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Results for “Child Reactive Disorders”

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PubMed1985

The maltreated adolescent: patterns of physical abuse.

Although adolescents are severely and chronically physically abused, relatively little attention has been directed towards understanding this phenomenon. This study explored the family characteristics and the behavioral-emotional reactions of 77 adolescents who were physically maltreated. The youths were selected at a number of sites including a runaway shelter, a hospital-based child abuse team, and a protective service unit. Six different patterns of adolescent reaction to abuse were identified: acting-out, depression, generalized anxiety, extreme adolescent adjustment, emotional-thought disturbance, and helplessness-dependency. Abuse toward these youth had been ongoing for an average of nearly five years. As there were no differences in family characteristics and emotional-behavioral reactions between subjects who were abused only during adolescence (including single-incident abuse) and subjects for whom family violence was evident from childhood on, the utility of a developmentally specific system of abuse categorization is questioned. It is suggested that it is the pattern of parent and child interaction rather than the course of the maltreatment that is related to the emotional and behavioral dysfunction of the adolescent victim.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1988

Behavioral sequelae of physical and/or sexual abuse in adolescents.

In a survey of 500 admissions to a short-term residential chemical dependency treatment center for adolescents (ages 12 to 18), 150 adolescents (30%) had been identified as victims of physical and/or sexual abuse. While the abused group had a higher incidence of prior social service and mental health intervention, extraordinarily 68% of these abuse cases had not been reported by children, family, or interviewers prior to the adolescents having entered the chemical dependency residential treatment facility. This chemically dependent, previously abused group was differentiated from a comparison group of nonabused, chemically dependent adolescents, and a second comparison group of nonabused, nonchemically dependent adolescents. Results indicated a higher incidence of acting out behavior, runaways, legal involvement and sexual promiscuity within the abused group.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

The impact of the Gulf armed conflict on the health and behaviour of Kuwaiti children.

This study deals with the psychological reactions of Kuwaiti children to war-related stresses in the early period of the Gulf crisis following the summer 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. A sample of 106 children was drawn from Kuwaiti displaced families and a comparable control sample was obtained from Saudi families in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. An interview checklist of symptoms of physical and psychological distress was administered to the index child and a female key informant in each household of cases and controls. Most Kuwaiti children were exposed to unpleasant war experiences. It was found that Kuwaiti children exhibited a substantially greater degree of dysfunctional social and emotional behaviour. The types of adverse behaviours were a function of the child's age, sex and experience of aggression. The findings support the notion that a negative relationship exists between armed conflict and the health and behaviour of the children. The complex needs of children exposed to violence require professionals to seek ways of combining psychodynamic interventions and relief programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Divorce and children.

The divorce rate in the United States is currently half the rate of marriages. Whether this rate will continue is not known. Millions of American children have already experienced their parents' divorce and millions more are likely to share the experience in the future. This makes divorce a problem that frequently appears in a pediatrician's patient population. Most children of divorce will experience it at the least as a potent transient stress that disrupts virtually all aspects of their lives. Many will accommodate to their new life circumstances successfully, but a substantial percentage will suffer long-term negative effects. Many of the problems of these children and their families can be anticipated, prevented, or alleviated by thoughtful and timely intervention. The pediatrician can be helpful by serving as the child's advocate, offering anticipatory guidance, helping the family weather the turmoil of the acute stage, screening for maladjustment or maladaptive behavior of children and parents, providing counseling, and referring the children and family for more specialized mental health input when indicated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Identification of some infants at immediate risk of dying unexpectedly and justifying intensive study.

Children who die unexpectedly in infancy often have symptoms of illness before death. Survey data are used to evaluate risks associated with symptoms. There is a 1 in 50 chance of unexpected infant death occurring in the next 9 days when two or more symptoms occur in infants defined to be at high risk by a discriminant score. The score is based on data collected on all infants at birth and by health visitors at 1 month. This system would identify 50% of cot deaths and provides a basis for prospective physiological studies.

Child Reactive Disorders↗
PubMed2002

A longitudinal analysis of patterns of adjustment following peer victimization.

This study examined the effects of being victimized by peers on children's behavioral, social, emotional, and academic functioning. We assessed an ethnically diverse sample of 2,064 first, second, and fourth graders and followed them over 2 years, locating 1,469 of the participants at the follow-up. Correlation and partial correlation analyses revealed that prior victimization predicted externalizing, internalizing, and social problems 2 years later for the sample as a whole. However, not all victimized children experienced the same types of outcomes; instead, there was heterogeneity in children's responses to victimization. Using cluster analysis, we identified eight outcome patterns that represented different patterns of functioning. These were labeled as externalizing, internalizing, symptomatic, popular, disliked, absent, low achieving, and high achieving. Discriminant function analyses revealed that the symptomatic, externalizing, and disliked patterns were systematically related to victimization. Moreover, significant gender and age differences in the severity of effects were obtained. The discussion highlights the complexity of victimization effects.

Aggression↗
PubMed2000

A parental report on the long-term consequences for children of abduction by the other parent.

Little is known about the long-term impact on the child of abduction by a parent. Children who had been kidnapped by one of their parents and hidden for an average of 2.7 years have been followed for a decade through contact with the parent who recovered them. This study reports on the most recent series of interviews. It was hypothesized that children who were now late teens and young adults would, on the whole, be progressing satisfactorily into young adulthood and that relationships with their parents would be non-problematic. According to 32 parental reports gleaned both from a telephone interview with open-ended and closed-ended questions and from a brief mailed questionnaire with closed-ended questions, a significant minority of the children continue to suffer emotionally and may be having more physical ailments than their peers. Relations with recovering parents were non-problematic.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Locus of control as a stress moderator and mediator in children of divorce.

This paper examined the stress moderator and mediator effects of four dimensions of perceived control in children of divorce. The dimensions of locus of control included internal control for positive events, internal control for negative events, unknown control for positive events, and unknown control for negative events. The sample consisted of 222 children between the ages of 8 and 12 whose parents had divorced in the previous 2 years. Moderational analyses showed that unknown control for positive events interacted with negative events to predict total symptoms. Plots of the simple slopes indicated a stress buffering effect whereby the slope of negative events on symptoms was higher for high than for low levels of unknown control for positive events. Mediational analysis showed that the relations between negative events and symptoms were mediated by both unknown control for positive events and unknown control for negative events. In contrast, evidence was not found for either a stress mediational or a moderational model for perceived internal control for positive or negative events. These results suggest that unknown control beliefs may be a particularly important dimension of control for children of divorce.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Stress reaction of school-age children to the bombardment by SCUD missiles.

Stress reactions of 5th-, 7th-, and 10th-grade children (N = 492) exposed to missile attacks during the Persian Gulf War were examined a month after the war by a questionnaire that assessed level of exposure to trauma and psychological symptoms. Higher stress responses were obtained in areas hit and were influenced by proximity to sites or individuals involved in actual damage. Gender, age, and region interacted such that 5th-grade boys reported the highest stress reactions regardless of region, whereas 5th-grade girls reported the highest stress responses only in regions hit. Gender, age, and objective and subjective stress correctly identified 75% of the children as potential clinical or nonclinical candidates. The possible mediating coping responses and applications for high-risk groups are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Psychological functioning and behavior of sexually abused girls.

The psychological functioning and behavior of 46 sexually abused girls (ages 6-14) was compared with that of 46 nonabused girls who were matched on age, race, family income, and family constellation. Sexually abused children demonstrated heightened sexual preoccupation and behavior problems, lower cognitive abilities and school achievement, and more stressful past histories.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Interventions for children of divorce: toward greater integration of research and action.

A number of child-, family-, and system-focused interventions have been designed to prevent or reduce the negative effects of divorce on children. This article critically evaluates these intervention efforts by examining (a) their relation to basic research on the processes proposed to mediate children's postdivorce adjustment and (b) evaluation studies assessing the effectiveness of various programs. Although interventions address some of the factors proposed to mediate children's adaptation to divorce, the interplay between interventions and basic research on children's postdivorce adaptation is limited. Moreover, some intervention efforts appear to be beneficial, but most lack empirical documentation of their efficacy. This analysis leads to several recommendations for basic and applied research and for improving the response of the mental health field to the problems experienced by many children from divorcing families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Children of victims of terrorism revisited: integrating individual and family treatment approaches.

Children and their guardians, seen in treatment following the death of the children's parents in terrorist activities, were interviewed again ten years later. The earlier therapy had concentrated on promoting interpersonal family strengths but, at follow-up, psychopathology indicative of unresolved trauma was reported. A process view of posttraumatic adjustment and treatment is presented, and more structured research designed to test these clinical observations is proposed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Vulnerability and competence: a review of research on resilience in childhood.

The developmental psychopathology literature addressing issues of children's resilience and vulnerability in dealing with life stresses is reviewed. The contribution and methodological limitations of research on stress and competence are examined, theoretical concepts of resilience are discussed, and findings with respect to protective mechanisms, as well as data from longitudinal studies, are presented. Directions for further research are outlined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Children of divorce: predictors of change following preventive intervention.

Fifty-three fourth- and fifth grade children were tested on postdivorce adjustment immediately before and six months after participation in an eight-week preventive intervention program. At follow-up, most showed positive change, with those at special risk for adjustment problems showing substantial gains. Results did not vary with sociodemographic or divorce circumstances.

Adaptation, Psychological↗