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PubMed1987

[Comparison of 3 ECG computer programs with interpretation by physicians].

Three ECG computer programs-Hewlett Packard analog program (HP), Telemed analog program (T) and Marquette 12 SL digital program (MAC)-were evaluated and their accuracy of ECG reading compared with the reading of 4 experienced interpreters on 140 ECGs of patients with various clinical abnormalities. Major disagreement with effect on patient management, and minor disagreement were defined at a joint session with a senior (consensus). The computers identified all normal ECGs correctly (sensitivity 100%). The percentage of major agreements (full agreements and minor disagreements) between consensus and computer was 79% for HP, 90% for T and 93% for MAC. The number of disagreements varied widely between readers and in relation to the different computers. Major problems for the computers were the interpretation of rhythm disturbances and the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, T-wave changes and ventricular hypertrophy: major diagnoses missed by the readers were first degree AV block, QT prolongation, and myocardial infarction. Although there was a considerable difference of accuracy between the 3 computer systems, all of them are sufficiently accurate to be useful to most clinicians. However, every ECG should be over-read by a physician, particularly if a clinical decision is based on the ECG diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

MoWeD, a computer program to rapidly deconvolute low resolution electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry runs to determine component molecular weights.

A computer program is described that can rapidly process low-resolution electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for peptides and proteins and assign molecular weights for observed components. The program first analyzes individual scans using a deconvolution algorithm similar to that previously described by Zhang and Marshall. Results for the entire run are then sorted by mass and those values found in adjacent scans are grouped together. The list of found components can also be compared to a user defined list of target molecular weight values making it easy to compare the results from different analyses. The program also has the capability to process a rolling average of scans that improves the performance when analyzing high molecular weight components. Other program features facilitate closer examination of selected spectra or regions of the chromatogram to check the MoWeD mass assignments. The utility of the program was demonstrated by the analysis of LC/MS data derived from a complex mixture of proteins derived from a bacterial whole cell lysate that had previously been analyzed manually. The MoWeD analysis was 30 times faster and provided a more comprehensive list of the components present.

Bacillus anthracis↗
PubMed1994

Characteristic features of the nucleotide sequences of yeast mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes as analyzed by computer program GeneMark.

The nucleotide sequence data for yeast mitochondrial ribosomal protein (MRP) genes were analyzed by the computer program GeneMark which predicts the presence of likely genes in sequence data by calculating statistical biases in the appearance of consecutive nucleotides. The program uses a set of standard sequence data for this calculation. We used this program for the analysis of yeast nucleotide sequence data containing MRP genes, hoping to obtain information as to whether they share features in common that are different from other yeast genes. Sequence data sets for ordinary yeast genes and for 27 known MRP genes were used. The MRP genes were nicely predicted as likely genes regardless of the data sets used, whereas other yeast genes were predicted to be likely genes only when the data set for ordinary yeast genes was used. The assembled sequence data for chromosomes II, III, VIII and XI as well as the segmented data for chromosome V were analyzed in a similar manner. In addition to the known MRP genes, eleven ORF's were predicted to be likely MRP genes. Thus, the method seems very powerful in analyzing genes of heterologous origins.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Decision support computer program for cancer pain management.

The purpose of the study was to develop an initial version of computer software that could assist nurses' decision making about cancer pain reported by women from diverse cultural groups. This cross-sectional study included two phases: (1) data collection and (2) development of computer software. Data were collected using an Internet survey and e-mail group discussions of 19 faculty members from 10 countries who were self-identified experts in oncology nursing. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The findings indicated ethnic, gender, geographic, and age differences in cancer pain descriptions. Based on the collected data, a decision support computer program for cancer pain management, including (1) a knowledge base generation module, (2) a decision-making module, and (3) a self-adaptation module, was developed. Based on the study findings, suggestions for future research and practice related to cancer pain and expert systems were proposed.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1993

A computer program to aid in calculating similarity indexes from DNA fingerprints.

DNA SIMDEX is a DOS-based computer program designed to assist in the visual scoring of DNA fingerprint assays. DNA SIMDEX uses the migration distances of the individual DNA bands to generate lists of probable matching and nonmatching bands and automatically calculates a probable similarity index between DNA fingerprints based on these initial predictions. After comparisons are edited by the user, the final similarity index, along with accompanying data, can be saved on a floppy disk or hard drive for easy storage and retrieval or can be printed directly on a laser or line printer. The program has been developed to function with or without an image-analysis system, thus making it an inexpensive alternative for small laboratories.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMed1999

PALIREL, a computer program for analyzing particle-to-membrane relations, with emphasis on electron micrographs of immunocytochemical preparations and gold labeled molecules.

Many vital substances, such as receptors, transporters, and ion channels, in cells occur associated with membranes. To an increasing extent their precise localization is demonstrated by immunocytochemical methods including labeling with gold particles followed by electron microscopy. PALIREL has primarily been developed to facilitate such research, enabling rapid analysis of topographic relations of particles (gold or others) to neighboring linear interfaces (membranes). After digitization of membranes and particles, the program particularly allows computation of (1) the particle number and number per unit length of membrane, in individual bins (membrane lengths) interactively defined along the membrane; (2) the distance of each particle from the membrane; (3) the particle number, and the density (number per micron2), in zones defined along (over and under) the membrane; and (4) the particle number and density in "zonebins" resulting from zones and bins being defined simultaneously. If there occurs, somewhere in the membrane, a segment of different nature, such as a synapse, the quantitative data may be had separately for that and the adjoining parts of the membrane. PALIREL allows interactive redefinition of bins, zones, or objects (particle-line files) while other definitions are retained. The results can be presented on the screen as tables and histograms and be printed on request. A dedicated graphic routine permits inspection on screen of lines, particles, zones, and bins. PALIREL is equally applicable to biological investigations of other kinds, in which the topographic relations of points (structures represented as points) to lines (boundaries) are to be examined. PALIREL is available from the authors on a noncommercial basis.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized calculation of biological potency: presentation of the interactive computer program "POTENCY" (assays: "2 + 2" doses, "3 + 3" doses, "twin cross-over assay" and "probit analysis" ("2 + 2" doses).

Paper presents the interactive computer program "POTENCY" written in BASIC program language, based on the algorithm for classifying biological assays using the assays: "2 + 2" doses, "3 + 3" doses, twin cross-over assay and probit analysis ("2 + 2" doses) described in Yugoslav Pharmacopeia (Ph. Jug. IV). The program execution is presented by assay examples of biological potency calculation described in European Pharmacopeia (Eur. Ph. 1997). The assay-examples have simultaneously been the measure of program execution correctness.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of computer programs in the education and self-management of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus].

A computerized program for children and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and their parents has been developed. Our program consists of computed assisted education, of aid to routine insulin dosage self adjustment and of records of home and hospital controls. Technically it has been implemented in DBIII plus: it runs on IBM PC computers (and compatible computers) and MS DOS (version 3.0 and later). Computed assisted education consists of 80 multiples choice questions divided in 2 parts: the first concerns basic informations about diabetes while the second one behavioral attitudes of patient in particular situations. Explanations are displayed after every question, apart from correct of incorrect choice. Help for self-adjustment of routine insulin dosage is offered in the third part. Finally daily home urine and/or blood controls and results of hospital admissions are stored in a database.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

PRENRL_3D: a computer program for an automatic creation of NRL_3D, protein sequence-structure database, from the Protein Data Bank.

Recently, we have developed a sequence-structure database of protein information, NRL_3D, that is extracted from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. NRL_3D provides a vehicle for the retrieval of the three-dimensional coordinates of protein fragments as identified by sequence properties. These data are formulated to allow access by standard sequence analysis programs such as those provided by the Protein Identification Resource (PIR). Because the PDB is updated four times per year, semimanual construction of NRL_3D in coordination with these updates becomes a time-consuming and inefficient task. Hence, we have developed a computer program (PRENRL_3D) in the "C" computer language that automatically extracts NRL_3D from the PDB. Although the program was developed in a VAX/VMS environment, care was taken to ensure its portability to other computer systems. Customized versions of the NRL_3D database can be created from the PDB entry files using various options available in PRENRL_3D, such as selection of entries determined at high resolution and with low R-value. The program has been developed modularly and it contains a number of generalized procedures for manipulating various information in the PDB.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Use of the QSR.NUD.IST computer program to identify how clinical midwife mentors view their work.

This paper looks at the use of a computer program (QSR.NUD.IST) to analyse qualitative data. The data are derived from interviews with clinical midwife mentors as part of an evaluation of a midwifery educational programme. An account is given of the content analysis of the data with reference to the literature, and then the way the programme was used to analyse the data a second time. A description is given of the way this programme in particular functions using the textual data as an example. The use of computers in general for analysing qualitative data is discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. The results of the study are described briefly showing how the mentors view their role and responsibilities.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1997

Nail-Tutor: an image-based personal computer program that teaches the anatomy, patterns of pathology, and disorders of the nails.

Despite the clinical relevance of the nails, the interpretation of the appearance of the nails is often neglected by clinicians and in medical training programs. To help overcome this we developed Nail-Tutor(TM), a personal computer program based on approximately 150 images that systematically teaches the anatomy, patterns of pathology, and diseases of the nails and tests the user's understanding of the material in the program. Nail-Tutor(TM) is intended for medical students, residents, other healthcare trainees, general practitioners, and dermatologists and requires approximately 3 hours to use. The program has a number of advantages over textbook-based instruction and supervised instruction. It does not require an instructor or textbook. In addition it uses animation to show an important anatomic relationship, graphic overlays to unambiguously point out key features of images, it can show key images side by side for comparison, and an examination to evaluate learning objectives. The program can be used as a stand-alone teaching module, a supplement to traditional instruction, a source for continuing education, or as a reference.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1998

The teaching of computer programming and digital image processing in radiography.

The increased use of digital processing techniques in Medical Radiations imaging modalities, along with the rapid advance in information technology has resulted in a significant change in the delivery of radiographic teaching programs. This paper details a methodology used to concurrently educate radiographers in both computer programming and image processing. The students learn to program in visual basic applications (VBA), and the programming skills are contextualised by requiring the students to write a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) package. Program code generation and image presentation interface is undertaken by the spreadsheet Microsoft Excel. The user-friendly nature of this common interface enables all students to readily begin program creation. The teaching of programming and image processing skills by this method may be readily generalised to other vocational fields where digital image manipulation is a professional requirement.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMed2004

Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: IV. Computer program PeakMaster.

We are introducing a computer implementation of the mathematical model of zone electrophoresis (CZE) described in Stedry, M., Jaros, M., Hruska, V., Gas, B., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 3071-3079 program PeakMaster. The computer model calculates eigenmobilities, which are the eigenvalues of the matrix tied to the linearized continuity equations, and which are responsible for the presence of system eigenzones (system zones, system peaks). The model also calculates other parameters of the background electrolyte (BGE)-pH, conductivity, buffer capacity, ionic strength, etc., and parameters of the separated analytes--effective mobility, transfer ratio, molar conductivity detection response, and relative velocity slope. This allows the assessment of the indirect detection, conductivity detection and peak broadening (peak distortion) due to electromigration dispersion. The computer model requires the input of the BGE composition, the list of analytes to be separated, and the system instrumental configuration. The output parameters of the model are directly comparable with experiments; the model also simulates electropherograms in a user-friendly way. We demonstrate a successful application of PeakMaster for inspection of BGEs having no stationary injection zone.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1997

A computer program for assessing interexaminer agreement when multiple ratings are made on a single subject.

This report describes a computer program for applying a new statistical method for determining levels of agreement, or reliability, when multiple examiners evaluate a single subject. The statistics that are performed include the following: an overall level of agreement, expressed as a percentage, that takes into account all possible levels of partial agreement; the same statistical approach for deriving a separate level of agreement of every examiner with every other examiner; and tests of the extent to which a giver examiner's rating (say a symptom score of three on a five-category ordinal rating scale) deviates from the group or overall average rating. These deviation scores are interpreted as standard Z statistics. Finally, both statistical and clinical criteria are provided to evaluate levels of interexaminer agreement.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2003

A computer program for interpreting pulmonary artery catheterization data: results of the European HEMODYN Resident Study.

We previously validated an expert computer program (Hemodyn) designed to assist in interpreting pulmonary artery catheterization data. The present multicentric study assessed the influence of Hemodyn on the therapeutic strategies of residents. Each resident made several diagnostic choices and suggested appropriate treatments based on pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) data. After knowledge of the computer interpretation, the resident could either maintain or change his or her diagnosis and treatment under a senior supervision. Agreement between the residents' initial evaluation and the computer's was poor (kappa <0.6). After computer assistance, agreement improved dramatically (kappa >0.9). Computer assistance led the residents to change at least one suggested treatment in 63% of cases, and in 8% of cases the residents changed the initial suggestion to its opposite. Expert software capable of helping residents to interpret PAC data properly may improve the quality of care given to critically ill patients.

Catheterization, Swan-Ganz↗
PubMed1989

A unified computer program for assessment of attenuation correction and data acquisition methods in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

A computer based simulation program was developed to assess the usefulness of various attenuation correction algorithms and data acquisition methods in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in a unified approach. The program analytically calculated projection ray sums from a mathematical model with various distributions of activities and either uniform or non uniform attenuation coefficients by using the line integrals including the effect of attenuation. Data acquisition starting at arbitrary angles, various acquisition angles, including a 180 degree scan and a non circular orbit of a gamma camera, including an elliptical orbit can readily be taken into consideration in our simulation program. To simulate non circular orbit data acquisition, the resolution dependence on the object distance from the collimator surface was incorporated into the simulation. This computer based simulation program allows various combinations of attenuation correction algorithms such as hybrid methods, and data acquisition methods can be evaluated under a large number of study conditions. The usefulness of this computer based simulation program is shown with several representative examples.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1976

A computer program for the generalized chi-square analysis of categorical data using weighted least squares (GENCAT).

GENCAT is a computer program which implements an extremely general methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data. This approach essentially involves the construction of test statistics for hypotheses involving functions of the observed proportions which are directed at the relationships under investigation and the estimation of corresponding model parameters via weighted least squares computations. Any compounded function of the observed proportions which can be formulated as a sequence of the following transformations of the data vector--linear, logarithmic, exponential, or the addition of a vector of constants--can be analyzed within this general framework. This algorithm produces minimum modified chi-square statistics which are obtained by partitioning the sums of squares as in ANOVA. The input data can be either: (a) frequencies from a multidimentional contingency table; (b) a victor of functions with its estimated covariance matrix; and (c) raw data in the form of integer-valued variables associated with each subject. The input format is completely flexible for the data as well as for the matrices.

Biometry↗