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Neal Barnard.

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Animal Rights↗

Medication management in English National Health Service hospitals.

PURPOSE: The methods currently used by English National Health Service (NHS) hospitals to manage the use of medicines were studied. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to directors of pharmacy at all English NHS hospitals in May 2001. RESULTS: The response rate was 57% (157/ 275). Sixty-six percent of the responding hospitals provided general acute care services, and 34% provided mental health services. About 1 responder in 5 (19%) was a specialty hospital functioning either as a freestanding institution or alongside other hospitals. The average total expenditure by the hospital trusts was pound 94 million (dollar 175 million), of which drugs accounted for pound 3.5 million (dollar 6.5 million). Many hospitals either had formularies or were constructing them (86%), and most hospitals used a process to manage the introduction of new medicines. About three fourths of the hospitals had < or = 20 pharmacist full-time equivalents. The implementation of national guidelines was variable, although some of this variation may have been due to differences in service provision. Few hospitals were actively monitoring compliance with guidelines (31%), but audits of current care were common (72%). CONCLUSION: A survey of English NHS hospitals provided information on pharmacy staffing, drug expenditures, and measures taken to ensure rational medication use.

Committee Membership↗

Embryo research and public policy: a philosopher's appraisal.

The development of public policy on bioethical issues can be approached through substantive moral and philosophic reasoning, or through balancing perceived societal views as to what is ethically acceptable. The Human Embryo Research Panel had to apply the first approach to the question of the moral status of the preimplantation embryo. Only after concluding that the preimplantation embryo was not a full human subject could the panel consider the conditions under which embryo research was ethically acceptable, given a range of societal views, concerns, and interests.

Advisory Committees↗

Diversity in membership of medical school admissions committees.

Tradition has restricted the range of members on medical school admissions committees to medical school faculties. To test whether diversity among members of admissions committees may be as desirable as diversity among students, the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS) sponsored a simulated admissions conference. The conference offered nonmedical professionals opportunities to critique the admissions process, to suggest new approaches, and to participate a simulated admissions procedure. The conferees identified and rank-ordered the 12 characteristics they considered desirable in medical school applicants. These were compared with the rankings of these characteristics by the UMMS Admissions Committee. The simulated admissions committee declared that undergraduate college grades and scores on the Medical College Admission Test were of subordinate significance to humanistic and philosophic values. However, when actually selecting from facsimile applications, the conferees placed greater emphasis on quantifiable data than they had expected. The conference emphasized the desirability of the cross-fertilization of ideas between nontraditional members and the actual admissions committee.

Educational Measurement↗