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PubMed1977

Protein and calorie malnutrition in infant cebus monkeys: growth and behavioral development during deprivation and rehabilitation.

The growth and development of 32 cebus monkeys were studied during a period of insult in nutritional or rearing conditions and after rehabilitation. Eight experimental groups of four animals each were subjected to one of four diets--control, protein restricted, calorie restricted, and protein-calorie restricted, and one of two rearing conditions-partial isolation or a comparatively enriched condition-in a 4 x 2 factorial design. The period of insult from 2 to 6 months of age was followed by 6 months of rehabilitation in both diet and rearing conditions. It was found that only diet affected physical growth, but both diet and rearing affected behavioral development and exploratory behavior. Whereas calorie deficiency produced a direct effect on behavior independent of rearing conditions, protein deficiency produced an effect only in combination with rearing restriction. The effect of protein-calorie deficiency had some characteristics in common with each of the other deficiencies. Retardation in rate of behavioral development was less severe than retardation in growth, most notably in the protein-restricted, enriched-rearing group, producing animals who were behaviorally mature for their size. All groups caught up in physical growth during rehabilitation but the protein-calorie restricted groups failed to recuperate completely in exploratory behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Long-term effect of low dietary calcium:phosphate ratio on the skeleton of Cebus albifrons monkeys.

Wildcaught cinnamon ringtail monkeys, Cebus albifrons, were fed diets with Ca:P ratios of 1:4 1:2.1 1:0,4, and 1:0.5 for 3 to 88 months. Monkeys fed the diet with Ca:P ratios of 1:4 and 1:21 C ratios similar to that of human diets) had minor microscopic changes suggestive of osteoporosis when compared to other species of animals. The changes were not detected by conventional or magnification radiography or by 125I photon absorptiometry. These findings are in in striking contrast to studies in other animals where similar diets resulted in significant bone resorption within 6 weeks to 6 months. This study suggests that the non-human primate may be a more appropriate animal model for the investigation of nutritional osteopenia in man in whom bone resorption appears to be a slowly progressive process. In view of our findings, studies using lower animal species must be re-evaluated with respect to the hypothesis that high dietary phosphate is a significant etiologic factor in senile osteoporosis in man.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1975

Synaptic organization of the amine-containing interplexiform cells of the goldfish and Cebus monkey retinas.

Fluorescence microscopy has revealed a new type of amine-containing retinal neuron, the interplexiform cell, that extends processes in both plexiform layers. After intravitreal injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine in goldfish and Cebus monkey, the processes of these cells can be identified by electron microscopy. In goldfish, the processes are pre- and postsynaptic to amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer and presynaptic to bipolar and horizontal cells in the outer plexiform layer. Interplexiform cells thus provide an intraretinal centrifugal pathway from inner to outer plexiform layers.

Amines↗
PubMed1977

Disodium phosphonoacetate in cream base as a possible topical treatment for skin lesions of herpes simplex virus in cebus monkeys.

Disodium phosphonoacetate (PAA) in a cream-ointment base was applied to herpesvirus skin lesions on the genitalia of cebus monkeys. The lesions had been produced by the intradermal injection of herpes simplex virus type 2. Concentrations of 0.2, 2, and 5% PAA were used. Liberal application of PAA at concentrations of 2 and 5% proved extremely irritating and produced extensive, severe lesions over the treated area. The 2% PAA, when applied carefully to the lesion area, proved less irritating, but did not reduce healing time when compared with the placebo-treated animals. The 0.2% PAA caused slight reduction in lesion size and duration, but these differences were not statistically significant when compared with placebo-treated animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Very large analogy of chromosome banding between Cebus capucinus (Platyrrhini) and man.

The karyotype of a platyrrhine, Cebus capucinus, is compared with that of man and other catarrhines. It was found that a large degree of analogy of chromosome banding exists among the different species. A common origin for the platyrrhines and the catarrhines can thus be deduced. Furthermore, it becomes possible to reconstruct, to a great extent, the karyotype of the last common ancestor of all of the simians.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Multifocal candidiasis in a capuchin monkey (Cebus apella).

Candidiasis involving nasal, pharyngeal, and intestinal mucosal surfaces and a pharyngeal lymph node was demonstrated microscopically in a young adult female capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) experimentally infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran strain). Persistent nasal exudation and weight loss characterized the clinical disease preceding the animal's death.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Papillary carcinoma of apocrine sweat glands in a capuchin monkey (Cebus albifrons).

A tumor removed from the skin of the right pectoral region of a 19-year-old male Capuchin monkey (Cebus albifrons) was morphologically classified as a papillary carcinoma of apocrine sweat gland origin. The designation of malignancy was based primarily on cellular pleomorphism and stromal invasion. This is believed to be the first report of this neoplasm in nonhuman primates. There has been no evidence of recurrence nor metastasis in the 12 months following excision.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effect of a novel potential atypical antipsychotic drug, Y-931, in producing dystonia in cebus monkeys.

The effect of Y-931 (8-fluoro-12-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6H-[1]benzothieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine maleate), a novel potential atypical antipsychotic candidate, in producing dystonia in Cebus monkeys was investigated. Y-931 induced relatively weak dystonia in several observation periods at doses greater than 0.1 mg/kg, i.m. Although Y-931 significantly increased total dystonia scores (the sum of 15 to 360 min after injection) at doses greater than 0.5 mg/kg, i.m., the scores did not exceed 20, up to a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, i.m. and lacked a dose-response relationship. The present result suggests that Y-931 is predicted to have a low risk of extrapyramidal side effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Innervation of the palatine mucous membrane in the Cebus apella monkey.

A histological study was conducted on the innervation of the Cebus apella palatine mucosa. Ten monkeys were used for the present study. After perfusion with 10% formalin, the whole hard palate mucosa was removed in one piece and made into histological sections according to De Castro's method for silver impregnation. We concluded that the nerve fibers form free endings and organized corpuscles, like Meissner corpuscles. Free nerve endings are numerous in the hard palate mucosa and they show a great variety in form and size.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Schedule control of the vocal behavior of Cebus monkeys.

The vocal behavior of three Cebus monkeys was maintained by fixed-ratio schedules of response dependent reinforcement at values between fixed-ratio 1 and fixed-ratio 15. In one monkey that was exposed to variable-interval, fixed-interval, and conjunctive fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement, vocal responding occurred at a low rate, but schedule-appropriate patterns were maintained. The rates and patterns of responding engendered indicated that the vocal operant can be brought under schedule control in the monkey by the use of response-dependent reinforcement.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Spectral sensitivity in a female Cebus Griseus.

The photopic spectral sensitivity of one female Cebus Griseus was determined to complement published results showing that this monkey did not demonstrate the red deficiency typical of most New World monkeys. A modified method of limits was used to determine S's perceived brightness of different monochromatic stimuli. The results suggest that this monkey might be a normal trichromat.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Development of acute dystonia and tardive dyskinesia in cebus monkeys.

In 4 out of 11 cebus apella monkeys given haloperidol (0.05 - 1.0 mg/kg/d) orally for up to 35 months signs of tardive dyskinesia (TD) hav developed: 1) One monkey developed barely noticeable TD after 4 months, but showed marked and increasing symtpoms of both generalized choreic and buccolingual TD after 8 months. This animal died 3 months after discontinuation of haloperidol. At that time the signs of TD were still prominent. 2) In one monkey bucco-lingual TD appeared after 3 months and was still reversible on discontinuation of haloperidol at 5 months. After a further 12 months of haloperidol, the TD signs proved to be long lasting, possibly irreversible, in this animal. 3) A third monkey showed slight and transient signs of TD at 14 months, but following a further 20 months af haloperidol administration a choreiform syndrome became porminent after drug withdrawal. 4) After 34 months a similar syndrome of choreic movements has been noticed in another animal, increasing after withdrawal of haloperidol. The other 7 monkeys have received haloperidol for 3 - 15 months, without developing any signs of TD. Attacks of acute dystonia have been noticed in all animals, sometimes necessitating anticholinergic medication or decreases in the daily haloperidol dose.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Infection of capuchin monkeys (Cebus albifrons) with Herpesvirus saimiri.

Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) induced persistent, clinically inapparent infections of long-term duration in capuchin monkeys (Cebus albifrons). The infections were characterized by development of antibody to HVS-associated antigens and recovery of low levels of virus-genome-carrying lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Peripheral lymphocyte counts remained in low-normal to normal ranges and no physical signs of lymphoma were evident. Prednisolone treatment caused immunosuppression in one monkey; this was accompanied by a progressive loss of humoral antibody to HVS-associated antigens, but neoplastic disease did not develop.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Glomerular lesions in experimental infections of Schistosoma mansoni in Cebus apella monkeys.

Three monkeys (Cebus apella) experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni studied for periods of 19, 14, and 11 months showed deposits containing gamma-globulin in subendothelial and subepithelial basal membranes and in basement membranes proper. The glomeruli showed mild reactivity characterized by local hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mesangial cells. Such findings were close to those observed by us in the kidney of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis patients without evidence of renal disease. The distribution of the deposits, both in human and experimental disease, are suggestive of preformed, non-glomerular antigen-antibody complexes that form in a zone of excess antigen and become trapped in the glomerular capillaries.The possibility exists, but has not yet been proved beyond doubt, that renal disease in schistosomiasis patients could be the end result of this pathogenetic mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The reproductive cycle of the capuchin (Cebus apella).

Six, mature female capuchins, Cebus apella, were used to study occurrence of bleeding, the length and phases of the menstrual cycle, and the gestation period. During a 3-month period the menstrual cycle was determined to be 21 days, including an average of 4 days in which bleeding was detectable. It was found that only proestrus and estrus could be reliably identified during the menstrual cycle by the use of vaginal smears. Each female was housed with a male for a sufficient time to allow insemination. Four became pregnant. Three had term pregnancies and one aborted. The other two remained barren. The average gestation period for the three normal pregnancies was 153 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Semen evaluation in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

Semen from 3 adult male capuchin monkeys (Cebus appella) was collected and evaluated, utilizing an electroejaculator and different collection media. In the first 24 samples collected, no liquid fraction was found. Procedures were then directed toward liquefying the entire coagulum by enzymes for semen evaluation. The enzyme system first utilized consisted of varying percentages of trypsin in 2.5% dextrose in half-strength lactated Ringer's solution. Because of high spermatozoan abnormalities using this mixture, a new enzyme solution was used. This solution consisted of 1% pronase in Eagle's medium, containing Earles' salts. At the end of the experiment, natural mating was allowed. The semen collected from the vagina revealed similar consistency, volume, and sperm concentration when compared with artificially collected samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A preliminary report on investigation of oncogenic potential of herpes simplex virus type 2 in Cebus monkeys.

A total of 301 female and 133 male Cebus monkeys have been placed under study during a 3-year period. Females are inoculated intradermally into the cervix every 6 months; 225 receive virus and 76 receive control material. More than 50% of the animals were infected on primary inoculation, and a similar percentage was foundon the 1st reinoculation. Males are housed with females at 1:1 to 1:3 ratios. Eighteen % of the males exposed to virus-inoculated females have become infected. To date, a total of 55 pregnancies have produced 14 live births and 8 abortions. The remaining 33 animals are still pregnant. No neonatal herpes simplex virus type 2 infections have been identified. Cytological changes of mild (atypia) to moderate (dysplasia) anaplasia have persisted for 12 to 32 months in 13 herpes simplex virus type 2-infected females. These animals received their 1st inoculation 14 to 50 months ago. Persistent anaplasia has not been found in control animals.

Animals↗