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The story of the so-called Rebel Ambulance of 1914 covers a period of about 6 weeks. During this time a group of people in Bloemfontein endeavoured to provide medical cover and comforts for casualties among those who participated in the armed protest of 1914 in the Orange Free State. Information about relevant historical facts, the collection of funds and equipment, and the work of the field ambulance are presented.
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Are wars and political strife factors in the cause of mental diseases? For instance what do we know about the French Revolution? Contemporary writers of memoirs are untrustworthy, whether opponents or supporters. We have neither morbiditiy nor mortality statistics nor accurate diagnostics, for the patients in public hospitals or private mental homes. A few cases are described for some mystical or political lunatic women, and some Jacobin leaders. The "psychiatrists" of that time have not noticed any increasing of insanity: a revolution is not enough to provoke mental disease, but it may reveal it.
There are several reasons for dealing with cholera in the 19th century: it acted as a spotlight throwing into sharp relief the darkest corners of society that are seldom mentioned in the sources. We learn about everyday life in large parts of the population, especially the poor. The fight against the disease also reveals how a society worked socially and politically. When cholera arrived in Europe -- the first time was in the 1830's and several times after that--the population reacted very violently, often by lynching doctors, while the authorities more or less let matters take their course. That is why international researchers have come to see cholera as a catalyst for the constantly latent social unrest following in the train of wars and revolutions. During my research on cholera in Denmark it became clear to me that matters were different here. There were no riots, nor any signs of social unrest--neither before nor after the outbreak of cholera. On the contrary, the authorities and the population joined forces against the epidemic. There was an atmosphere of mutual trust, and almost everybody turned out to be worthy of such trust. That points to a balanced society based on consensus, so cholera also functions as a detector of the fundamental structure of a society.
On the basis of the ambulatory cards from the Polish Library in Paris the author presented the condition of health of the Polish immigrants in England. Using the example translations of the four written doctors' records and some unquoted texts the author explained the therapeutic methods practised in the treatment of tuberculosis that ocurred very often in this group of people.
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OBJECTIVE: To pilot the WHO guidelines on DOTS for tuberculosis (TB) among displaced people affected by conflict in Churachandpur District, Manipur State, north-east India, which has endured an HIV epidemic, injecting drug use, civil unrest, high levels of TB, and poor TB treatment and prevention services for many years. METHODS: Prerequisites for TB control programmes were established. WHO guidelines and protocols were adapted for local use. Outreach workers were appointed from each ethnic group involved in the conflict, and training was conducted. Quality control and evaluation processes were introduced. FINDINGS: TB was diagnosed in 178 people between June and December 1998. Of the 170 with pulmonary disease, 85 were smear-positive. Successful outcomes were recorded in 91% of all patients and in 86% of smear-positive cases of pulmonary TB. The default rate and the mortality rate were low at 3% each. HIV positive serostatus was the only factor associated with a poor treatment outcome. CONCLUSION: TB treatment and control were possible in a conflict setting and WHO targets for cure were attainable. The factors associated with the success of the programme were strong local community support, the selection of outreach workers from each ethnic group to allow access to all areas and patients, the use of directly observed therapy three times a week instead of daily in the interest of increased safety, and the limiting of distances travelled by both outreach workers and patients.
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