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Results for “Consummatory Behavior”

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PubMed2002

Enhanced food-related motivation after bilateral lesions of the subthalamic nucleus.

Although inactivation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has beneficial effects on motor symptoms of parkinsonism, little is known of possible actions on nonmotor symptoms of cognition or mood. Here, we used several forms of converging evidence to show that STN lesions can enhance behavioral motivation. Thus, bilateral fiber-sparing lesions of the STN in rats reduced the time required to eat a standard number of food reward pellets, without affecting food intake, and altered performance on a number of behavioral measures consistent with enhanced motivation for food. Thus, STN-lesioned rats showed greater levels of locomotor activity conditioned to food presentation, enhanced control over responding by food-related conditioned reinforcers, and a higher breaking point associated with elevated rate of lever press under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. These results reveal a new functional role schedule for STN, possibly because of its involvement in ventral, as well as dorsal, striatal circuitry and are relevant to the therapeutic effects of STN stimulation in Parkinson's disease.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

In vivo buccal nerve activity that distinguishes ingestion from rejection can be used to predict behavioral transitions in Aplysia.

1. We are studying the neural basis of consummatory feeding behavior in Aplysia using intact, freely moving animals. 2. Video records show that the timing of radula closure during the radula protraction-retraction cycle constitutes a major difference between ingestion (biting or swallowing) and rejection. During ingestion, the radula is closed as it retracts. During rejection, the radula is closed as it protracts. 3. We observed two patterns of activity in nerves which are likely to mediate these radula movements. Patterns I and II are associated with ingestion and rejection, respectively, and are distinguished by the timing of radula nerve activity with respect to the onset of buccal nerve 2 activity. 4. The association of ingestion with pattern I is maintained when the animal feeds on a polyethylene tube, the same food substrate used to elicit rejection responses. Under these conditions, pattern I is associated with either swallowing or no net tube movement. 5. Most transitions from swallowing to rejection were preceded by one or more occurrences of pattern I in which there was no net tube movement, suggesting that these transitions can be predicted. 6. Our data suggest that these two patterns can be used to distinguish ingestion from rejection.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Variability of swallowing performance in intact, freely feeding aplysia.

Variability in nervous systems is often taken to be merely "noise." Yet in some cases it may play a positive, active role in the production of behavior. The central pattern generator (CPG) that drives the consummatory feeding behaviors of Aplysia generates large, quasi-random variability in the parameters of the feeding motor programs from one cycle to the next; the variability then propagates through the firing patterns of the motor neurons to the contractions of the feeding muscles. We have proposed that, when the animal is faced with a new, imperfectly known feeding task in each cycle, the variability implements a trial-and-error search through the space of possible feeding movements. Although this strategy will not be successful in every cycle, over many cycles it may be the optimal strategy for feeding in an uncertain and changing environment. To play this role, however, the variability must actually appear in the feeding movements and, presumably, in the functional performance of the feeding behavior. Here we have tested this critical prediction. We have developed a technique to measure, in intact, freely feeding animals, the performance of Aplysia swallowing behavior, by continuously recording with a length transducer the movement of the seaweed strip being swallowed. Simultaneously, we have recorded with implanted electrodes activity at each of the internal levels, the CPG, motor neurons, and muscles, of the feeding neuromusculature. Statistical analysis of a large data set of these recordings suggests that functional performance is not determined strongly by one or a few parameters of the internal activity, but weakly by many. Most important, the internal variability does emerge in the behavior and its functional performance. Even when the animal is swallowing a long, perfectly regular seaweed strip, remarkably, the length swallowed from cycle to cycle is extremely variable, as variable as the parameters of the activity of the CPG, motor neurons, and muscles.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2004

Regional brainstem expression of Fos associated with sexual behavior in male rats.

This study utilized Fos expression to map the distribution of activated cells in brainstem areas following masculine sexual behavior. Males displaying both appetitive and consumatory sexual behaviors (Cop) were compared to animals prevented from copulation (NC) and to socially isolated (SI) animals. Following copulation, Fos was preferentially augmented in the caudal ventral medulla (CVM), a region mediating descending inhibition of penile reflexes, and which may be regulated by a forebrain circuit that includes the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Copulation-induced Fos was observed in the medial divisions of both the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DC) and trapezoid bodies (Tz), areas which are part of a circuit processing auditory information. In addition, the medullary linear nucleus (Li) displayed comparable amounts of Fos in Cop and NC as compared to the SI animals. Other regions of the pontomedullary reticular system, which may mediate sleep and arousal, did not exhibit Fos expression associated with consumatory sexual behavior. We suggest that Fos is associated with the inhibition of sexual behavior following ejaculation in the CVM, and that auditory information arising from the DC and Tz is combined with copulation-related sensory information in the subparafasicular nucleus and projected to the hypothalamus. In addition, equal amounts of Fos expression observed in the Li in both the Cop and NC animals suggests that this region is involved in sexual arousal. Overall, the data suggest that processing by brainstem nuclei directly contributes to the regulation of mating behavior in male rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effects of withdrawal from an escalating dose schedule of d-amphetamine on sexual behavior in the male rat.

The present study sought to determine the effect of withdrawal from an escalating dose schedule of d-amphetamine on sexual behavior in male rats. Tests were conducted every 5 days until stable levels of sexual behavior were obtained. With repeated testing, male rats displayed an increase in their exploration of the testing chambers prior to the introduction of an estrous female. Half of the male rats were then subjected to a 4-day escalating dose schedule of d-amphetamine administration (1-12 mg/kg), while half received vehicle. Twelve hours after the final drug injection, subjects were tested for sexual behavior. Withdrawal from the drug was associated with decrements in several motivational components of sexual behavior, including decreased anticipatory locomotor and increased postejaculatory intervals, while consummatory measures remained largely unaffected. This pattern of sexual deficits resembles those seen in human depressive disorders, and therefore, provides additional support for the use of psychostimulant withdrawal as a rodent model of depression.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Role of glutamate receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of female rat sexual behaviors I. Behavioral effects of glutamate and its selective receptor agonists AMPA, NMDA and kainate.

Bilateral infusions of glutamate or kainate to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) have been shown previously to produce a rapid inhibition of lordosis in estrogen-primed female rats induced by manual flank stimulation. The present study examined whether glutamate or selective ionotrophic glutamate receptor agonists can disrupt appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors following bilateral infusions to the VMH of females during copulation with male rats. Ovariectomized, sexually experienced female rats were implanted bilaterally with guide cannulae aimed at the ventrolateral VMH. After recovery from surgery, females were primed with estradiol benzoate and progesterone and infused with different doses of glutamate, AMPA, NMDA or kainate (n=9-10 in each dose group) 3 min prior to a test with sexually vigorous males in bilevel chambers. Glutamate infusions decreased the display of hops and darts and produced a trend toward decreased lordosis. AMPA infusions decreased the display of solicitations, hops and darts, and lordosis. NMDA infusions decreased lordosis and increased defensive behaviors and pacing. Kainate infusions decreased solicitations, hops and darts, and lordosis, and increased defensive behaviors and pacing. These data indicate that the activation of glutamate receptors in the VMH is inhibitory for both appetitive and consummatory aspects of sexual behavior in the female rat.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Avoidance mechanisms during self stimulation].

Increased negative discordance of the dominating mode of the pressing duration histogram (PDH), which correlates with the growth of fixed bursts of stimulation is accompanied by a progressive decrease in the reinforcing properties of self-stimulation (SS), avoidance of the pedal and at the same time by a change of behavioral grooming reactions in the intervals between SS for search and consummatory reactions. Hunger considerably shortens the preferable duration of pressing or leads to the appearance of an additional mode on the PDH. With the change of the dominating PDH mode from positive discordance to a negative one, brain stimulation acquires aversive properties which are apparently due to the activation of the mechanisms of specific motivations.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Conative regulation of cortical activity by the reticular formation, hypothalamus, and thalamus.

Evolution of neural regions suggests the requirement for a common format for information units exchanged among regions. Short-term memory experiments suggest a format of six or seven items. A similar number of configurations of primary cerebral interactions is proposed, associated with arousal, sleep, approach, withdrawal, perseveration, alert scanning, and commanded by the reticular formation. A comparable number of basic states (feeding, mating, grooming, shelter-seeking, fighting, etc.) is proposed as operating within these configurations, under regulation by the hypothalamus. Conative variables from this region are transformed into patterns of regulation for local cortical populations by the thalamus. Elaboration of these configurations and states by higher structures leads to new forms of cortical activity only loosely coupled to brain stem systems.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral and pharmacological responses following acrylamide exposure in rats.

The onset of acrylamide related toxicity and indications of recovery were evaluated using several behavioral tasks. Rats were chronically housed and tested for the first 15 weeks of the study in running wheels where food and water consumption and activity were continuously monitored. Separate groups of animals were repeatedly tested on at least one additional behavioral task: an operant schedule FR20 GO/NO-GO, spontaneous and drug-induced locomotor activity, drug-induced asymmetric rotation, or splaying of the hindlimbs. Animals were administered acrylamide monomer in their drinking water (100 ppm) for a six week period. Behavioral evaluations were initiated up to six weeks prior to acrylamide exposure and continued up to 12 weeks after termination of the exposure. Operant behavior and spontaneous locomotor activity in an open field were not affected by acrylamide exposure. Nocturnal activity in running wheels was decreased, and hindlimb splay increased by exposure to acrylamide. Subsequent to injections of d-amphetamine locomotor activity in an "open field" was markedly increased following exposure to acrylamide. d-Amphetamine induced asymmetric rotation was also altered following acrylamide exposure. It is suggested that this altered pharmacological response was due to an effect of acrylamide on hepatic mechanisms or on central dopaminergic function.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed1985

Animal models for the study of anti-anxiety agents: a review.

Animal models for the study of anxiolytic agents are reviewed and evaluated according to pharmacological and behavioral criteria. Although there are important exceptions, in general, most early animal models have not provided a reliable basis for identifying compounds with potential anxiolytic action, or for delineating the mechanisms of anxiolytic drug action. The possibility that phylogenetically 'prepared' forms of defensive learning might serve as a basis for the study of anxiolytic agents is introduced.

Aggression↗