[On the therapy of bladder tumors with a radioactive chromium phosphate suspension].
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Chromium↗
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[Effect of radioactive chromium phosphate on the metastasis of Brown-Pierce tumors].
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Animals↗
[Pre- and post-operative infiltrations of the mediastinum with a suspension of radioactive chromium phosphate in therapy of cancer of the bronchi].
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Bronchi↗
[Trace elements and endemic goiter].
The effects of xenobiotics on morphological structure and function of the thyroid gland (TG) were analysed. Salts of heavy metals (zink, lead, copper, cadmium, surma etc.) were measured in TG of 152 citizens of Kama region who had died of trauma in the 1960s (n = 73), 1990s (n = 20) and 2000s (n = 52). TG is shown to accumulate xenobiotics. As the examinees had no occupational contact with heavy metal salts (HMS), their deposits in TG is explained by anthropogenic pollution of the environment. HMS in the thyroid tissue was much lower than in later decades indicating aggravation of environmental pollution in the Urals. Being protoplasmic poisons, HMS bind proteins and provoke immune reaction. All the examinees who died after 2000 had histologically proved deposits of immunocompetent cells in TG tissue--lymphoid and plasmic TG infiltration. In the 1960s these TG alterations were absent. Goiter endemia can be stopped by improvement of environmental protection in each ecopolluted region and mass iodine prophylaxis.
Adult↗
[Urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids in workers producing iron-manganese alloys].
Excretion of suprarenal hormones' metabolites was examined in workers producing ferro-manganese alloys. The subjects were exposed to manganese, iron , chromium compounds, thermal radiation, high temperature and noise. In comparison to the control group, those examined workers had increased excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. It can be assumed that this increase results from organism's physiological adaptation to negative environmental and working conditions.
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
[Epidemiology of occupational dermatoses in the Potsdam district (V)].
An epidemiological study focusing on the 1981 to 1985 occupational-dermatosis incidence was carried out, based on the medical-opinion data at the Potsdam County Council Occupational Hygiene Board, and comparisons were made with the results of previous studies. Occupational skin diseases accounted for 46 per cent of all cases and cases of BK 80 (BK stands for occupational disease recognised by GDR law) for 34.7 per cent, which is a 13.6 per cent increase over against the previous study covering the 1976 to 1980 period. A steady increase was found in the percentage of women with an occupational eczema (1981-1985: 66.2 per cent). Of all the eczema cases recognised as occupational diseases, 8.6 per cent had no allergic etiology. Among the various branches of occupation, the health service ranked first for the first time, accounting for 26.1 per cent. With regard to individual occupations too, the medical staff showed the highest incidence (20.8 per cent), followed by bricklayers and concrete workers (8.6 per cent), electroplating workers (6.7 per cent) and milkers (6.4 per cent). The allergens most frequently responsible for the occupational-eczema cases were formaldehyd (24.6 per cent), chromium compounds (15.7 per cent), nickel (15.6 per cent) and rubber ingredients (10.6 per cent). As compared with previous studies, there was an increase in terms of formaldehyde and nickel and a decrease in terms of turpentine oil, chromates and rubber ingredients. While one in five occupational contact eczema patients had to put up with occupational and social drawbacks in the course of their rehabilitation in the past, a substantial improvement has now been achieved by comprehensive organising measures taken by the Potsdam County Council Occupational-Hygiene Board.
Adult↗
[Waste volatile ashes, a new source of hypersensitivity to metals].
Dermatological examination was done and patch tests were performed in 393 workers employed in contact with waste volatile ashes in electric power stations, and workers employed in construction material industry producing prefabricated construction blocks from these ashes. All studied workers were exposed also additionally to mineral oils. Eczema was found in 17.8% of cases, and oil acne in 8.1%. Chromium hypersensitivity was noted in 21.4% of workers, cobalt hypersensitivity in 12.2% and nickel hypersensitivity in 5.3%. Using the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry the levels were assessed of chromium, cobalt and nickel in these ashes comparing them with the levels in cement. In the ashes the content of chromium and cobalt exceeded three times their content in cement. The content of soluble chromium compounds in the ashes was lower than in cement from European countries and approached that in American cement.
Acne Vulgaris↗
[The role of solvents in the development of skin changes].
The dermatological tests covered 289 rubber industry workers occupationally exposed to organic solvents and rubber. The control group involved 95 subjects. All the subjects underwent epidermal tests with routine allergens, naephtha and 11 rubber allergens. Altogether, dermatoses have been diagnosed in 32.8% of persons exposed to solvents and rubber, 12.1% of subjects developed dermatitis of hands and forearms, whereas 2.8%--trophic lesions of nails. 6.2% were sensitized to rubber allergens, 13.5%--to chromium compounds, and 3.8%--to cobalt compounds. The number of cases of hand dermatitis and nail lesions was found to increase with age and length of employment. Similarly, the allergy prevalence increased with age and duration of exposure to solvents and rubber. In 40% of dermatitis-affected subjects, sensitization to rubber allergens was an aetiological factor, in 60%--hand dermatitis resulted from irritating effects of organic solvents.
Adult↗
[Pathologic skin changes in workers at electric and thermoelectric power plants].
Dermatological examination was performed and epidermal tests using a routine set of allergens and metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Al, Cu, Ag, Zn, Hg, Fe) on 112 workers of power plants and thermal-electric power stations working at the stands characterized by a heavy dustiness (electro-filters operation, ash removal, deslagging, carburizing) and at the stands where dustiness was not so heavy but instead exposure to machine oils and greases (retors' operators, electromechanics, assemblers and welders) was remarkable. It was found that occupational exposure to chemicals resulted in skin inflammation in 7.1% of the examined persons. Machine oils and greases induced skin inflammation in 2.7% and occupational acne in 5.3% of workers. It was also observed that chromium compounds were the primary allergen in workers exposed to dusts (13.4% of sensitized persons) and in workers exposed to industrial greases and oils (8.0% of sensitized persons). Allergy to cobalt compounds prevailed among persons exposed to smears and oils. Single positive results of epidermal tests with the use of copper and silver were obtained. Moreover, data concerning the microelements content in fly-ashes are presented. Information on the frequency of the incidence of occupational skin diseases, sickness absenteeism due to dermatoses and on personal safety equipment which should be used by the workers of power industry plants are provided.
Adult↗
Mechanism of DNA cleavage induced by sodium chromate(VI) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
Reactivities of chromium compounds with DNA were investigated by the DNA sequencing technique using 32P 5'-end-labeled DNA fragments, and the reaction mechanism was investigated by ESR spectroscopy. Incubation of double-stranded DNA with sodium chromate(VI) plus hydrogen peroxide or potassium tetraperoxochromate(V) led to the cleavage at the position of every base, particularly of guanine. Even without piperidine, the formation of oligonucleotides was observed, suggesting the breakage of the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone. ESR studies using hydroxyl radical traps demonstrated that hydroxyl radical is generated both during the reaction of sodium chromate(VI) with hydrogen peroxide and the decomposition of potassium tetraperoxochromate(V), and that hydroxyl radical reacts significantly not only with mononucleotides but also with deoxyribose 5-phosphate. ESR studies using a singlet oxygen trap demonstrated that singlet oxygen is also generated both by the same reaction and decomposition, and reacts significantly with deoxyguanylate, but scarcely reacts with other mononucleotides. Furthermore, ESR studies suggested that tetraperoxochromate(V) is formed by the reaction of sodium chromate(VI) with hydrogen peroxide. These results indicate that sodium chromate(VI) reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form tetraperoxochromate(V), leading to the production of the hydroxyl radical, which causes every base alteration and deoxyribose-phosphate backbone breakage. In addition, sodium chromate(VI) plus hydrogen peroxide generates singlet oxygen, which subsequently oxidizes the guanine residue. The mechanism by which both hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen are generated during the reaction of sodium chromate(VI) with hydrogen peroxide was presented. Finally, the possibility that this reaction may be one of the primary reactions of carcinogenesis induced by chromate(VI) is discussed.
Chromates↗
Transformation of C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cells to focus formation and anchorage independence by insoluble lead chromate but not soluble calcium chromate: relationship to mutagenesis and internalization of lead chromate particles.
The genotoxicity of soluble and insoluble hexavalent chromium compounds was studied in mammalian cell assays which detect base substitution, deletion, addition, and frameshift mutations [6-thioguanine resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells], primarily base substitution mutations [ouabain resistance in Chinese hamster ovary and C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8 mouse embryo fibroblasts (10T1/2)] and morphological transformation [focus formation] in 10T1/2 cells. Soluble hexavalent CaCrO4, administered in either acute (5-h) or subacute (24-h) dosing regimens, induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity and mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells but no mutation to ouabain resistance or focus formation in transformation assays, although the acute treatment induced a high frequency of conversion of 10T1/2 cells to adipocytes. Cell lines established from cloned adipocytic cells were not morphologically transformed and did not grow in soft agarose. PbCrO4 did not induce mutation to either 6-thioguanine or ouabain resistance but did induce a reproducible dose-dependent, low frequency of focus formation in 10T1/2 cells. Cell lines established from PbCrO4-induced foci stably formed foci when coseeded with 10T1/2 cells, had 3-5-fold increased saturation densities relative to nontransformed 10T1/2 cells, and formed colonies in soft agarose, indicating their likelihood to be neoplastic. Long term exposure of 10T1/2 cells to either CaCrO4 or PbCl2, even at 85% cytotoxic concentrations, or pretreatment of cells with either CaCrO4 or PbCl2 followed by treatment with the alternate compound, did not induce morphological transformation. Treatment of cells with insoluble hexavalent PbCrO4 resulted in progressive and extensive vacuolization of cells in contact with the particles. Progressive cytoplasmic engulfment of PbCrO4 particles was observed using scanning electron microscopy, although PbCrO4 particles were not observed inside vacuoles. These results indicate that the soluble clastogens K2Cr2O7 and CaCrO4 were probably mutagenic by a non-base substitution mechanism but could not transform 10T1/2 cells. In contrast, PbCrO4 was not detectably mutagenic but induced transformation, which could not be explained solely by acute or chronic exposure to dissolution products of either lead or chromate alone. Since PbCrO4 particles were found to be intracytoplasmic in extensively vacuolated cells, we suggest that the unique physiochemical properties of PbCrO4 particles, leading to their internalization and the resultant associated cellular stress response, may be related to the transformation induced by this compound.
Adipose Tissue↗
[Epidemiology of occupational cancer of the upper respiratory tract in Poland 1971-1985].
Incidence of the occupational cancer of the upper respiratory tract has been assessed on the basis of analysis of the data from central register of the occupational disease recognized by the state sanitary-epidemiological service. 99 cases versus 374 all registered occupational cancers of different target organs were found, entirely in men of the mean age 53.6 +/- 6.8 years, and of mean exposure duration 21.3 +/- 8.3 years. The greatest number of cases concerned the workers employed in engineering (23.2%) metallurgical (18.2%) and chemical (14.1%) industry in age groups 50-59 years (55.5%) and duration 16-20 years and above (75.6%). Among carcinogens identified in the work environment, tars, soots and oils with content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (46.5%), chromium compounds (24.3%), "other" chemicals like ferric oxide, dichlorobenzidine, N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine (9.1%), and asbestos (9.1%) have predominated in proportions given in brackets. In the major part of cases analysed in the study, the larynx was affected (86.9%), and only individual cancers were localized within oral cavity (7.1%), pharynx (4.0%), nose and nasal sinuses (2.0%). Finally, some general difficulties with identification of human environmental carcinogens, and with explaining possible associations between specific cancer sites and industrial chemicals action have been discussed.
Adult↗
Induction of anchorage independence in human diploid foreskin fibroblasts by carcinogenic metal salts.
We studied whether arsenic, nickel, and chromium compounds that are human carcinogens could induce transformation of cultured primary human diploid foreskin cells (HFC). All nickel compounds tested, PbCrO4, K2Cr2O7, CrO3, Na2HAsO4, NaAsO2, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) caused significant (p = 0.001) dose-dependent inductions of anchorage-independent colonies in HFC. KH2AsO4, CaCl2, MnCl2, and Hg(CH3CO2)2 did not induce anchorage independence. Optimal expression times for induction of anchorage independence in HFC were observed as early as 11 days following treatment with MNNG, Ni3S2, Ni(C2H3O2), or NiSO4. Cell strains derived from anchorage-independent colonies showed 33 to 429-fold higher plating efficiencies in soft agar than parental populations, and the anchorage-independent phenotype was stable for eight passages, at which time cells senesced. Anchorage-independent cell strains derived from metal salt-treated cells were not resistant to the cytotoxicity of metal salts, indicating metal salts induced rather than selected for anchorage independence. Nine of 10 cell strains derived from metal compound- or MNNG-induced anchorage-independent colonies displayed the same or lower saturation densities than untreated human fibroblasts. None of these cell strains escaped senescence or showed definitive morphological transformation. MNNG (1 micrograms/ml) induced anchorage independence and mutation to ouabain resistance and 6-thioguanine resistance in HFC, but concentrations of Ni2S3 that induced anchorage independence did not induce mutation at either locus in HFC. These results demonstrate that carcinogenic metal salts induce stable anchorage independence early in human diploid foreskin fibroblasts, and this anchorage independence is independent of other in vitro markers of fibroblast transformation, such as focus formation or immortality. Metal salt induction of anchorage independence can now be used as an assay to study mechanisms of genotoxicity exerted by carcinogenic metal compounds in human cells.
Acetates↗
Reliability of a new technique for the determination of vitamin B12 absorption in children: single stool sample test--a double isotope technique.
The fractional vitamin B12 absorption (FAB12) was determined in 39 patients with various gastrointestinal diseases by a double-isotope technique, employing a single stool sample test (SSST), as well as a complete stool collection. The age of the patients ranged from 2.5 months to 16.2 years (mean 5.0 years). The test dose was administered orally and consisted of 0.5-4.5 micrograms of 57CoB12 (approximately 0.05 microCi), carmine powder, and 2 mg 51CrCl3 (approximately 1.25 microCi) as the inabsorbable tracer. The wholebody radiation to a 1-year-old child averaged only 20 mrad. The stool and napkin was collected and homogenized by addition of 300 ml "chromium sulfuric acid." A 300-ml sample of the homogenized stool and napkin, as well as 300 ml chromium sulfuric acid (75% v/v) containing the standards, were counted in a broad-based well counter. The FAB12 determined by SSST employing the stool with the highest content of 51Cr (which corresponded to the most carmine-colored stool) correlated closely to the FAB12 based on complete stool collection (r = 0.98, n = 39, p less than 0.001). The reproducibility of FAB12 determined by SSST was assessed from double assays in 19 patients. For a mean value of 12%, the SD was 3%, which corresponded to a coefficient of variation (CV) of 25%. The excretion of 57Co and 51Cr in the urine was examined in six patients with moderate to severe mucosal damage and was found to be low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
[Effect of chrome compounds and other chemicals in the content of cement and clincker dust on metabolic parameters++ of lymphoid organs in rats].
Effect of seven-day enteral administration of clinkers, cement and dust sedimented on electric filters on DNA and RNA, total protein levels, adenylate desaminase (AD) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities in thymus und spleen was shown in rats. Harmful effect of industrial dust on the lymphatic organs was maximal in thymus: diminished lymphatic tissue, decreased DNA, RNA and total protein levels, increased AD and AP activities. Compounds of chromium with lead, copper and mercury appeared to have maximal harmful effect on the lymphatic tissue.
AMP Deaminase↗
[Causes of allergic occupational dermatitis diagnosed at the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lodz during the last five years].
During the years 1988-1992 there were diagnosed 299 cases of allergic occupational eczema (115 females and 184 males). Among them 20.4% of patients were employed in health care and social welfare, 20.1% in the metallurgical and machine industries, 19.7% in the building industry and 9% in the textile and clothing industries. Allergy to nickel (45.2%), cobalt (40%), chromium (33.9%) and formalin (15.7%) was the most common cause of occupational allergy in females, while 63% of males were hypersensitive to chromium, 42.4% to cobalt, 17.4% to nickel and 14.7% to epidianes. When compared with the years 1972-1987 an increased incidence of occupational skin diseases was found especially in females, but also in health service workers as well as in workers employed by the metallurgical and machine industries. Chromium compounds still remain the main cause of occupational eczema, however, the number of persons sensitive to this metal has decreased. An increased allergy to nickel and formaldehyde and decreased allergy to turpentine have been also observed.
Dermatitis, Contact↗
[A new test selectively characterizing specific kidney function].
The effect of total x-ray irradiation on distribution and elimination of 51Cr cations was studied on 60 white noninbred rat males. The radionuclide was introduced intragastrically and intravenously 0.5-1 hour after the irradiation. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric investigation of the marker was performed in the serum and urine. It was established that Cr3+ is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract by means of facilitated diffusion with glutamine as the carrier. Its urinary excretion reflects proportionally the degree of developing acidosis and selectively the process of chromium glutaminate deamidation in the kidneys. It is suggested to determine urinary Cr3+ elimination as a new test instead of using ammonia which is produced both by deamidation and deamination.
Animals↗
A suicide by ingestion of a mixture of copper, chromium and arsenic compounds.
A suicide resulting from the ingestion of copper, chromium and arsenic is reported. Death was delayed for 36 hours, during which time copper was rapidly eliminated from the body but chromium and arsenic remained in substantial quantities. The different metabolism of these elements is discussed and the tissue levels discovered are compared with the normal levels.
Arsenic↗