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PubMed1983

Limited improvement of color deficient vision with colored filters.

For over a hundred years, colored filters have helped people with less than normal color vision, to discriminate colors. Filtered light does not restore missing or abnormal pigments within the defective eye. Contrast and discrimination provided by a suitable colored filter can help discrimination of a given set of colors, but may prevent seeing other sets of colors. The use and limitations of color filters are described as aids for color deficient vision.

Color Vision Defects↗
PubMed1995

[Study on color misnaming among the congenital color vision anomalous--Part 2. Lightness and saturation of color misnomers].

I analysed the misnamed colors reported previously by plotting them on the value and chroma diagram. The study included at least 3 subjects for protanopia and at least 5 subjects for deutanopia on the same misnomer applied to one test color. The test colors were expressed by the Munsell color notation system. Deutanopia: High lightness value group (value 5 or more); Gr and lightly saturated G-->pink (test color-->misnomer), intermediately saturated YR and Y-->yellowish green, GY-->skin color, highly saturated GY-->orange, RP-->grey in wide range, lightly or intermediately saturated BG-->grey in many cases. Low lightness value group (value 4 or less); Gr-->green, lightly saturated Br-->green, intermediately saturated YR, GY, G and RP-->red, highly saturated R-->brown, YR-->green, intermediately saturated BG and B-->purple, intermediately saturated PB and P-->blue. Protanopia: RP-->red, PB-->purple, P-->pink, low lightness value lightly saturated BG-->black (this pattern was different from deutanopia), GY-->skin color (this pattern was shifted to the lightly saturated area), YR, Y-->green (more frequent in protanopia). YR, Y-->yellowgreen (more frequent in deutanopia). On the warm color side low sensitivity was anticipated not only for R but also for YR, Y, and GY. This anticipation will be substantiated by increasing the test subjects.

Color↗
PubMed1997

[The objective evaluation of the interaction between color vision and motion perception].

PURPOSE: To measure equiluminance values of green/red grating luminosity ratios with different moving velocity in normal subjects and to explore the interaction between color vision and motion perception. METHODS: Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) of eye movement elicited by moving color grating stimulus could be recorded with electrooculograph (EOG). The equiluminance points were determined when OKN changed in direction in various moving velocities. Sixteen cases (32 eyes) normal subjects were tested, 6 cases male and 10 cases female, Age ranged from 20 to 51 years old. RESULTS: The mean equiluminance points were 0.525, 0.425, 0.397, 0.391, 0.367 under 595, 400, 301, 239 and 200 mm/s groups of grating moving velocity respectively. There were statistically significant differences of mean equiluminance points among 595 mm/s group and other groups (P < 0.01), there were no statistically significant differences of mean equiluminance points among other 4 groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: There are some influences to color vision under the high moving condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of the D-15 and City University (second) color vision tests.

This study examines the equivalence of the City University color vision test (CUT) to the Farnsworth Munsell D-15 (D-15). This information is important because a number of occupations require individuals to pass either the D-15 of the CUT. Using two or more major crossings on the D-15 as failure, our results indicate that agreement between tests can be improved if the failing criterion for the CUT is either > or = 5 total errors, or > or = 2 errors on the large circles. Our preference is to use the criterion based on the large circles because there is a marginal improvement in agreement between the two tests for protanopes.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Early color deprivation and subsequent color vision in a dichromatic monkey.

A squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) was reared for the first 4 months of life in a dim, colorless environment. Following an additional 10 months of normal visual experience, tests of color vision and spectral sensitivity were run on this animal and a control subject. The results suggest that the adult expression of dichromatic color vision does not depend on color experience during the first 4 months of life.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Acquired color vision changes in glaucoma. Use of 100-hue test and Pickford anomaloscope as predictors of glaucomatous field change.

A five-year follow-up of eyes with elevated intraocular pressures, but without field defects, in which the color vision had been assessed by the 100-Hue test and an anomaloscope was carried out. Field defects developed in eight of 42 eyes with a low 100-Hue score, whereas field defects developed in ten of 13 eyes with a high abnormality in the 100-Hue test score. In the case of the anomaloscope (Pickford Nicholson) scores, field defects developed in four of five eyes with poor yellow-blue scores, whereas similar field defects developed in only nine of 40 years with a normal yellow-blue scores. With regard to blue-green scores, field defects developed in six of 11 eyes with a poor blue-green score, whereas field defects developed in only seven of 40 eyes with a normal blue-green score. These differences are statistically significant, and the probabilities of an abnormal color vision the results in subsequent field defects have been worked out. The red-green scores were not predictive.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed2002

[The role of color vision disturbances in diagnostics of early diabetic retinopathy].

PURPOSE: The evaluations of color vision sensitivity in children with type I diabetes mellitus without retinopathy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We examined 96 young patients. They was divided into three groups: I: 35 children from 7 to 16 years old with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus duration of 1-8 years, II: 30 children with type I diabetes lasting more then 8 years, III--31 non-diabetic subjects as a control-matched for age and sex, without visual or systemic symptoms. The examinations of colour vision sensitivity were done with the IF-2AII-color Anomaloscope. In all cases were tested the dynamic blue-green equation of Moreland and two variables were determined: setting (matching) range (SR), calculated mid point (matching mid point) (CMP). RESULTS: In the blue-green equation setting range (SR) was significantly (p < 0.01) enlarged in the II group (diabetes mellitus duration > 8 years) and calculated mid point (CMP) was shifted but no significant. The results indicate a diminution of the colour discriminating sensitivity in the short wavelength half of the visible spectrum and diminution of the blue cone sensitivity in early diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Blue-green colour vision testing with the anomaloscope may serve as an additional test in the diagnosis of early diabetic retinopathy in children without vascular changes at the eye fundus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Genetically engineered mice with an additional class of cone photoreceptors: implications for the evolution of color vision.

Among eutherian mammals, only primates possess trichromatic color vision. In Old World primates, trichromacy was made possible by a visual pigment gene duplication. In most New World primates, trichromacy is based on polymorphic variation in a single X-linked gene that produces, by random X inactivation, a patchy mosaic of spectrally distinct cone photoreceptors in heterozygous females. In the present work, we have modeled the latter strategy in a nonprimate by replacing the X-linked mouse green pigment gene with one encoding the human red pigment. In the mouse retina, the human red pigment seems to function normally, and heterozygous female mice express the human red and mouse green pigments at levels that vary between animals. Multielectrode array recordings from heterozygous female retinas reveal significant variation in the chromatic sensitivities of retinal ganglion cells. The data are consistent with a model in which these retinal ganglion cells draw their inputs indiscriminately from a coarse-grained mosaic of red and green cones. These observations support the ideas that (i) chromatic signals could arise from stochastic variation in inputs drawn nonselectively from red and green cones and (ii) tissue mosaicism due to X chromosome inactivation could be one mechanism for driving the evolution of CNS diversity.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1979

Aeromedical implications of the X-Chrom lens for improving color vision deficiencies.

A red contact lens (X-Chrom lens) worn on the nondominant eye by 12 color-defective subjects caused significant improvements on the Dvorine, Ishihara, and Hardy-Rand-Rittler pseudo-isochromatic color plate tests. Color vision scores on the Farnsworth Lantern, Color Threshold Tester, and Aviation Signal Light Gun were not improved. Minimal changes were found on the Farnsworth D-15 test, aeronautical chart color identification task, visual acuity, phoria, and stereoscopic depth perception. Control and color-defective subjects perceived a change in the path of a pendulum (Pulfrich test) when viewing through the X-Chrom lens or a monocular red filter. The X-Chrom lens may require extended wearing before its optimum effect becomes apparent.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Glaucoma, lighting and color vision. An investigation into their interrelationship.

The results of a study on color vision capacity performed with a view to further analyzing glaucomatous dyschromatopsia are reported. The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test was used in a population of 52 subjects (104 eyes) with daylight fluorescent lighting and low-tension halogen lighting. Photocolorimetric observations with each type of lighting were made. It was found that halogen lighting increased the glaucomatous subjects' mean score, the number of dyschromatopsia and the number of blue-yellow dyschromatopsia axes. The authors conclude that halogen lighting is preferable for the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test in glaucoma and confirm the predominance of blue-yellow dyschromatopsia axes in glaucoma.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2002

Novel missense mutations in red/green opsin genes in congenital color-vision deficiencies.

The DNAs from 217 Japanese males with congenital red/green color-vision deficiencies were analyzed. Twenty-three subjects had the normal genotype of a single red gene, followed by a green gene. Four of the 23 were from the 69 protan subject group and 19 of the 23 were from the 148 deutan subject group. Three of the 23 subjects had missense mutations. The mutation Asn94Lys (AAC-->AAA) occurred in the single green gene of a deutan subject (A155). The Arg330Gln (CGA-->CAA) mutation was detected in both green genes of another deutan subject (A164). The Gly338Glu (GGG-->GAG) mutation occurred in the single red gene of a protan subject (A89). Both normal and mutant opsins were expressed in cultured COS-7 cells and visual pigments were regenerated with 11-cis-retinal. The normal red and green opsins showed absorbance spectra with lambda(max) of 560 and 530 nm, respectively, but the three mutant opsins had altered spectra. The mutations in Asn94Lys and Gly338Glu resulted in no absorbance and the Arg330Gln mutation gave a low absorbance spectrum with a lambda(max) of 530 nm. Therefore these three mutant opsins are likely to be affected in the folding process, resulting in a loss of function as a visual pigment.

Amino Acid Substitution↗