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PubMed1995

[Factors related to impaired mental function of elderly in a rural community].

Factors related to impaired mental function of the elderly population living in a rural community were analyzed in a study of 573 elderly residents (238 males, 335 females) aged 70 years and over living in a village in the northeastern part of Japan. A comprehensive health and social survey including interviews and blood tests was performed in 1985. The major results obtained were as follows; 1) Mental function of the elderly declined with age and correlated with deterioration of physical function and frequencies of psychiatric symptoms. Those with deteriorated mental function tended to have histories of having cerebrovascular diseases and living with their children's household. 2) Multiple logistic regression model analysis revealed that the likeliness for impaired mental function (measured by Hasegawa's Mental Scale, a widely used scheme in Japan) was well explained by such independent variables as age, serum hemoglobin level, level of ability to feed oneself, social activities, and existence of anxiety. 3) Explanatory factors such as these are considered to be useful for public health nurses to detect in the community those who require further psychiatric attention and to facilitate early intervention to enable demented elderly to live in their own homes as long as possible.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Binge drinking and alcohol-related problems among community college students: implications for prevention policy.

Binge drinking and alcohol-related problems among students at traditional 4-year universities have been well documented. However, little is known about the frequency of their such behaviors and its consequences among community college students, who comprise roughly 44% of all undergraduate students in the United States. The present study examined binge drinking and alcohol-related problems in 762 (61% female) ethnically diverse (65% Caucasian, 20% Hispanic, 9% African American) community college students (mean age = 26.23, SD = 7.81). Based on gender-specific criteria, 25% engaged in binge drinking. As compared to nonbingers and current abstainers, bingers had higher rates of drinking-related problems. The implications of these findings for research and for prevention/intervention programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Consumers' perceptions of the fairness and effectiveness of mandated community treatment and related pressures.

OBJECTIVE: Little research has been conducted on the attitudes of persons with psychiatric disorders toward the potentially adverse or beneficial effects of involuntary outpatient commitment and other forms of mandated community treatment. This study examined mental health consumers' appraisals of the fairness and effectiveness of mandated community treatment and related pressures to promote treatment adherence. METHODS: A total of 104 consumers who had been in treatment for schizophrenia or related disorders were interviewed in person to assess their perceptions of mandated community treatment and other legal pressures. RESULTS: Approximately 62 percent of the consumers regarded mandates as effective, and 55 percent regarded them as fair. Perceptions of the effectiveness and fairness of mandates were highly correlated. Consumers who regarded schizophrenia as a biopsychosocial disorder and who viewed themselves as ill and in need of treatment also tended to endorse the fairness and effectiveness of mandates. Those who rejected mandates as ineffective and unfair were more symptomatic and rejected a view of themselves as being ill. CONCLUSION: S: Consumers with schizophrenia who adopt a biopsychosocial view of their own illness, who are less symptomatic, and who have better insight also tend to believe that they benefit from a range of formal and informal sanctions to adhere to treatment and believe that they are imposed in the consumers' best interests and out of concern for their well-being. In contrast, consumers who reject treatment mandates tend to have more psychotic symptoms yet are less likely to perceive themselves as ill.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Balance of care for the dying between hospitals and the community: perceptions of general practitioners, hospital consultants, community nurses and relatives.

A survey was made of the general practitioners, hospital consultants and community nurses who had cared for a random sample of people dying in 1987. Their views and experiences of the balance of care between hospital and the community are reported. All three groups wanted more people to be looked after in their homes rather than in hospital if adequate care could be arranged at home. But they perceived inadequacies in home help and district nursing services and many wanted other community services expanded or introduced. The main shortcomings of the hospital service were seen as inadequate numbers of hospice beds, difficulty obtaining admission for people needing long term care, discharge too early and some over-treatment of people who were dying. There was some evidence from relatives that pain control was better in hospital than at home, and the district nurses also reported that pain was not controlled satisfactorily for patients dying at home as often as it could be. It is concluded that inadequacies in community services may discourage some people from taking on the care of their relatives at home.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The impact of care-giving on care-givers: factors associated with the psychological well-being of people supporting a dementing relative in the community.

The aim of this paper is to present findings concerning a variety of factors expected to influence, either directly or indirectly as mediators, the psychological well-being of persons caring for a dementing relative in the community. The sample included both co-resident and non-resident supporters and the data were collected via a semi-structured interview. Only sex of dependant, sex of supporter, satisfaction with help from relatives, blood/role relationship, duration of care, frequency of visits from a home help and community nurse were significantly correlated with supporters' morale and mental health. The directions of these correlations were, however, not always as expected, e.g. the longer the duration of care-giving the higher the supporters' morale and the better the supporters' mental health. It was interesting to find that level of impairment and help from family and friends were not significantly associated with morale and mental health of supporters.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Arbuscular mycorrhizal relations of mangrove plant community at the Ganges river estuary in India.

Mangroves are climax formation of hydrohalophytes inhabiting estuarine or marine salt marshes in the tropics and subtropics. As a terrestrial plant community inhabiting tidally inundated estuarine or marine sediments, mangroves show considerable adaptation to salinity, water-logging and nutrient stress. Thirty-one species of mangrove and mangrove associates and 23 species of transported flora, belonging to 25 families at four physiographic stages of succession of the mangrove plant community at the terminal part of the Ganges river estuary in India were examined for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) root association. Dominant members of the mangrove plant community were all AM, mostly with 'Paris' type structures. Many of the known non-mycotrophic plant families, except the Cyperaceae, also showed AM association, with intracellular hyphae and vesicles as the most discernible endophyte structures. Intensity of AM colonization varied both with the species and situations of their occurrence, being more intense and also more extensive in less saline dry ridge mangroves than in more saline formative and developed swamp mangroves. Introduced exotic trees on the ridges and embankments were infected by AM, but less than the declining mangroves in the same location. Seven species of AM fungi in common with those of the upstream mesophytic plants were isolated from root-free rhizosphere soils of the mangroves, three of which predominated in root association. These species, individually and as mixtures, infected roots of salinity tolerant herbs and trees in both locational silt and upstream alluvial soil with obvious improvements in their biomass yield and phosphorus nutrition. AM infective potential of root-free rhizosphere soils of the dominant members of the mangrove community were negatively related to salinity level of the sediment soil of the successional stages. The evidences of AM association of mangroves and other salt marsh plants obtained here and those reported elsewhere are discussed.

Avicennia↗
PubMed1978

PR (public relations)

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1996

[Global life satisfaction and its related factors in community elderly residents].

This study was aimed at identifying the distribution of global life satisfaction as measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and factors related to it in 531 community elderly residents aged 75-80 years. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the extent of their daily activities, which has been emphasized as an important health index for the elderly: the outdoor-activity group (defined as people whose daily activities extended into their community) and the indoor-activity group (defined as people whose daily activities was limited to inside their home). The distribution of global life satisfaction and related factors were compared between the two groups. For independent variables, daily behaviors were classified into five categories and examined for how they related to global life satisfaction. The results obtained were as follows: Global life satisfaction showed a bimodal distribution in both groups tending to be lower in the indoor-activity group than in the outdoor-activity group. Most of the indoor-activity group indicated low or moderate life satisfaction. The extent of their daily activities was thus related to global life satisfaction. The strongest direct factor relating to global life satisfaction was self-rated health for the outdoor-activity group. Some of their daily behaviors also related to it and these significant daily behaviors differed by sex. Only self-rated health was related to global life satisfaction in the indoor-activity group. The results indicate that, when compared to other factors, daily activity in community elderly residents is crucial to increasing their global life satisfaction, and therefore efforts to enlarge subjects' daily activities are also required.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Population dynamics of nasal strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--and their relation to community-associated disease activity.

BACKGROUND: Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) plays a key role in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and dynamics of nasal strains of MRSA, as well as their relation to community-associated disease activity. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional survey and molecular epidemiologic analysis of nasal colonization by S. aureus in homeless and runaway youths, an underserved population at high risk for staphylococcal disease. RESULTS: Of the 308 study participants, 27.6% carried S. aureus, and 6.2% carried MRSA. Subgroups of individuals with increased MRSA carriage rates were also at highest risk for community-associated MRSA infection; these subgroups included individuals with either HIV infection or AIDS, injection drug users, patients with abscesses, and those recently hospitalized. Multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified 2 genotypes--ST59:P (USA1000) and ST8:S (USA300)--that accounted for 84.2% (16/19) of the MRSA isolates carried. The genotypes were distinct from nosocomial genotypes endemic in the hospital, although they originated from individuals with prior exposure to health care. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison of MRSA strains from asymptomatic carriers versus concurrently collected community-associated clinical strains from patients treated at local health-care facilities allowed for the identification of 3 population dynamics of nasal strains of MRSA: (1) endemic clones--for example, ST8:C and ST59:P--sustained asymptomatic carriage and infection over prolonged periods; (2) an epidemic clone, ST8:S, demonstrated enhanced capacity for rapid transmission and widespread infections; and (3) an outbreak clone, ST30:Z (USA1100), was highly infectious but exhibited poor asymptomatic transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma in a rural community in Israel: relation to socioenvironmental factors.

Prevalence rates of chronic bronchitis and asthma in a rural community in Israel in 1976 were 2.5 and 2.1%, respectively. The relationships with age, sex, country of origin, marital status, number of children, household crowding, education, occupation and cigarette-smoking habits were studied. A number of significant univariate associations were found. A multiple regression analysis showed a significant independent association between chronic bronchitis and age. Age alone accounted for 4.6% of the variance in chronic bronchitis. Five other variables were significantly associated with chronic bronchitis. Together, these accounted for an additional 1.3% of the variance in chronic bronchitis. The multivariate analysis showed that only one variable--the number of children--had an independent relationship with asthma. It accounted for 0.8% of the variance. All the variables together accounted for 1.3% of the variance observed in bronchial asthma.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Eye movements in spectrum personality disorders: comparison of community subjects and relatives of schizophrenic patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to test the specificity of an association between eye tracking abnormality and schizophrenia spectrum personality symptoms in the family members of schizophrenic patients. The studies of biological markers for genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia, which test an association between a biological measure and schizophrenia spectrum personality symptoms, are constrained, since these personality symptoms may lack the specificity for a schizophrenic phenotype. An association between a behavioral measure and these personality symptoms in general can easily be false (i.e., not related to schizophrenic vulnerability). In contrast, a strong deviant finding in the relatives of schizophrenic patients with spectrum personality symptoms, in the presence of a relatively normal finding in spectrum subjects without a known history of schizophrenia, makes the biobehavioral measure an interesting candidate for such investigations. METHOD: Seventy-five subjects recruited from the community who did not have a family history of psychosis completed the study (24 of the 75 had significant schizophrenia spectrum personality symptoms). Thirty-two first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients (13 with spectrum symptoms) completed the study. Subjects were 18-45 years old and had no DSM-III-R axis I diagnosis. RESULTS: Qualitative smooth pursuit eye movement score was significantly worse in relatives with the spectrum symptoms than in spectrum subjects without a family history of schizophrenia and the nonspectrum relatives. Schizotypal and schizoid symptoms explained a significant amount of the variance in the eye tracking measure in the relatives (31% and 20%, respectively) but not in the community subjects (less than 2%). Relatives of schizophrenic patients with and without the spectrum symptoms had significantly longer antisaccade latency, in spite of comparable latency for visually guided saccades, than the community subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Smooth pursuit abnormality in subjects with schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders is specifically associated with a family history of schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Patient and relative education in community psychiatry: a randomized controlled trial regarding its effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: Family psychoeducation has a well-documented effect on the short-term prognosis in schizophrenia. Less is known about the effectiveness of shorter programmes with the main focus on information for patients (patient education) or for patients and relatives (family education). METHODS: A randomized study of the effectiveness of an eight-session psychoeducational programme for patients with schizophrenia and for their relatives was conducted in two community mental health centres, in Arhus and Viborg (Denmark). Patient outcome measures were knowledge, relapse, compliance, insight and satisfaction, and relative outcome measures were knowledge and satisfaction. Post-intervention outcome and follow-up evaluation 1 year after the start of the intervention are presented. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in knowledge of schizophrenia in both relatives and patients was demonstrated at postintervention and a non-significant trend at 1-year follow-up. Statistically significant changes in the Verona Service Satisfaction Scale Scores in the subdimension of satisfaction with Relatives involvement were demonstrated both for patients and relatives postintervention and for patients at 1-year follow-up. There was a tendency that time-to-relapse increased in the intervention group at postintervention and that the schizophrenia subscore of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale was reduced in the intervention group at 1-year follow-up. No differences were found between the groups regarding compliance, insight into psychosis, psychosocial function (General Assessment of Function) or in relatives' expressed emotion scores postintervention or at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A short patient and relative education programme seems to be able to influence knowledge and some aspects of satisfaction, but does not seem to be sufficient to influence important variables such as relapse, compliance, psychopathology, insight or psychosocial functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Sociological and anthropological factors related to the community management of tuberculosis in the Western Cape communities of Ravensmead and Uitsig.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sociocultural understanding of tuberculosis among patients and their household members. DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive study. SETTING: Two adjacent Western Cape suburbs with a population of approximately 35,000, a tuberculosis incidence of > 1,000/100,000 and a surface area of 2.42 km2. SUBJECTS: Twenty-three adult patients on treatment for tuberculosis and their adult household members. INTERVENTIONS: None. METHODOLOGY: Consecutive selected adult tuberculosis patients and their household members were interviewed with an open-ended interview schedule. General household and community conditions and non-verbal responses were recorded. RESULTS: There were relatively affluent but also severely deprived households with severe overcrowding. Substance abuse was common. Patients had limited understanding and knowledge about health, hygiene and the cause of tuberculosis. There was a perception of both physical and social distance between patients and health care providers. All patients relied exclusively on the conventional biomedical curative approach of the medical system to deal with tuberculosis.

Adult↗