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PubMedDate not supplied

Life events and personality factors in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders.

The association among life events, personality factors, and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents was assessed in 28 children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 28 children with other anxiety disorders (AD), and 24 normal controls using the Life Events Checklist (LEC) and the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI). No significant differences were found among the groups for demographic and clinical characteristics. Children with OCD had significantly more total life events and more negative life events in the year before onset than normal controls, and they perceived the life events as having more impact. Scores for children with other AD fell between the other two groups for most of the life event parameters. The only specific life event that distinguished children with AD from normal controls was major illness or injury of a relative. High anxiety levels and older age--but not depression level--predicted a greater perceived impact of life events. Children with OCD and other AD both scored higher than normal controls on the harm avoidance parameter of the JTCI. Harm avoidance scores correlated positively and significantly with the reported occurrence of negative life events and their perceived impact. Thus, quantity, quality, and specificity of life events may be associated with AD in young people, especially OCD. This association may be related to the personality characteristic of harm avoidance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

On the role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa.

Based on a review of the pathophysiology of the major symptoms of anorexia nervosa, it was suggested that increased activity of dopamine at central dopamine receptors plays a role in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Although dopamine receptor site hypersensitivity, or synthesis, of a false transmitter could account for this, a defect in negative feedback control mechanisms is more consistent with the known characteristics of anorexia nervosa. The possible role of pure dopamine antagonists in symptomatic treatment and of dopamine agonists in reversing this disorder was discussed.

17-Ketosteroids↗
PubMed1980

[Dynamic aspects of depressive states].

The author introduces his subject by giving a synthetic definition of the depressive states and of the psychoanalytical concept of a depressive personality; a brief reference is made on the subject of precipitating factors and the general psychodynamic consequences found in depressive states. Various clinical and dynamic aspects of depression are then observed, following specific personality structures and more so in borderline patients; the author shows how through a metapsychological approach, a differential diagnosis between melancholia and schizophrenic depression can be made. The author concludes that there is no continuity between the various depressive states; that is to say that if identical psychodynamic processes are in play, the semiological differences are the consequences of the underlying personality structure.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed2005

The distinctiveness of compulsive hoarding from obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The present study investigated the relation of compulsive hoarding to other obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in a sample of 162 patients with OCD. Obsessions and compulsions reported on the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV were submitted to an exploratory factor analysis. Results suggested a four-factor model: "Certainty," "Contamination," "Obsessions," and "Numbers/Ordering." Hoarding did not load on any factor. The sample was divided into three groups: pure hoarding, nonhoarding OCD, and mixed OCD and hoarding. The hoarding group endorsed significantly less anxiety, worry, stress, and negative affect on self-report measures than the mixed and nonhoarding groups. Although hoarding sometimes functions as a compulsion among individuals with OCD, hoarding in the absence of other OCD symptoms may be a clinically distinct syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Strategic memory in adults with anorexia nervosa: are there similarities to obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders?

OBJECTIVE: There is growing interest in the relationship between anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum disorders (e.g., OCD, body dysmorphic disorder [BDD]). Previous neuropsychological investigations of OC spectrum disorders have identified problems with the efficient use of strategy on complex measures of learning and memory. This study evaluated nonverbal strategic memory in AN outpatients using an approach previously applied to OC spectrum disorders. METHOD: Eighteen patients with AN and 19 healthy control participants completed the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT), a widely used measure of nonverbal strategic planning, learning, and memory. RESULTS: Individuals with AN differed significantly from healthy controls in the organizational strategies used to copy the RCFT figure, and they recalled significantly less information on both immediate and delayed testing. Multiple regression analyses indicated that group differences in learning were mediated by copy organizational strategies. CONCLUSION: These results are identical to study findings in OCD and BDD, indicating important shared neuropsychological features among AN and these OC spectrum disorders. As in OCD and BDD, the essential cognitive deficit in AN was impaired use of organizational strategies, which may inform our understanding of the pathophysiology of AN and potentially offer treatment implications.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Schizotypal dimensions in normals and schizophrenic patients: a comparison with other clinical samples.

Schizotypy is usually referred to as a "liability" to schizophrenia, but it could also be more generally referred to as nonspecific "psychosis-proneness". This study examined the structure of schizotypy in a normal sample and in a sample of schizophrenics through the administration of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Within a "fully dimensional" approach to psychiatric disorders, this study also compared SPQ scores in clinical samples of subjects with bipolar, unipolar and obsessive-compulsive (OCD) disorders. The results suggested that the disorganized three-factor model, Cognitive-Perceptual, Interpersonal Deficits and Disorganization, underlies individual differences across samples of normal and schizophrenic patients. Furthermore, the SPQ measures discriminated schizophrenia and bipolars from major depression but not from OCD.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Behavioral frequency and psychological commitment: necessary concepts in the study of excessive exercising.

Efforts to understand the associations among exercising, personality factors, and disordered eating have been the focus of much debate. However, research has been plagued by inconsistent findings, and there is evidence that classification and measurement differences are fundamental to these problems. To date, there are no studies which have defined exercise as a multifaceted construct. The purposes of this study were to establish the factor structure of a questionnaire developed to assess the core features believed to characterize excessive exercisers and to assess relationships between exercise (operationally defined as a function of behaviors and attitudes) and a number of putative risk factors. Results indicated that exercise was strongly related to weight preoccupation among women and men and that, among men, obsessive-compulsiveness was also positively related--findings which support claims that exercising and dieting tend to coexist, and they are associated with an obsessive-compulsive personality profile.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Adolescence and eating disorder: the obsessive-compulsive syndrome.

Although it is widely recognized that eating disorders primarily begin during the adolescent period, the centrality of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and dynamisms and their relationship to adolescent conflict and development has not been generally accepted or understood. Social pressures toward conformity with the ideal of feminine thinness, which are especially influential during the adolescent period, combine with obsessive-compulsive predispositions to produce eating disorder symptoms and patterns of behavior. Obsessive preoccupation with images of food as well as ruminative calorie counting, and ritualistic behavior regarding food, use of laxatives, and vomiting, together with an underlying focus on control, undoing and other obsessive-compulsive defenses, and a sado-masochistic orientation to the body all point to an essential obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of dysphoric affect and the erratic success of antidepressant medication with eating disorder patients has led to a belief in an underlying affective disorder. However, careful assessment of eleven studies presenting differential diagnostic data regarding anorexia nervosa reveals that noneating related obsessive-compulsive patterns and symptoms are second overall in incidence to depressive patterns and symptoms. With critical re-evaluation of data presented, the obsessive-compulsive condition equals or supersedes the depressive one in many samples. Moreover, given the intense achievement orientation of persons with obsessive-compulsive illness, along with other psychodynamic factors, depressive symptoms could well be considered a secondary breakdown effect. If the all-pervasive obsessive-compulsive nature of eating-related symptomatology discussed here is taken into consideration, depressive symptoms must be considered either secondary or incidental. As patients with eating disorders are notoriously secretive and oftentimes misleading about their symptoms and themselves, a diagnostic assessment of such patients in intensive treatment at a long-term hospital facility was carried out. Compared with a control group randomly selected from the remainder of the hospital patient population, obsessive-compulsive manifestations of rumination, ritualistic behavior, excessive cleanliness, excessive orderliness, perfectionism, miserliness, rigidity, and scrupulousness and self-righteousness were all significantly associated with the eating disorder patient group. The current eating disorder picture, therefore, appears to be a modern form of obsessive-compulsive illness beginning during the adolescent period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Defense mechanism changes in successfully treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Changes in defense mechanisms after treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were measured by using an established rating scale. METHOD: Before and after 7-week group behavior therapy, 17 patients with DSM-III-R OCD were assessed with the Defense Style Questionnaire, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: After behavior therapy the patients evidenced significant decreases in Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale scores and significant increases in the use of more adaptive defense mechanisms. There were no significant changes in three maladaptive defense mechanism categories. The improvement in adaptive defenses was independently linked to improvement both in OCD and in depression. CONCLUSIONS: Personality as defined by defense mechanisms may be more amenable to brief behavioral treatment than previously thought. The permanence of these changes must be further assessed.

Adult↗