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PubMed1990

The survival and transfer of microbial contamination via cloths, hands and utensils.

Survival and transfer of bacteria from laminated surfaces and cleaning cloths were investigated under laboratory conditions. Drying produced substantial reductions in numbers of recoverable organisms and achieved satisfactory decontamination of clean laminate surfaces. On soiled surfaces and on clean and soiled cloths, Gram-positive and some Gram-negative species survived for up to 4 h, and in some cases up to 24 h. Where contaminated surfaces or cloths came into contact with the fingers, a stainless steel bowl, or a clean laminate surface, organisms were transferred in sufficient numbers to represent a potential hazard if in contact with food.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2001

Self strangulation by hanging from cloth towel dispensers in Canadian schools.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a local "epidemic" of incidents of strangulation by hanging from continuous cloth towels in dispensers. METHOD: The coroner's office in all provinces and territories were contacted. Five cases of hanging from continuous cloth towels in Canadian schools were identified and reviewed. RESULTS: There were four deaths, and one near-death, all males age 7 to 12. Two cases were attributed to a "choking game" that provides a sensation (impending loss of consciousness) described as "cool". In three cases, the child was alone at the time. All deaths were due to strangulation from hanging and all occurred in school washrooms. One child (playing with two friends) recovered after admission to an intensive care unit. Towel dispensers were removed from the two index schools. In one province the Ministry of Education encouraged removal of towel dispensers from all schools and education of students of the dangers of "choking games". CONCLUSIONS: Thrill seeking from partial asphyxiation appears to underlie these incidents. Awareness of such cases should prompt appropriate education strategies to highlight the serious consequences of this form of risk taking behavior in young males. In Canada, these incidents have resulted in changes in the design of, and legislation regarding, cloth towel dispensers.

Asphyxia↗
PubMed1975

A replica plating method for CHO cells using nylon cloth.

A new technique of replica plating for CHO cells has been developed in which the pattern of colonies growing in a tissue culture plate is reproduced on a nylon cloth. The efficiency of replica plating onto the nylon cloth is affected by the colony size and the time of cloth-to-plate contact. Maximum replica plating efficiency (80-90%) occurs using 5- to 6-day-old colonies and a contact time of 4 h. The method easily allows 10(4) colonies to be examined for mutant phenotypes. The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated by isolation of a clone deficient in activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Valve dysfunction of the cloth-covered Starr-Edwards ball valve.

BACKGROUND: Between June 1968 and March 1977, Starr-Edwards cloth-covered ball valves were used for valve replacement on a routine basis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among the 66 operative survivors who underwent an isolated aortic or mitral valve replacement, 20 patients required reoperation 22 times because of valve dysfunction, thromboembolic complication, paravalvular leakage, hemolytic anemia, and/or prosthetic valve endocarditis. Reoperation was performed at a mean of 15.9+/-9.8 years after initial replacement. Excised valves were examined and reoperation after initial operation was reviewed. Operative mortality was 10.0%. Freedom from reoperation for aortic valve replacement and mitral valve replacement was 56.2% at 34 years and 61.0% at 37 years after initial operation, respectively. Cloth wear or pannus formation were observed in all excised prostheses. Orifice cloth was more markedly worn in mitral valves than in aortic valves, particularly in mitral valves of more than 20 years old. Pannus overgrowth contributed to valve regurgitation in the older valves. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis of valve dysfunction and reoperation are recommended as soon as symptoms appear.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Severe hemolysis with a fabric-worn cloth-covered aortic valve prosthesis.

A patient developed severe hemolytic anemia one year after insertion of a cloth-covered aortic valve prosthesis (Starr-Edwards No. 2320). The cloth over the three struts was disrupted but showed coverage with mostly organized collagen. Hemolysis stopped after replacement with a porcine heterograft. Fabric wear seems to augment the hemolysis in patients with cloth-covered artificial valves.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The effects of videotape modeling and daily feedback on residential electricity conservation, home temperature and humidity, perceived comfort, and clothing worn: Winter and summer.

Two studies were conducted in all-electric townhouses and apartments in the winter (N = 83) and summer (N = 54) to ascertain how energy conservation strategies focusing on thermostat change and set-backs and other low-cost/no-cost approaches would affect overall electricity use and electricity used for heating and cooling, the home thermal environment, the perceived comfort of participants, and clothing that was worn. The studies assessed the effectiveness of videotape modeling programs that demonstrated these conservation strategies when used alone or combined with daily feedback on electricity use. In the winter, the results indicated that videotape modeling and/or feedback were effective relative to baseline and to a control group in reducing overall electricity use by about 15% and electricity used for heating by about 25%. Hygrothermographs, which accurately and continuously recorded temperature and humidity in the homes, indicated that participants were able to live with no reported loss in comfort and no change in attire at a mean temperature of about 62 degrees F when home and about 59 degrees F when asleep. The results were highly discrepant with prior laboratory studies indicating comfort at 75 degrees F with the insulation value of the clothing worn by participants in this study. In the summer, a combination of strategies designed to keep a home cool with minimal or no air conditioning, in conjunction with videotape modeling and/or daily feedback, resulted in overall electricity reductions of about 15% with reductions on electricity for cooling of about 34%, but with feedback, and feedback and modeling more effective than modeling alone. Despite these electricity savings, hygrothermograph recordings indicated minimal temperature change in the homes, with no change in perceived comfort or clothing worn. The results are discussed in terms of discrepancies with laboratory studies, optimal combinations of video-media and personal contact to promote behavior change, and energy policies that may be mislabeled as sacrificial and underestimate the effectiveness of conservation strategies such as those investigated in these studies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Stability of polypeptide immunoreactants and polyvinyl alcohol as a blocking agent on polyester cloth during dry storage.

During dry storage at 32 degrees C for 70 days, polypeptide immunoreactants (rabbit IgG and rabbit antiperoxidase antibody) adsorbed onto polyester cloth demonstrated no loss of immunoreactivity. Polyvinyl alcohol of molecular weight 30,000-70,000 provided a stable blocking capacity on the immunoreactant-adsorbed cloth without affecting immunoreactivity. Cloth-based enzyme immunoassay systems are suitable for field testing and transportation in the absence of refrigeration.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application of antibody adsorbed polyester cloth for the rapid screening of elution conditions for antigen immunopurification.

Antibody adsorbed onto polyester cloth did not desorb during a 20 hour agitated incubation in commonly used antigen-antibody dissociating agents. Antibody activity on the cloth was also unaffected by five 20 min cycles of agitation in these agents. Use of cloth segments coated with a model antibody, goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody, permitted rapid screening of elution conditions for the immunoaffinity purification of a model antigen, rabbit IgG. Thus, this simple test is useful for designing an optimal immunoaffinity chromatographic procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Complications of cloth-covered prosthetic valves: results with a new mitral prosthesis.

During a 12 year period 5,103 cardiac prosthetic valves in 4,193 patients have been evaluated for performance and incidence of complications. As a result of our experience, the advantages of fewer embolic phenomena, associated with epithelialization in completely cloth-covered valves and those with cloth-covered seating rings, are outweighed by the problems of cloth wear, hemolysis, and hemodynamic obstruction from tissue overgrowth. A valve has been designed which incorporates the desirable features of full-flow orifice, low-profile, self-washing principle, polished contact surfaces, durable materials, and a large eccentric sewing ring into a new mitral prosthesis. Clinical evaluation in 394 patients from Aug. 1, 1971, through Dec. 31, 1973, has demonstrated excellent hemodynamic function and a low incidence of thromboembolic phenomenon.

Heart Valve Prosthesis↗
PubMed1976

Long-term follow-up of cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses.

One hundred patients in whom cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses were implanted have now been followed for 3 to 7 years. The hospital mortality rate was 5 per cent, and survival at five years was 70 per cent. Complications related to valve design occurred in 8 per cent (4 per cent fatal). The majority of late deaths and poor results were related to progressive cardiac disease rather than valve-related complications. The results indicate that cloth-covered prostheses have significantly lowered the incidence of thromboembolism and eliminated poppet dysfunction. The problem of strut cloth wear was clinically observed only twice in 500 patient-years of follow-up.

Aortic Valve↗
PubMed2003

Vacuum collection of gunpowder residues from clothing worn by shooting suspects, and their analysis by GC/TEA, IMS, and GC/MS.

Experiments were conducted to collect gunpowder (propellant) residues from shooters' clothing by vacuum and to analyze them by gas chromatography/thermal energy analyzer (GC/TEA), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The residues were collected on fiberglass and Teflon filters using the portable vacuum sampler, all supplied with the IMS instrument. Several solvents were examined for the extraction of the propellant components from the filters. The extracts were centrifuged and/or filtered, concentrated by evaporation, and analyzed without any additional clean-up procedure. Based on the results of the study, an operational method for analysis of gunpowder residues was introduced into casework without changing the present operational technique for gunshot (primer) residue (GSR) analysis on clothing implemented by the Israel Police. In the modified method, the clothing is first sampled by double-side adhesive-coated aluminum stubs (the tape-lift method) for GSR analysis (the existing method), followed by vacuum collection for propellant residue examination. The issue of interpretation of the analytical results is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Evaporation from reusable cloth diapers exposed to radiant heat.

This study determined the rate of evaporation from four sets of diapers: disposable diapers with and without a heat shield, and cloth diapers with and without a heat shield. The evaporation was greatest from the cloth diaper without the heat shield (51% after 1 hour, 81% after 2 hours) and the least from the disposable diaper covered by a heat shield (15% after 1 hour, 30% after 2 hours). We recommend that if cloth diapers are used to monitor urine output from sick neonates that (1) the diaper should be weighed promptly after urination with accurate and precise scales, and (2) a heat shield should cover the diaper.

Hot Temperature↗
PubMed1990

[Cerebral and myocardial infarcts due to deterioration of cloth-cover of Starr-Edwards mitral valve 16 years after replacement].

A 55 year-old woman whose mitral valve had been replaced 16 years previously with a Starr-Edwards cloth-covered ball valve was admitted to our hospital, complaining of memory disturbance and bilateral pretibial edema. Her CT scan findings showed a low density area in the left anterior and temporal lobes, hippocampus, and insula. A right coronary angiogram demonstrated total obstruction at the midportion. In addition to these cerebral and myocardial infarctions due to cloth-wear of the Starr-Edwards ball valve, her laboratory data indicated intravascular hemolysis. Her malfunctioning Starr-Edwards valve was successfully replaced with a Björk-Shiley valve. An aggressive attitude toward urgent replacement is suggested in cases of suspected cloth-wear.

Cerebral Infarction↗
PubMed1980

[Results of valve replacement with cloth-covered Starr-Edwards ball valve prosthesis (author's transl)].

Cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prosthesis, was used to replace either the aortic valve (54 cases) or the mitral valve (71 cases), between 1968 and 1978, in an attempt to reduce the incidence of thrombo-embolic complications. Comparative studies using a silastene ball prosthesis during the same period showed that after aortic replacement, the mortality rate during the first month (12 p. cent), late deaths (actuarial survival curves), and most complications (including thrombo-embolin) were not significantly different in the two groups. Hemolysis is significantly greater after the two groups. Hemolysis is significantly greater after replacement with the metallic ball prosthesis; in one patient there was a mechanical change in the material. After mitral replacement, hospital mortality rates (6 p. cent) and the survival curves, after silastene or cloth-covered prostheses, did not differ significantly. Cloth covered mitral valve cause a significantly higher, but compensated rate of hemolysis, a metallic noise heard by 22 p. cent of the patients, and a significant reduction (about 1/5) in the incidence of thromboembolic complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Malaria prevalence and morbidity in relation to the use of permethrin-treated wall cloths in Kenya.

The effect of permethrin-treated wall cloths (Mbu cloth) on malaria parasitaemia prevalences and malaria morbidity, was evaluated in a population of over 10,000 for a period of three years in the Marigat area, Baringo District, Kenya. The use of the treated cloth in 2,000 houses resulted in significantly lower rates of malaria parasite prevalences with an overall reduction rate of 73% (P < 0.001) in the treated area. Control areas had an initial increase in rate of malaria parasite prevalence of 30% and later a reduction of 31%. There was a slight reduction in spleen rates in the control and treated areas but it was not significant for either between the surveys or among the villages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Ultraviolet protection factors for clothing: an intercomparison of measurement systems.

In recent years the need to standardize measurement protocols for quantifying the degree of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) protection provided by clothing has led to the introduction of a number of standards around the world. To date, these standards have specified spectral measurements of UVR transmission by clothing and fabrics. Development of a standard test method has become an important part of the testing process, and this article presents results from an intercomparison involving 10 independent testing laboratories and 11 different UVR transmission measurement instruments. In addition to comparing the measured ultraviolet protection factors (UPF), this intercomparison also incorporates detailed scan results from all 10 laboratories and highlights differences in performance of the various instruments in different wavelength regions. Careful examination of these differences can indicate where changes to the systems could be made to allow improvements both in equipment performance and in agreement of the final results. The variability in the measurements of UPF in this study suggest that the protection categories in standards may need to be broadened.

Clothing↗
PubMed1993

Different thermal conditions of the extremities affect thermoregulation in clothed man.

The effects of different types of clothing on human deep body temperature were studied with six healthy male subjects in a supine posture. Two clothing ensembles were employed for the present study: A covered the whole body area with garments except the face (1.97 clo) and B covered only the trunk and the upper half of the extremities with garments (1.53 clo). The experiment was carried out in a climatic chamber at 55% +/- 5% relative humidity under cooling and warming temperatures: the temperature was changed from 22 degrees C to 10 degrees C (cooling) and returned to 22 degrees C again (warming). The major findings were: rectal temperature (T(re)) continued to decrease gradually in A throughout the experiment, whereas in B it increased during cooling, and returned to previous levels during warming. As a result, T(re) and chest skin temperature were maintained at a higher level in B than in A. Internal tissue conductances were greater in A than in B both during cooling and during warming. Thermal comfort appeared to have been influenced more by the rate of skin temperature change than by the level of skin temperature per se. It was concluded that peripheral vasoconstriction in B induced less heat flow from core to shell, and, thus, the core temperature was maintained at a higher level in B than in A.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The effect of water leakage on the results obtained from human and thermal manikin tests of immersion protective clothing.

The effect of both the volume and location of water leakage on the protection provided by an uninsulated immersion suit was investigated using human subjects and, in corresponding experiments, an immersion thermal manikin. Three volumes of "leakage" to the torso (200, 500 and 1000 ml) were examined, as were two conditions in which no leakage was simulated and one condition in which a 500-ml leak to the limbs was simulated. All leakages were introduced in a standardised way before immersion. The measurements of clothing insulation obtained, both from the manikin and the humans, were in general agreement. The human experimentation provided some support for a 200-ml limit to water leakage in tests of immersion suits. Rectal and aural temperatures remained significantly (P < 0.05) higher when a 500-ml leak was applied to the limbs rather than the torso; this was primarily due to greater heat flow through and from the torso (back) during the immersions with torso wetting. The physiological responses and anthropometric characteristics which determine this response are not present in manikins; the implications of this for the application and design of immersion thermal manikins, as well as the protection of those at risk of immersion in cold water, are discussed. It is concluded that using immersion thermal manikins to provide a single overall measure of clothing insulation will not necessarily distinguish between suits which provide quite different levels of protection for humans.

Body Temperature↗