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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Assessment of life stress events: the etiology and measurement of traumatic stress disorder.

The impact of stressful life events on health has been of considerable interest from a cross-cultural perspective. Examined herein is the etiology and onset of post-traumatic stress disorder with careful review of the diagnostic criteria, current measures used and clinical dimensions of PTSD. Also examined from a cross-cultural perspective is how psychological trauma may be processed by victims of trauma and subsequent approaches both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Combat Disorders↗
PubMed2004

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): is ADHD a vulnerability factor?

OBJECTIVE: There is limited evidence suggesting a link between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study examined the association between PTSD and ADHD using retrospective and current clinical evaluations. METHOD: Twenty-five male veterans with PTSD and 22 male veterans with panic disorder were evaluated for ADHD. The data was analyzed using chi-square and student's t-tests. RESULTS: Thirty-six percent of participants with PTSD and 9% of participants with panic disorder met criteria for childhood ADHD. Twenty-eight percent of participants with PTSD and 5% of participants with panic disorder met criteria for current ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be a significant association of PTSD with ADHD. ADHD or common predisposing factors may increase the vulnerability for developing PTSD.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder in military situations.

The constant threat to life and gruesome sights and sounds of war take their toll on the soldier psychologically as well as physically. A significant number of war veterans suffer from a wide range of debilitating psychological symptoms that vary in duration. For some the symptoms are transient, while for others profound and prolonged psychological and somatic sequelae manifest in the form of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other comorbid conditions. This article reviews current understanding regarding combat stress reaction--often the first indicator of psychological breakdown--and posttraumatic sequelae. The longer-term detrimental consequences of PTSD and the impact of secondary traumatization. reactivation, and delayed-onset PTSD are also addressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Dangerous misidentification of people due to flashback phenomena in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Misidentification of people may occur in a number of psychiatric disorders associated with delusional thinking. Misidentification of people may also occur in the context of visual flashback phenomena associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. People who misidentify someone during a flashback associated with previous war combat experience may perceive and conceptualize the misidentified object as an enemy who may be both feared and disliked. This might make the misidentified objects become the targets of violent attacks by the affected person. In this article we present five cases of flashback-induced misidentification of people who were subsequently attacked within the context of the flashback experience. The nature of the misidentification of persons due to flashback experiences is discussed. The association between the type of misidentification and aggression is also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Open prospective trial of fluoxetine for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Twenty-seven patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) entered an open, prospective, 10-week trial of fluoxetine, beginning with 20 mg/day and increasing to 80 mg/day until response was optimal or side effects prohibited dose increase. Nineteen patients completed 3 or more weeks and were included in the data analysis. Total Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale scores decreased from a mean of 64.5 at baseline to 42.7 at endpoint (F = 7.17, p < 0.001), and improvement was significant in each of the three PTSD subscales (reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal). Depression and anxiety ratings showed similar improvements, and suicidality ratings did not increase. Global improvement scores decreased from 4.0 at baseline to 2.67 at endpoint (F = 12.08, p < 0.001); however, improvement in social and occupational functioning was minimal. Appreciable improvement tended to occur after 6 weeks, suggesting that higher fluoxetine doses and/or duration than that used for depression may be indicated in this population. Panic attack frequency decreased by at least 50% in six of eight patients who kept panic diaries. The high dropout rate reflects problems with side effects, anxiety symptoms, external events, and substance abuse. Our data suggest that fluoxetine is effective in reducing reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD, and this improvement is independent of comorbid panic disorder. In addition, fluoxetine appears to be effective in reducing panic attacks in PTSD patients. The efficacy of fluoxetine for some PTSD patients is interesting in light of emerging neuropharmacologic data suggesting serotonergic dysregulation in some PTSD patients. Noradrenergic hypotheses are also discussed. The findings should be confirmed by double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Prolactin response to d-fenfluramine in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder.

Central serotonergic function can be investigated by measuring the prolactin response to the serotonin releasing/uptake agent, d-fenfluramine. This study investigated the effect of diagnosis, depressive symptoms and history of alcohol or tobacco abuse or dependence on the d-fenfluramine test in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Male, non-hospitalized combat-exposed veterans diagnosed with PTSD (DSM-III-R) and a similarly aged combat-exposed control group were assessed for both PTSD and depressive symptoms and prolactin responses to a 30-mg d-fenfluramine challenge test. Ninety-five subjects were studied; 23 were controls, 46 subjects met the criteria for current PTSD and 26 for past PTSD. There were no significant differences between the three groups for baseline prolactin, peak prolactin, and time to reach peak, delta prolactin or area under the curve of the prolactin vs. time curve. Depressive symptoms and history of alcohol or tobacco abuse or dependence did not have a confounding effect on the prolactin responses to d-fenfluramine. This study suggests that a blunted prolactin response to d-fenfluramine may be a consequence of combat exposure rather than PTSD. To confirm this, further studies involving both healthy and combat-exposed control groups in addition to subjects with PTSD of similar ages are required.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Fluvoxamine treatment in veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder.

This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of the antidepressant fluvoxamine in the treatment of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fifteen veterans with combat-related PTSD and no other psychiatric diagnosis except depression were recruited to participate in a 14-week open-label study of fluvoxamine. Patients underwent a 30-day washout period and were rated with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Mississippi Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) at baseline, and every 2 weeks until week 14. Three patients stopped fluvoxamine prematurely due to side effects and 7 withdrew consent before completing the 14-week trial. Eight patients completed at least 8 weeks of treatment. The total daily dose of fluvoxamine ranged from 100 to 300 mg with a mean daily dose of 150 mg at week 14. Intent-to-treat analysis revealed a significant improvement in total CAPS scores, and in the intrusion and the avoidance/numbing subscales. The CAPS hyper-arousal scores did not change significantly. HAM-A score also improved significantly. No significant changes were seen on the Mississippi scale, HAM-D, or Beck Depression Inventory in the intent-to-treat analysis. In summary, our study shows that fluvoxamine appears to improve combat-related PTSD symptoms but not depressive symptoms. The high attrition rate and lack of a placebo group limits the conclusions of our study. Controlled studies of fluvoxamine in the treatment of PTSD are warranted.

Depression↗
PubMed1988

Endemic goitre and iodine deficiency disorders--aetiology, epidemiology and treatment.

Disorders caused by iodine deficiency continue to be a major health problem in many underdeveloped areas of the world. The most significant is the impaired mental and physical development which occurs as a result of iodine deprivation early in life. Individuals in affected communities show a spectrum of abnormalities which can be attributed to two interacting pathological processes. Fetal hypothyroidism in the first and early second trimester predominantly affects the developing nervous system causing deaf-mutism and mental retardation. If hypothyroidism occurs in the early postnatal period the main abnormalities are growth stunting and related somatic abnormalities. Subclinical deficits of intellectual and motor development may also be found in apparently normal individuals living in affected areas. Although dietary iodine deficiency is clearly the major aetiological factor in both endemic goitre and cretinism, cofactors such as goitrogens, other trace element deficiencies and immunological mechanisms may greatly modify the expression of these disorders. Iodine supplementation programmes form the basis of the public health strategy in combatting these disorders. Where the iodization of foodstuffs is not feasible, an alternative is the use of iodine containing oil which can be given orally or intramuscularly to provide a long-lasting supply of iodine.

Goiter, Endemic↗