diet on the colonic epithelial hyperproliferation induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats on a low calcium and fat diet.

We examined whether hyperproliferation of colonic crypt epithelium during cancer induction by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), in rats on a low fat and calcium diet could be reduced by added calcium p.o. From the age of 4 weeks, 104 male Sprague-Dawley rats received a low fat (3.5%), low calcium (0.05% calcium ion), and low vitamin D (0.4 IU/g) diet. Sixty-four also had calcium salts, derived from either calcium lactate or solubilized calcium carbonate, added to their drinking water; therefore their total calcium intake was about 1% of daily diet. At age 12 weeks the rats were divided into 4 treatment groups: 8 rats, not receiving added calcium, had rectal saline instillations weekly (saline control group) and were sacrificed after a further 28 weeks; 3 groups of 32 rats each received intrarectal MNNG (1.5 mg) weekly. One group, not receiving added calcium, was the MNNG control group; while the second group also received added calcium lactate, and the third group received calcium carbonate. Groups of 24 were sacrificed periodically until 28 weeks of treatment. Rats were sacrificed and epithelial proliferation was estimated, 1 week after the last intrarectal instillation, by in vivo labeling with tritiated thymidine and measuring the ratio of labeled to total colonic crypt epithelial cells. The mean labeling index of the MNNG treated and added calcium groups were significantly higher (8.7-9.5%) than that of the saline controls (2.8%) only at week 28; however, it was then still significantly less than that of the MNNG controls not having added calcium (17.9%). Hyperproliferation, during induction of colonic cancer by MNNG in rats on a low calcium diet, can be reduced by a calcium enriched diet even in the presence of a low fat intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cholesterol diet followed by normal diet alters functional and metabolic responses in rabbit aorta.

Male New Zealand rabbits were fed a high cholesterol (1%) diet for 8 weeks followed by a normal diet for 8 additional weeks. Rabbits on normal diet were used as controls. Serum cholesterol, elevated at the end of the cholesterol feeding period, returned to normal at the time of observation. Aortic wall lesions were severe and vessel wall cholesterol in the thoracic aorta was approximately 10 times the level in control animals. In vitro, thoracic aortic rings were used to measure contractile response to noradrenaline (NOR); no difference in response was found between normal and treated rabbits. Rings pre-contracted with NOR, were exposed to acetylcholine (Ach), ATP and NaNO2. Proximal and distal rings from normal animals showed a dose-dependent relaxation response to all agents, though maximal dilation occurred at an intermediate concentration of Ach. The rings from treated rabbits relaxed normally in response to NaNO2, but ATP relaxation was reduced in proximal and distal rings and Ach induced a contractile response. HPLC analysis of tissue extracts from aortic arch and distal thoracic aorta showed reduced ATP, ADP, GTP and GDP, and increased AMP. These changes resulted in a reduced energy charge and a reduction in total adenine nucleotides. The data indicate that cholesterol feeding, followed by normal diet, causes severe alterations of aortic vessel wall and that at an advanced stage of the diet-induced experimental disease energy metabolism and endothelium dependent vasodilation remain impaired even in the presence of normal serum lipids.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1989

[Fecal fat excretion rate in patients with Crohn's disease--comparison of a diet containing 50 g/day of fat with elemental diet with an addition of 50 g/day butter fat].

Fecal fat excretion rate was determined by the method of Van de Kamer in 31 patients with Crohn's disease and six healthy controls, when fed by the diet containing 50 g/day of fat. Patients with jejuno-ileitis and those with partial and extensive resection showed a significantly greater excretion rate compared with patients with ileitis and healthy controls, however, there was no significant difference between patients with ileitis and healthy controls. In this study, the fecal excretion rate was less than 10 g/day in non-operated cases. Our results seems to be smaller than those in previous studies from the western countries. Fecal fat excretion rate was determined in 12 patients with non-operated Crohn's disease and six healthy controls, when fed by the additional 50 g/day butter fat during the elemental diet. With ingestion of the additional 50 g/day butter fat during elemental diet, fecal fat excretion rate was significantly increased in the patients with non-operated Crohn's disease than the results of the diet containing 50 g/day fat, but not significantly changed in the healthy controls. This result suggest that determination of fecal fat excretion rate with fed by the additional 50 g/day butter fat during elemental diet is a useful test for detecting a mild fat malabsorption in non-operated Crohn's disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Concentrations of bile acids in serum, urine and feces in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Effect of peptide diet in comparison with a normal diet].

The influence of a peptide diet on the concentration of bile acids in serum, urine and stools of patients with gastro-intestinal diseases was investigated. The concentration of bile acids in the samples from the patient group treated with a peptide diet showed no significant differences to the control group, who received a normal diet. Therefore, it can be ascertained, that a peptide diet, in comparison to a normal diet, has no reducing or stimulating effect on the composition and concentration of bile acids in serum, urine or stools; both parameters, i.e. the composition and concentration of bile acids, remain unchanged.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed1995

[Favourable effect of olive oil in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The effect on blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels of a high-fat diet rich in monounsaturated fat compared with a carbohydrate-rich diet].

To compare blood pressure, glucose and fat metabolism after a high-fat diet rich in monounsaturated fat reduced day time systolic (131 +/- 3 vs. 137 +/- 3 mmHg, p < 0.04) and 24-hour systolic blood pressure (126 +/- 8 vs. 130 +/- 10 mmHg, p < 0.03) as well as day time diastolic (78 +/- 2 vs. 84 +/- 52 mmHg, p < 0.02) and diurnal diastolic blood pressure (75 +/- 6 vs. 78 +/- 5 mmHg, p < 0.03) as compared with the high-carbohydrate diet. Evidence of improved glucose tolerance on the high-monounsaturated diet compared with the high-carbohydrate diet were found with lower fasting blood glucose (6.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 6.8 +/- 0.5 mM, p < 0.05), lower average blood glucose levels (7.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 8.2 +/- 0.6 mmol/l, p < 0.01) and peak blood glucose responses (9.9 +/- 0.6 vs. 11.3 +/- 0.7 mmol/l, p < 0.02). Similar levels of fasting triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL cholesterol were found after the two diets.

Blood Glucose↗