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PubMed1995

[Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in chronic prostatitis by in situ hybridization (preliminary methodical report)].

(Preliminary methodical report). In situ hybridization of Chlamydia trachomatis in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens from the Urology Clinic were performed in 2nd Department of Pathology Semmelweis University of Medicine by a biotin labelled DNA probe. Chlamydia trachomatis is suspected to be responsible for the chronic abacterial inflammation of the prostate besides Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasmae. According to our retrospective study out of 79 biopsy specimens 34 had the diagnosis of chronic abacterial prostatitis. We examined 11 specimens of them. Bacteria were not identified. Three specimens were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis which were improved by transmission electron microscope. The age of patients was between 59 and 81 years. The detection of chlamydia infection rises the suspicion of a "healthy" career and especially at younger age could cause Chlamydia trachomatis associated genital disease. The undiagnosed and untreated diseases may lead to infertility.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in childhood. An underestimated problem?].

The study of infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis in children has advanced remarkably during the past ten years. It has been established that Chlamydia trachomatis is a major etiologic agent of conjunctivitis in newborns and genital infections among sexually active persons. Chlamydial pneumonia has come to be recognized as one of the most common forms of pneumonia during the first three months of life. The Authors reported a case of a child admitted to Bambino Gesù Hospital of Rome, affected by Chlamydia trachomatis afebrile pneumonia. The diagnosis was made on the basis of direct and indirect laboratory findings. The remarkable improvement in direct and indirect diagnostic techniques can help the clinicians in diagnostic and therapeutic evaluations.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1998

Sexually active adolescents and young adults: a high-risk group for Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

BACKGROUND: The importance of travel as a risk factor for Chlamydia trachomatis infection was evaluated among a series of young people consecutively tested. METHODS: We studied 130 sexually active young subjects, aged 14-25 years, all living in the Rome, Italy, urban area. Ninety-eight females and 32 males attended hospital-based clinics or were the partners of an infected female. About half of these subjects had traveled abroad either for pleasure or for work, mostly to Europe, but also to North America or to Asia, where they admitted to having had casual sex. We used two "gold standard" methods to diagnose infection with C. trachomatis: culture on McCoy cells grown in shell vial, and direct immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. Subjects were considered infected when at least one test was positive. RESULTS: Thirty-nine of 130 (30%) subjects were asymptomatic, and 27/130 (20.8%) subjects were infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, of whom 6/25 (24%) asymptomatic females and 3/14 (21.4%) asymptomatic males were infected. Among teen-aged (ages 14-19) youngsters with more than one sex partner, international travel was an additional significant risk factor for C. trachomatis infection (p<.02; OR 20; 95% CI 1.47-40%). Urethritis/cystitis and vaginal pathology/discharge were the prevalent manifestations of illness among the females, while urethritis was the only clinical condition found in the males. CONCLUSION: In a series of young subjects, travel abroad, sex with more than one partner, and teen age, combined together, were significant risk factors for the acquisition of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Infectious distribution and resistant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia trachomatis in the chronic prostatitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the infectious distribution and resistant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia trachomatis in the chronic prostatitis. METHODS: The identification and susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeaes and Mycoplasmas were detected by a cultural method. The nitrocefin test was used to detect the beta-lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. Chlamydia trachomatis was identificated by a monoclonal gold labeled antibody method. RESULTS: A total of 2,900 prostatic fluids were detected and the rates of isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia trachomatis were 3.3%, 12.8%, and 0.9%, respectively. The prevalence of beta-lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains was 12.6%. The resistant percentages of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains were 73.7% to penicillin and 91.6% to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin respectively, but the susceptibility to spectinomycin, cephalosporin and cefoxitin was good. The resistant rates of Mycoplasma to tetracycline, acetylspiramycin, erythromycin, and ofloxacin were 50.0% or more, but the susceptibilities to roxithromycin, doxycyclin, levofloxacin, minocyclin, josamycin, and azithromycin were about 70.0%-80.0%. CONCLUSION: The isolation rate of Mycoplasma is higher than that of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in the chronic prostatitis. It is important to detect the susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma for the use of antibiotics in reason.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Zinc and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Zinc was noted to have significant effects upon the infection of McCoy cells by each of two strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. With a high or low Chlamydia inoculant, the number of infected cells increased up to 200% utilizing supplemental zinc (up to 1 X 10(-4) M) in the inoculation media compared with standard Chlamydia cultivation media (8 X 10(-6) M zinc). Ferric chloride and calcium chloride did not effect any such changes. Higher concentrations of zinc, after 2 hr of incubation with Chlamydia, significantly decreased the number of inclusions. This direct effect of zinc on the Chlamydia remained constant after further repassage of the Chlamydia without supplemental zinc, suggesting a lethal effect of the zinc. Supplemental zinc (up to 10(-4)M) may prove to be a useful addition to inoculation media to increase the yield of culturing for Chlamydia trachomatis. Similarly, topical or oral zinc preparations used by people may alter their susceptivity to Chlamydia trachomatis infections.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed1999

[Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis in the newborn].

Infections of the conjunctiva are frequent in the neonatal period. While Neisseria gonorrhoea and chemical agents were considered as the main etiologies of ophtalmiae neonatorum in the past, Chlamydia trachomatis is today a major cause of neonatal conjunctivitis. Thus in a study of 180 uni-or bilateral neonatal conjunctivitis the authors found a prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection of 41%. The importance of the etiological diagnosis of neonatal conjunctivitis is emphasized, in order to define a specific treatment. Etiological diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection is based upon immunofluorescence and molecular diagnosis techniques (PCR, LCR). Prevention of neonatal Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis relies upon screening and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in pregnant women and their partners. Treatment requires oral macrolides, the topical treatment being ineffective.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

[An isolation procedure of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis].

The author devised a method which permits simultaneous isolation and identification of Chlamydia using a slide chamber with 8 wells. Contaminating bacteria were eliminated by filtration with the membrane filter. The procedure allowed isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis from 11 (10.1%) out of 109 and 10 (9.2%) out of 109 otolaryngologic clinical specimens, respectively. The use of HL cells together with Hela-229 cells had been considered essential to isolate Chlamydia from specimens in this field. The conditions for isolating Chlamydia pneumoniae were similar to those for Chlamydia trachomatis. The slide chamber procedure with membrane filter treated specimens was suitable for simultaneous isolation and culture of various species of Chlamydia and allowed easy differentiation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from Chlamydia trachomatis with identification by the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique. Routine examination of clinical specimens using this procedure should be required in the future in order to better understand chlamydial infections.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1986

Diagnosis of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in males by cell culture and antigen detection test.

Urethral Chlamydia trachomatis infection was diagnosed in 204 of 1,011 (20.2%) male patients by cell culture, in 219 (21.7%) by an antigen detection test consisting of a solid phase immunoassay, and in 247 (24.4%) patients by both methods combined. The positive results of the two methods agreed for 176 patients, and both positive and negative results of the tests agreed for 940 patients (93%). With cell culture as the reference method, the antigen detection test had a sensitivity of 86.3%, a specificity of 94.7%, a positive predictive value of 80.4% and a negative predictive value of 96.5%. It gave false negative results in 28 patients. In 43 patients the antigen detection test gave a positive result, whereas culture was negative. Thirty-nine of these males were treated with antibiotics (tetracycline or erythromycin), 19 because their consorts had a proven Chlamydia trachomatis infection, and 20 for obvious clinical and/or microscopic findings of urethritis requiring treatment. According to this analysis there were 19 probable misses by cell culture test and four true false-positives by the antigen detection test, i.e. less than 0.4% of all patients examined. Since one-third of males with a final diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection were clinically asymptomatic efforts to control genital chlamydial infections must identify this reservoir. The antigen detection test provides an alternative diagnostic method to the more laborious and time-consuming cell culture procedure.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2002

A community based study of urogenital chlamydia trachomatis in males aged fifteen years and above, Dembia District, northwest Ethiopia.

Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted diseases in sexually active males and females. Infertility is one of the serious complications of urogenital chlamydial infections. This study was carried out in Chuwahit town and the surrounding village, which is located southwest of Gondar town. The main objective was to estimate the prevalence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis among males aged fifteen years and above. The design used was a cross sectional survey. First catch urine was collected from males 15 years and above and interviews were made using a questionnaire. The urine samples were tested with an Enzyme Immuno-Assay (EIA), which is useful in rapid detection of chlamydia antigen. Among 199 males included in the study, thirty-three (16.6%) had laboratory evidence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis. The mean (SD) age of the study subjects was 29.3 (+/- 9) years. Students (8 out of 21, 38%) had the highest prevalence of urogenital Chlamydia compared to the other groups (OR = 4.10, 95% CI = 1.12, 14.48). The magnitude of urogenital chlamydia infection in males was high in the study area. Health professionals need to consider genital Chlamydial infections in the management and control of sexually transmitted diseases. Increasing the awareness of students towards urogenital Chlamydial trachomatis and teaching them about the benefits of using condoms is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Immune response against Chlamydia trachomatis inoculation in mice--changes in interferon activity, antibody titers and weight of the spleen as parameters of infection].

We examined the immune response against Chlamydia trachomatis (serovar L2) inoculation in mice by measuring the serum interferon (IFN) level, 2'-5'A synthetase (2-5A(S] activity, antibody titers (IgM, IgG) and the spleen weight as parameters of infection. The interferon activity was detected 6 hrs (400 U/ml) and the activity peaked 12 hrs (450 U/ml) after inoculation, and then gradually decreased thereafter (24 hrs: 12 U/ml, 36 hrs: undetectable). It was found that Chlamydia trachomatis induces IFN as well as bacteria. To monitor the behavior of IFN action after serum IFN was cleared, 2-5A(S) activity in the spleen cell extract was measured. It was found that the activity reached its peak 1 to 2 days after inoculation and then decreased as well as in infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis. The activity however was almost not detected in sera of mice after inoculation of heat-inactivated Chlamydial organism (56 degrees C, 10 min). This may indicate that intact Chlamydial organisms were required for induction of IFN. IFN induced in mice was stable in pH 2.0 treatment and IFN induced by Newcastle disease virus inhibited growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in L929 cell cultures in a dose-dependent manner. The weight of the spleen gradually increased and reached its peak (2- to 3-fold of the control) in 3 to 5 days after inoculation, and then gradually decreased to the control level. IgM and IgG antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis were detected by immunofluorescence method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The antibody IgM was detected as early as 2 days and reached its peak 3 to 4 days after inoculation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Chlamydia trachomatis and infertility in women].

Humoral IgG antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis were determined in 131 infertile women, 102 with fallopian tube disorders and 29 with other infertility diagnosis and normal fallopian tubes. Chlamydia antibodies were identified significantly more often among women with abnormal fallopian tubes (89%) than among women with other infertility diagnosis (48%). Among Chlamydia antibody positive subjects the mean index was significantly higher among subjects with tubal disorders than among subjects with normal tubes (3,4 versus 2,2; p less than 0.01). This study indicates a close association between anti-bodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and tubal infertility.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological study of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a sample of women requesting voluntary termination of pregnancy, treated with rokitamycin].

BACKGROUND: Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis usually involves the cervix uteri, causing no symptoms, and may easily be unrecognised and untreated until troublesome symptoms arise, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, which can affect fertility and reproductive life. Therapies include the macrolide antibiotics, and in this class rokitamycin offers marked lipophilia, excellent intracellular penetration, and bactericidal activity at concentrations close to the MIC. The present study was therefore designed to establish the frequency of intracervical infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in women applying for termination of pregnancy, and to assess the efficacy and safety of this drug in this indication. METHODS: Women aged 18-40 years were admitted for termination of pregnancy, with a positive cervical swab for Chlamydia trachomatis. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and amendments. Patients were given one oral tablet of 400 mg rokitamycin in the morning, and one in the evening, for two weeks. Treatment started ten days before the termination, within 48 h of taking the swab. Partners were to receive the same treatment. RESULTS: 292 women requiring termination of pregnancy, on average at the 9th week of pregnancy, were assessed. Of these, 24 (8.2%), mean (+/- SD) age 27.1 +/- 6.1 years, range 18-39, with a positive cervical swab for Chlamydia trachomatis, were treated with rokitamycin; 22 of their partners were treated too. Forty days after the start of treatment 22 patients (92%) gave negative results; these were all the cases whose partners had received treatment. No adverse events were reported and the acceptability of the treatment was considered good or excellent in 91% and fair in 9% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm that rokitamycin is one of the most useful and effective macrolides for the treatment of infections caused by intracellular microorganisms; it is extremely well tolerated and has marked microbiological efficacy.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1989

A rapid chemiluminescent DNA hybridization assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis.

With an estimated 3-4 million new cases per year, human infections from Chlamydia trachomatis are probably the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States. Diagnosis of Chlamydia is usually conducted by tissue culture methods. Direct immunofluorescence and ELISA tests have become available, but there remains a need for a test with better specificity and sensitivity. In response to this need, we have developed a rapid DNA hybridization assay using synthetic oligonucleotide probes to detect the presence of the Chlamydia trachomatis specific 7.4 kb plasmid. The assay involves solution phase hybridization of unlabelled probes, rapid capture of the probe-target duplex onto a microtitre dish surface, a new signal amplification technique that employs chemically cross-linked oligonucleotides, and an alkaline phosphatase labelled probe. Signal is obtained by reacting the labelled probe-target complex with an enzyme triggerable dioxetane substrate. Detection of the chemiluminescent output is performed either with a luminometer or by exposure to instant film. All 15 serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis react positively, while organisms known to co-inhabit the human urogenital tract react negatively.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in sera of women with recurrent spontaneous abortions.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between high-titer immunoglobulin G antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and recurrent spontaneous abortions was evaluated. STUDY DESIGN: Sera from the female partners of 258 couples with unexplained infertility, no history of chlamydial infection, and negative cervical cultures were diluted 1:128 and tested for immunoglobulin G antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis. A subset of patients was also tested for antibodies to cytomegalovirus, cardiolipin, nuclear antigens, lactoferrin, and spermatozoa. RESULTS: Seven (41%) of 17 women with three abortions and 6 (60%) of 10 women with four abortions had chlamydial antibodies as opposed to 20 (13.5%) of 148 with no abortions, 6 (12.8%) of 47 with one abortion, and 4 (12.1%) of 33 with two abortions (p < 0.01). The incidence of > or = 3 spontaneous abortions was 31.8% among women with high-titer chlamydial antibodies and 7.5% among women who had seronegative results (p < 0.001). There was no relation between any of the other antibodies and > or = 3 abortions or antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis. CONCLUSION: High-titer immunoglobulin G antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis was associated with recurrent spontaneous abortions. The mechanism may involve reactivation of a latent chlamydial infection, endometrial damage from a past chlamydial infection, or an immune response to an epitope shared by a chlamydial and a fetal antigen.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1997

False-negative results of a ligase chain reaction assay to detect Chlamydia trachomatis due to inhibitors in urine.

The aim of this study was to assess the presence of inhibitors in urine specimens causing false-negative results in a commercial Chlamydia trachomatis gap-filling ligase chain reaction (Gap-LCR) assay. On testing of urine samples by the Gap-LCR assay and urethral swab specimens by cell culture, 73 (19%) Chlamydia trachomatis positive subjects were detected among 382 men attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. In 56 subjects, the agent was detected in both the urine and the urethral samples, while 309 subjects were negative in both tests. In seven subjects urine samples were Gap-LCR positive (confirmed by a different Gap-LCR assay), but the corresponding urethral swab samples were cell culture-negative. In another ten subjects the urethral swab samples were cell culture positive, but their urine samples were Gap-LCR negative. Subsequent re-analysis of the urine samples including the addition of external Chlamydia trachomatis DNA indicated full or partial inhibition in nine of the cell culture-positive Gap-LCR negative subjects. When urine preparations were freeze-thawed and diluted prior to testing, Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in six of the ten initially Gap-LCR-negative samples. Gap-LCR inhibitors were present in at least nine (12%) of the 73 urine preparations from the Chlamydia trachomatis positive individuals. Identification of samples containing Gap-LCR inhibitors and subsequent processing to reduce the inhibition increased the sensitivity of the test from 86% to 95%.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescents: a review.

Genital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis represent the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States. An estimated 3-4 million cases annually necessitate the expenditure of more than $2 billion in health care costs per year. The ramifications of infection with this organism have significant reproductive complications. The objective of this paper is to provide the reader with a review of Chlamydia trachomatis in general with particular focus on those areas that are pertinent to the adolescent population. The authors hereby provide an overview of the clinically pertinent microbiology, epidemiology, risk factors, selective screening protocols, diagnostic methods, clinical manifestations, and sequelae of C. trachomatis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Chlamydia trachomatis--a possible cause of premature labor].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of urogenital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with preterm delivery in relation to those with term delivery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigation included a random sample of 116 parturients. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) test was used to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis. RESULTS: In the investigated group (N = 53), positive finding of Chlamydia trachomatis in the urogenital tract was established in 6 (11.32%) patients in cervix and in 5 (9.43%) patients in the urethra, whereas in the control group there were 3 (4.76%) positive findings in the cervix and 1 (1.59%) in the urethra. The control group included patients with term delivery (N = 63). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Results of investigation point to the necessity of diagnostics and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in prevention of preterm delivery, particularly in women with previous unsuccessful pregnancies.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of immunization route on rat serum and tear antibody responses to Chlamydia trachomatis.

The effect of immunization route on the kinetics of serum and tear antibody responses to Chlamydia trachomatis was studied in a rat model. Rats received Chlamydia trachomatis serovar C/TW elementary bodies for two immunization cycles by ocular topical (OT) application or subconjunctival (SC) injection and in a second experiment for three immunization cycles by either OT application, gastrointestinal intubation (GI), or intraperitoneal injection (IP). Serum IgG and tear IgA antibodies to whole elementary bodies were measured sequentially following the secondary (2 degrees) and tertiary (3 degrees) immunization cycles. Serum IgG levels were minimal in the OT immunized group following 2 degrees and 3 degrees immunization. Serum IgG levels for the SC, GI, and IP immunized groups rose steadily following 2 degrees immunization reaching maximal levels between day (d)24 and d31. Levels of serum IgG antibodies were highest in the GI group following 3 degrees immunization. Tear IgA antibody responses were greatest in rats immunized by the OT route, the 2 degrees IgA response peaked by d9 and declined by d24. The 3 degrees OT tear IgA response peaked by d13 and was greater than the 2 degrees response. Tear IgA antibody levels in SC and GI immunized rats appeared by d3 following 2 degrees immunization but remained at low levels and were not noted until d20 in the GI group following 3 degrees immunization. Tear IgA antibody responses were not detectable in IP animals following 2 degrees or 3 degrees immunization. This study documents the immunogenicity of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar C/TW in the rat and shows that the OT route is most effective in eliciting IgA antibody responses in tears.

Animals↗