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PubMed2001

A two parameter Weibull distribution method for predicting cations in the ground water of Cauvery delta of Tamilnadu.

A two parameter Weibull distribution model was applied to evaluate the quality of ground water collected from 50 wells in four regions (CSB, VSB, RCA, NDA) of Thanjavur district. The data of the cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na) and EC were used to predict the ground water quality. The shape (a) and scale (b) along with mean and percentile were zoned. A hybrid approach of the Weibull distribution model was done to estimate the mean. This hybrid approach may be used to predict and forecast the ground water quality. From the study the cationic parameters in the wells were not uniform which may be attributed to contamination either by surface flow or sea water.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2002

[Functional analysis of yeast homologue gene associated with human DNA helicase causative syndromes].

Proteins having DNA helicase activity play very important roles in many processes involving DNA workings such as replication, repair, and recombination. In this decade, many DNA helicase genes have been cloned as the causative genes of human recessive heredity diseases. These are the causative genes for Xeroderma pigmentosum (XPB and XPD), Cockayne syndrome (CSB), diffuse collagen disease (Ku80), alpha-thalassmia (ATR-X), Bloom syndrome (BLM), Werner syndrome (WRN) and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS). The yeast homologue genes of these human DNA helicase genes exist. S. cerevisiae RAD25/SSL2, RAD3, RAD26, YKU80/HDF2 and RAD54 are the homologue for XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, CSB/ERCC6, Ku80/XRCC5 and ATR-X/HX2, respectively. E coli. recQ gene and S. cerevisiae SGS1 are the homologue for all BLM, WRN and RTS. A search of whole genome of S. cerevisiae revealed that SGS1 is the sole homologue of recQ in S. cerevisiae. Thus it seems likely that SGS1 is a functional homologue of one or several human RecQ family genes. Many basic or essential functions are well conserved in the cells from lower eukaryotic to higher mammalian. The functional analysis in yeast could make an useful insight for the human homologue. To clarify the functions of S. cerevisiae Sgs1 and to get an insight into the functions of Blm, Wrn and Rts, in this study, we analyzed the phenotype of sgs1 disruptant and in detail the cause of the poor sporulation phenotype of sgs1 disruptants in relation to meiotic processes including meiotic recombination. The poor sporulation of sgs1 disruptants was complemented with a mutated SGS1 gene encoding a protein lacking DNA helicase activity; however, the mutated gene could suppress neither the sensitivity of sgs1 disruptants to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and hydroxyurea nor the mitotic hyperrecombination phenotype of sgs1 disruptants. The N-terminal 1-45 amino acid region and 698-1195 amino acid region of Sgs1, which including helicase domain and C-terminal RecQ conserved region with helicase activity, were required for complementation of MMS sensitivity and suppression of hyperrecombination of sgs1 disruptants in mitotic growth. The 126-400 and 596-1195 amino acid regions of Sgs1 were required for complementation of poor sporulation and of reduced meiotic functions. These regions required for the mitotic or meiotic functions of Sgs1 were well overlapped with the interaction regions of Top3 and Top2. Some of these results might explain the mechanism of the symptom of RecQ-related syndromes.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2002

[Epidemiological data on the plague in Madagascar].

The first case of plague was introduced in Madagascar in 1898 in the east coast by way of boat from India. In 1921, plague reach the highlands and a large epidemic over the next twenty years. Until the beginning of the 80's, only of few case were identified, notified mostly in rural setting. However gradually it has re-emerged as a public health problem. Urban plague is located in the city of Antananarivo (resurgence in 1978 after 28 years of apparent silence) and in Mahajanga port (resurgence in 1991 after 63 years of silence). The reactivation of the Plague National Control Program from 1994 will allow better surveillance. The aim of this analysis is to update the epidemiological data on human plague in Madagascar based on reported cases obtained from the Central Lab of the Pasteur Institute of Madagascar from 1980 to 2001 (16,928 suspected cases of which 3,500 are likely positives or confirmed positives). The Plague season runs from October to March on the central highlands and July to November on the north-western coast. Sex-ratio male/female is 1.3/1, and the age-group of 5 to 25 years is more affected. The case fatality rate was 40% in the beginning of the 1980's, and decreased to 20% by the end of the 1990's. The percentage of case with pulmonary plague decrease from 15% to less than 5%. However, geographical extension is demonstrated: 4 districts in 1980, 30 districts in 1999 and 21 districts in 2001. In 2002, the diffusion of a new rapid test (reagent strip) in the primary health centres (CSB) in 42 endemic districts may help to decrease the morbidity and the letality due to plague and improve its control at the national level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Cigarette smoking behavior among male secondary school students in the Central region of Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine the smoking habits among male secondary school students in Al-Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and to assess their knowledge and attitudes towards smoking. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Qassim region, KSA during March 2003. Randomly selected was 14 out of 110 government male secondary schools. In the sample section, care was taken to represent urban and rural communities. In urban areas, 8 schools with the largest number of students were selected. This is in addition to 3 schools, which were the only schools with special education on Islamic, Commercial and Technical programs. In the rural areas the 3 most distant schools were included in the sample. Data were obtained through self-administered questionnaires that contained questions on personal background, smoking behavior, knowledge and attitude towards cigarette smoking. A total of 2203 students responded to the questionnaires with 83% response rate. RESULTS: Of the studied group, 606 (29.8%) were current smokers and among these 83.7% started smoking at the age of 15 years or less. Technical and commercial secondary school students had higher prevalence of the habit of smoking than those in general and Islamic secondary schools. It was found that the more pocket money received by the students, the higher was the prevalence of smoking. The most common reason given for cigarette smoking behavior (CSB) was the influence of friends (63.5%). Family factor, especially the brother's smoking habit (24.8%) was also important. Most of the students knew that smoking is harmful to their own health (89.3%), and to others (73.9%). The association between smoking and lung cancer was 84.3%, 80.9% for chest disease and 78.2% for heart disease, while the relation to other diseases was less known. CONCLUSION: We conclude that onset of smoking in the young is alarming. This is of immense importance in formulating health education strategies, which should be directed towards pupils, teachers and parents. The religious aspect should also be an integral part of such programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Inhibitory activities of sulfated proteoglycans on chondroitin sulfate A-mediated cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Thailand.

Chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) is an important receptor for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in the placenta. To study the molecular interaction between parasitized erythrocytes (PE) to CSA, we performed in vitro cytoadherence inhibition assays of PE infected with wild and laboratory isolates of P. falciparum to CSA using various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Marked decrease in PE adhesion to immobilized CSA and CSA-expressed cells was achieved with soluble chondroitin sulfate D (CSD) and chondroitin sulfate E (CSE) at low concentrations. The effect was dose dependent with the degree of inhibition exceeded that of soluble CSA in certain clinical isolates. The results suggested the influence of oversulfation of CS variant chains on PE adherence to CSA. Interestingly, PE of the tested wild isolates could adhere to immobilized CSD and CSE at different levels while PE of CSA-selected laboratory lines could not. Partial inhibitory activity was observed when chondroitin sulfate C (CSC), chondroitin sulfate B (CSB), and polyolpolysulfate were used even at high concentrations. Keratan sulfate, colominic acid, and Suramine were unable to inhibit PE adherence. Taken together, the results confirm that the 4-sulfate amino sugar moiety, as well as the basic disaccharide structure of N-acetylgalactosamine linked to glucuronic acid, may influence the degree of this molecular interaction. However, other sulfation patterns that could influence the interaction could not be overlooked, as in the case of CSD which contains 2-O-sulfation at glucuronic acid. Studies using pentosan polysulfate, an oversulfated molecule with a xylan backbone, as an inhibitor also showed a reduction of PE adherence of most isolates tested. Thus, only the sulfate content and pattern of this molecule could affect the adhesive interactions. In addition, difference in capacity of low molecular weight heparins to inhibit CSA-mediated PE cytoadherence of clinical isolates was also observed, thereby providing evidence on the heterogeneity in cytoadherence characteristics of maternal parasite isolates as well as their therapeutic potentials.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Epidemics of acute respiratory infections in Madagascar in 2002: from alert to confirmation].

UNLABELLED: An epidemiological investigation (Ministry of Health/Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM)) was conducted in July 2002, in two districts of a same province (Fianarantsoa: Fianarantsoa II and Ikongo) considering the high frequency of deaths linked with acute respiratory infection (ARI). Morbidity and mortality data was collected in the Centre de Santé de Base (CSB) which gave the alert (village of Sahafata, district Fianarantsoa II). Analysis of monthly activity reports (MAR) allowed calculation of incidence rates of ARI/pneumonia in Fianarantsoa province. Virological data was based on the analysis of nasopharyngeal samples collected during the investigations. Clinical symptoms and homogeneity of laboratory results are consistent with an origin of these epidemics being related to the circulation of an influenza virus A subtype H3N2. Attack rates were very high. CFR was significantly higher in individuals of less than 1 year and more than 65 years. This data was confirmed by posterior investigations of teams from MoH/WHO. Surprisingly, this large epidemic was due to a known influenza virus that previously circulated in countries of northern hemisphere (the year before) and even in Antananarivo weeks before. Different hypothesis could be proposed to explain such phenomenon: great restriction of exchanges between different geographical zones, nutritional status.... CONCLUSION: The epidemic episodes of acute respiratory infections in Madagascar in July 2002 were due to an influenza virus A subtype H3N2 without any genotypic or phenotypic features. Various factors, could explain the importance of the epidemic and particular high lethality found in some age groups. This epidemic illustrates the relative incapacity for a developing country, to face and manage a flu epidemic caused by a classical influenza virus.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Hepatocellular carcinomas in acatalasemic mice treated with nafenopin, a hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferator.

The effects of long-term administration of nafenopin, a potent hypolipidemic drug with marked hepatomegalic and peroxisome-proliferative properties, were studied in wild-type (Csa strain) and acatalasemic (Csb strain) mice. Nafenopin was administered in the diet at a concentration of 0.1% during the first 12 months and then at 0.05% until the termination of the experiment at 20 months. By 56 weeks, 100% mortality occurred in both male and female wild-type mice, whereas the mortality rate in acatalasemic mice was approximately 50%. Between 18 and 20 months of the experiment, 9 of 9 male and 12 of 12 female acatalasemic mice that survived chronic nafenopin treatment developed hepatocellular carcinomas, some of which metastasized to the lungs. None of the 15 male and 15 female acatalasemic controls developed liver cancers. Numerous peroxisomes were seen in the lung metastases of these hepatocellular carcinomas on electron microscopic examination; in contrast the number of peroxisomes in primary liver tumor cells varied considerably. The hepatocarcinogenicity of nafenopin strongly suggests the need for long-term studies with other hypolipidemic drugs that cause hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation to clarify the role, if any, of peroxisome proliferation in liver carcinogenesis.

Acatalasia↗
PubMed1986

Mapping of the displacement loop within the nucleotide sequence of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA.

The mtDNA of the African frog, Xenopus laevis, has a triple-stranded displacement loop (D-loop) structure at the origin of heavy strand DNA replication. The major species of displacing strands has a length of 1670 nucleotides, approximately 3 times the length of mouse or human D-loop mtDNA strands. We report experiments that precisely map the termini of the D-loop strand within a revised sequence of the origin region. Analysis of D-loop mtDNA strands labeled in vitro at the 5' end using polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP reveals microheterogeneity at the 5' end. The ends detected by this technique are located in the vicinity of several matches to a sequence element, denoted CSB-1, that is conserved in this location in several vertebrate mtDNA genomes. The 3' ends of D-loop mtDNA strands labeled in vitro by limited extension with avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and [gamma-32P] ATP are homogeneous. The sequence signals that may help specify the arrest of DNA replication at this site are discussed. The nucleotide sequence that we report for this region contains 53 discrepancies in comparison with a previously published sequence of this region of the Xenopus laevis mtDNA genome (Roe, B. A., Ma, D.-P., Wilson, R. K., and Wong, J.F.-H. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 9759-9774). Our sequence also contains a 142-nucleotide portion of the 5' end of the 12 S rRNA gene that was omitted from the sequence published by Roe et al.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

Effect of glycosaminoglycans on thrombin- and atroxin-induced fibrin assembly and structure.

This study was performed to quantitate the impact of several glycosaminoglycans (GAG) on fibrin assembly and structure. Gel formation was monitored as the increase in optical density at 633 nm subsequent to thrombin (2 NIH u/ml) or atroxin (0.10 mg/ml) addition to solutions of buffered fibrinogen (1 mg/ml) or plasma. Gel absorbance was measured as a function of wavelength (400 to 800 nm) and gel fiber diameter and mass/length ratio (mu) were calculated. Chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) shortened the lag phase, enhanced the maximal rate of turbidity increase, and increased the final gel turbidity of fibrin gels formed by thrombin or atroxin. CSA (16 mg/ml) increased fiber mu from 1.3 to 3.1 x 10(13) dalton/cm and fiber radius from 6.0 to 8.6 x 10(-6) cm in thrombin-induced gels. Mu increased from 0.7 to 2.7 x 10(13) dalton/cm and fiber radius from 4 to 7.8 x 10(-6) cm for atroxin-induced gels. Above 16 mg/ml, CSA caused fibrinogen precipitation in purified solutions but not in plasma. CSA inhibited thrombin-induced plasma clotting of plasma but effects in atroxin-mediated plasma gels paralleled those seen in purified solutions. Chondroitin sulfate B (CSB)-induced changes in fibrin were similar but slightly less dramatic than those seen with CSA. Mu increased from 0.9 to 2.0 x 10(13) dalton/cm for atroxin-induced fibrin gels and from 0.8 to 2.3 x 10(13) dalton/cm for atroxin-induced gels. Low molecular weight heparin (Mr = 5100) slowed fibrin assembly and reduced fiber size by 50% in thrombin-induced gels. Changes in mu of atroxin-induced gels were much less pronounced (less than 20%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Batroxobin↗
PubMed1985

[An improved lactose-peptone medium for the cultivation of chlorine-damaged E. coli bacteria].

A description of a casein-soya-lactose broth (CSLB) for the cultivation of chlorine-impaired E. coli bacteria is given. In this liquid medium the recovery rates of chlorine impaired E. coli are superior or at least equal to recovery rates observed when casein-soya-broth (CSB) is used. Differences are regularly seen when lactose-pepton-broth (LPB) according the German Standards (DEV.K6) is used between direct inoculation into a liquid enrichment medium and inoculation into the same medium following membrane filtration are no longer found when CSSL-broth is used instead of LPB.

Chlorine↗
PubMed1983

The use of protein beads as immunoadsorbent for the column fractionation of lymphocytes.

Beads of calf serum proteins (CSB) with antigen-antibody complexes or antigen by activation with glutaraldehyde were used as immunoadsorbents for the fractionation of mouse lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes could be separated by this method with high purity. The precursors of antibody-forming cells were completely eliminated from spleen and bone marrow cell suspensions. The unspecific binding of lymphocytes to CBS or Sepharose was similar and not selective for T or B lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Intraoperative autologous transfusion during elective infrarenal aortic reconstruction: a decision analysis model.

PURPOSE: The use of intraoperative autologous transfusion devices expanded during the last decade as a result of the increased awareness of transfusion-associated complications. This study was designed to determine whether routine use of an intraoperative autologous transfusion device (Haemonetics Cell Saver [CS]) during elective infrarenal aortic reconstructions is cost-effective ($50,000/QALYs threshold). METHODS: A decision analysis tree was constructed to model all of the complications that are associated with red blood cell replacement during aortic reconstructions for both abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD). It was assumed that a unit of CS return (CSR; 250 ml/unit) equaled a unit of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and that all CS transfusions were necessary. Transfusion requirements (AAA:PRBC = 2.8 +/- 3.2 units, CSB = 3.7 +/- 3.2 units; AIOD:PRBC = 3.1 +/- 3.0 units, CSR = 2.1 +/- 1.7 units) were determined from retrospective review of all elective aortic reconstructions (AAA, N = 63; AIOD, N = 75) from Jan. 1991 to June 1995 in which the CS was used (82.1% of all reconstructions). Risk of allogenic transfusion-related complications (transfusion reaction, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II) and their associated treatment costs (expressed in dollars and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were obtained from the medical literature, institutional audit, and a consensus of physicians. RESULTS: Routine use of the CS during elective infrarenal aortic reconstructions was not cost-effective in our practice. Use during reconstructions for AAA repairs cost $263.75 but added only 0.00218 QALYs, for a rate of $120,794/QALY. Use during reconstructions for AIOD was even more costly at $356.68 and provided even less benefit at 0.00062 QALYs, for a rate of $578,275/QALY. The sensitivity analyses determined that the routine use of the CS would be cost-effective in our practice only for AAA repairs if the incidence of hepatitis C were tenfold greater than the baseline assumption. The model determined that CS was cost-effective if the CSR exceed 5 units during reconstructions for AAA and 6 units during reconstructions for AIOD. CONCLUSIONS: The routine use of the CS during elective infrarenal aortic reconstructions is not cost-effective. The use of the device should be reserved for a select group of aortic reconstructions, including those in which cost-effective salvage volumes are anticipated. Alternatively, the CS should be used as a reservoir and activated as a salvage device if significant bleeding is encountered.

Aged↗