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PubMed2001

Biological evaluation for protein quality of supplementary foods based on popped cereals and legumes suitable for feeding rural mothers and children in India.

Eight different formulations of supplementary foods (FS) based on popped cereals (wheat, ragi, bajra and sorghum) and legumes (soy and bengalgram) were prepared. Four of the FS were produced with cereals, soy flour (SF) and bengalgram (BG) dhal and the other four were prepared with combinations of cereals and SF. These blends were evaluated for food efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) using growing albino rats. Skim milk powder (SMP, standard reference protein) was used in the control diet. In general the FER (0.28 to 0.34), PER (2.7 to 2.9) and NPU (62 to 68) results of the FS were not significantly (p > 0.05) different among the FS groups or compared with FER (0.36), PER (3.0) and NPU (73.5) of the control SMP. It is evident from the results that all eight FS were nutritionally and biologically as good as SMP with regard to proximate composition, PER and NPU.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Refined and whole grain cereals and the risk of oral, oesophageal and laryngeal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible differential role of refined and whole grain cereals on the risk of upper digestive and respiratory tract neoplasms. DESIGN: Hospital-based case-control study. SETTING: University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland. SUBJECTS: A total of 156 incident cases of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 101 of the oesophagus, 40 of the larynx, and 349 control subjects admitted for a wide spectrum of acute non-neoplastic conditions. INTERVENTION: Trained interviewers collected information using a structured and validated questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) of various cancers for a tertile increment of intake of refined and whole grains were estimated using unconditional multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Refined grains were directly related to the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (OR=1.9 for the highest tertile), oesophagus (OR=3.7) and larynx (OR=4.0). In contrast, whole grain cereals were protective, with OR of 0.6 for oral cavity and pharynx, 0.3 for oesophagus, and 0.7 for larynx. For the three sites combined, the OR for the highest tertile was 5.7 for refined grains and 0.5 for wholegrains. The trends in risk for refined grains were significant for all sites and their combination, and for wholegrain for oesophageal cancer and all sites. CONCLUSIONS: Even if inference on causality and the biological interpretation remain open to discussion, the present data indicate and further quantify that refined cereals are an unfavourable, but whole grain ones a favourable indicator of the risk of upper aerodigestive and respiratory tract neoplasms.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Impact of changes in the target P450 CYP51 enzyme associated with altered triazole-sensitivity in fungal pathogens of cereal crops.

Control of diseases caused by fungi in both medicine and agriculture is heavily dependent on the use of triazoles. As a consequence, resistance to triazoles is a threat to both human health and the sustainability of agricultural production systems. In human pathogens, particularly Candida albicans, mutations encoding alterations in the target cytochrome P450 sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51; where CYP is cytochrome P450) enzyme are the primary determinants of triazole resistance. In fungal pathogens of cereals, CYP51A1 modifications, some at positions known to contribute to a resistant phenotype in human pathogens, have also been identified in isolates with altered triazole-sensitivity. However, unlike medicine where resistance to triazoles is a major clinical problem, failures of triazoles to control crop diseases in the field are rare with mean population sensitivities generally remaining low, perhaps due to differences in the selection pressures imposed on human and cereal pathogen populations. Nonetheless, the biological potential for resistance exists, and the question remains as to whether widespread triazole resistance can develop in an important cereal pathogen.

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System↗
PubMed1998

A Ty3/gypsy retrotransposon-like sequence localizes to the centromeric regions of cereal chromosomes.

A 745 bp sequence (pSau3A9) located at the centromeres of several cereal species was isolated from a sorghum BAC library by Jiang et al. (1996, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 14210-14213). We have amplified a partially homologous 809 bp sequence from barely genomic DNA by PCR and localized it to the centromeres of barley, wheat and rye chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Sequence analysis showed this barley homolog of pSau3A9 to have high similarity to the integrase region of the polyprotein gene of Ty3/gypsy group retrotransposons. Using this integrase sequence as a probe, several clones were isolated from a lambda library constructed of genomic barley DNA. One of the lambda clones contained coding regions for all five catalytic sites characteristic of the retrotransposon polyprotein. Two direct repeats flanking the polyprotein gene are homologous to the cereal centromeric sequence described by Aragón-Alcaide et al. (1996, Chromosoma, 105, 261-268) and may represent all or part of the long-terminal repeats (LTRs). Different plasmid subclones containing various regions of the lambda clone were used in FISH to show that the entire polyprotein gene and upstream flanking sequences, including the presumed LTR, are present at barley centromeres. The preferential (or exclusive) localization of an apparently complete retroelement within the centromeric regions of several cereal species raises interesting questions about its role in karyotype evolution and centromere function.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In situ intestinal digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of cereal grains and rapeseed in sheep.

The ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility (ID) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of different feed samples were measured in two trials by using nylon bag and rumen outflow rate techniques in three wethers cannulated in the rumen and in the duodenum. In trial 1, three samples of grains of wheat, barley, and corn treated by cooking (TW, TB, and TC, respectively) were studied together with a sample of untreated corn grains (CG) of different origin. In trial 2, these studies were carried out on a sample of rapeseed (RS) and on a mix of this same sample and rapeseed meal (in proportions 70:30) treated by cooking (TR). In both trials, the animals were fed at the same intake level (40 g DM x kg(-1) LW0.75) with 2:1 (DM basis) forage to concentrate diets. Rumen degradation rates of DM were high in the treated cereals (between 11.0 and 14.2% x h(-1)) and low in the CG (6.35% x h(-1)), whereas for CP these rates were low in all cereals. For DM, in all cereals, ID decreased linearly as the ruminal incubation time increased. The values of intestinal effective digestibility (IED), calculated from these functions and from the rumen outflow, were respectively: 86.4, 62.1, 51.5, and 67.9%. For CP, ID was unaffected by the ruminal incubation time in corn samples, whereas in TW and TB a reduction of these values was only observed for the time of 48 h. The values of IED of CP for CG, TW, TB and TC were: 82.6, 88.9,82.5, and 91.6%, respectively. Rumen degradation rates of the RS and TR samples were 8.35 and 8.23% x h(-1) for DM and 12.0 and 9.59% x h(-1) for CP. In RS, the ID of DM and CP showed a downward trend with an increase of the ruminal incubation time, as modelled according to an exponential function. This same trend was observed for TR after a lag period estimated at 7.53 and 6.51 h for DM and CP, respectively. The values of IED of RS and TR were respectively 56.5 and 50.8% for DM and 71.9 and 80.1% for CP. These same results were also determined by a simplified method using a sample pooled to be representative of the rumen outflow of undegraded feed. The respective values for RS and TR were 54.8 and 51.6 for DM and 65.8 and 78.9% for CP. This method seems to be a promising technique to estimate IED, although more studies are needed to improve its accuracy.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Use of the think-aloud method to identify factors influencing purchase of bread and cereals by low-income African American women and implications for whole-grain education.

The think-aloud method was used to determine factors influencing bread and cereal purchase by low-income African American women that have implications for whole-grain education. Women (N=70) were audiotaped as they thought aloud while purchasing groceries. Because bread and cereal account for the majority of whole-grain products consumed, transcribed verbalizations regarding purchase of bread and cereals were analyzed using content analysis procedures. Cost, preferences, eating and buying habits, and nutrition were the most important factors that influenced purchase. Nutrition issues included a general desire to eat healthy foods and specific concerns about fat, calcium, and calories, but no mention of wanting to purchase whole-grain products. Whole-grain education should focus on identification of whole-grain products, health benefits, and low-cost and tasty whole-grain options for mothers and children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A conserved repetitive DNA element located in the centromeres of cereal chromosomes.

Repetitive DNA sequences have been demonstrated to play an important role for centromere function of eukaryotic chromosomes, including those from fission yeast, Drosophila melanogaster, and humans. Here we report on the isolation of a repetitive DNA element located in the centromeric regions of cereal chromosomes. A 745-bp repetitive DNA clone pSau3A9, was isolated from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). This DNA element is located in the centromeric regions of all sorghum chromosomes, as demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Repetitive DNA sequences homologous to pSau3A9 also are present in the centromeric regions of chromosomes from other cereal species, including rice, maize, wheat, barley, rye, and oats. Probe pSau3A9 also hybridized to the centromeric region of B chromosomes from rye and maize. The repetitive nature and its conservation in distantly related plant species indicate that the pSau3A9 family may be associated with centromere function of cereal chromosomes. The absence of DNA sequences homologous to pSau3A9 in dicot species suggests a faster divergence of centromererelated sequences compared with the telomere-related sequences in plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparing growth patterns among field populations of cereal aphids reveals factors limiting their maximum abundance.

Cereal stands in central Europe are commonly infested with three species of aphids that may become serious pests. With increasing abundance, the proportion of a particular species in the total aphid population may remain constant, suggesting a density-independent exponential growth, or the proportion can change, suggesting density-dependent constraints on growth. The constraints that affect particular species, and thus their relative abundance, were studied. The proportionality between maximum abundances of the cereal aphids was studied using a 10-year census of the numbers of aphids infesting 268 winter wheat plots. For two species their abundance on leaves and ears was compared. With increasing aphid density the maximum abundance of Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) remained proportional, but not that of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), which was constrained by the smaller surface area of ears compared to leaves. There was no evidence of inter-specific competition. Maximum abundance of R. padi and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) on leaves did not change proportionally as the proportion of M. dirhodum decreased with increasing overall aphid density. This decrease was probably caused by the restricted distribution of M. dirhodum, which is confined to leaves, where space is limiting. No change in proportion between populations was detected when the average densities were below 0.54 aphids per leaf or ear. Non-proportional relationships between aphid populations appeared to be due to spatial constraints, acting upon the more abundant population. Detecting the limitation of population growth can help with the assessment of when density-independent exponential growth is limited by density-dependent factors. This information may help in the development of models of cereal aphid population dynamics.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Bacterial responses to different dietary cereal types and xylanase supplementation in the intestine of broiler chicken.

Several studies were carried out to investigate the influence of dietary cereals differing in soluble non starch polysaccharides (NSP) content and a xylanase preparation on selected bacterial parameters in the small intestine of broiler chicken. Compared to a maize diet colony forming units (CFU) of mucosa associated bacteria were higher in a wheat/rye diet, most notably for enterobacteria and enterococci. Xylanase supplementation to the wheat/rye diet generally led to lower CFU, especially in the first week of life. However, xylanase supplementation also displayed higher in vitro growth potentials for enterobacteria and enterococci. Bacterial growth of luminal samples in minimal media supplemented with selected NSP showed that the wheat/rye diet enhanced bacterial capacities to utilize NSP only in ileal samples. The xylanase application generally shifted respective maximum growth to the proximal part of the small intestine. The presence of soluble NSP from wheat or rye in the diet per se did not enhance bacterial NSP hydrolyzing enzyme activities in the small intestine, but xylanase supplementation resulted in higher 1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase activity. Compared to a maize diet the activity of bacterial bile salt hydrolases in samples of the small intestine was not increased due to inclusion of wheat/rye or triticale to the diet. However, xylanase supplementation led to a reduction with a corresponding increase of lipase activity. It was concluded that dietary cereals producing high intestinal viscosities lead to increased overall bacterial activity in the small intestine. The supplementation of a xylanase to cereal based diets producing high intestinal viscosity, changes composition and metabolic potential of bacterial populations and may specifically influence fat absorption in young animals.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Occurrence of T-2 toxin in processed cereals and pulses in Turkey determined by HPLC and TLC.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the T-2 toxin level of contaminated cereal and pulse products in Turkey. T-2 toxin was detected using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection at 208 nm and thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used for confirmation of the T-2 toxin-contaminated samples (> or = 1 ppm). The recovery was 93 +/- 3.3% (SD 3.29, n = 5) for chickpea spiked with a known amount of T-2 toxin (1 ppm). The detection limits for T-2 toxin for HPLC and TLC were 25 ng per injection and 50 ng per spot, respectively. A total of 50 commercially available cereal and pulse product samples, collected from markets and street bazaars, were analysed. Incidences of T-2 toxin detected in cereal and pulse products were 23.5% and 31.2%, respectively and the maximum detected amount was 1.9 ppm in a sample of dried beans. The incidence of toxin-contaminated specimens is not so low relative to the volume of specimens produced.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2003

Occurrence of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in processed cereals and pulses in Turkey.

The aim was to investigate the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereal and pulse products in Turkey. DON was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection at 220 nm and positive results greater or equal to 0.60 ppm were confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). An acetonitrile-water (21:4 v/v) extract of the sample was cleaned up on a column packed with alumina-Celite-charcoal (0.35 + 0.25 + 0.40 g). The detection limits for DON were 3 ng/injection (0.10 ppm) and 50 ng/spot (0.60 ppm) for HPLC and TLC, respectively. Eighty-three commercially available cereal and pulse product samples collected from markets and street bazaars were analysed. The recovery rates for boiled, pounded wheat and rice spiked with added DON (1 ppm) were 80.9% (SD 8.37, n=5) and 72.3% (3.85, n=5), respectively. DON was detected in six (8.82%) of 68 cereal and in none of 15 pulse products. The maximum detected amount was 2.67 ppm in a corn flour sample.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2004

Ochratoxin A in conventional and organic cereal derivatives: a survey of the Italian market, 2001-02.

Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced mainly by Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus. Although typically considered a cereal contaminant, it has also been detected in dried fruit, nuts, meat and derivatives. To estimate the quantity of ochratoxin A that might be ingested by Italian consumers from these foods, 211 cereal derivatives (flours and bakery products) were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Products were from conventional and organic agriculture and from integrated pest management agriculture. All commercial flours and derivatives examined contained ochratoxin A at concentrations very much below the legal limit (3 microg kg(-1)): the highest value, 0.816 microg kg(-1), was detected in a sample of spelt whole flour from organic agriculture. In many samples, the ochratoxin content was below the limit of detection; only rarely did values exceed 0.5 microg kg(-1). In baby foods, four samples were above the particularly restrictive Italian legal limit of 0.5 microg kg(-1). Although some significant differences were found between samples from conventional and organic agriculture when some product categories were examined (namely, baby foods as semolina and rice creams), no important difference was found between the two types of agricultural practice when all types of cereal derivatives were considered together.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed2005

Fate of mycotoxins in cereals during extrusion cooking: a review.

Extrusion cooking is one of the fastest growing food-processing operations in recent years due to several advantages over traditional methods. Apart from its main goal of improving the quality of intermediate and final processed products, it may incidentally also improve safety because of the potential to reduce mycotoxin levels in cereals. This review is focused on extrusion cooking and aims to give a general overview of its impact in reducing mycotoxin levels in cereals. Extrusion cooking generally decreases the mycotoxins levels at rates depending on different factors such as the type of extruder, the type of screw, the die configuration, the initial mycotoxin concentration, the barrel temperature, the screw speed, the moisture content of the raw material and the use of additives. Reductions of 100, 95 and 83% for fumonisins, aflatoxins and zearalenone, respectively, have been reported during extrusion cooking of cereals, while lower reductions were observed for deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and moniliformin, where maximum reductions did not exceed 55, 40 and 30%, respectively.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Further survey on the Fusarium mycotoxins in Korean cereals.

Fifty-one samples of cereals from the 1984 harvest from Korea were analyzed for nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FX), deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyl-DON by gas chromatography (GC) utilizing a 63Ni electron capture detector (ECD), and were quantitated for zearalenone (ZEN) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector (FD). Trichothecenes and ZEN in the positive samples were confirmed by GC-mass spectrometry (MS). Out of 51 samples, 51, 46 and 42 were positive for NIV, DON and ZEN, respectively, and one malt sample was heavily contaminated with NIV (2675 ng/g) and DON (246 ng/g), and one wheat sample was heavily contaminated with NIV (3169 ng/g). Neither FX nor 3-acetyl-DON was detected in any of the samples. The data reported here indicates that Korean cereals harvested in 1984 are simultaneously contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN, and the incidences and levels are similar to those observed in the cereals harvested in 1983.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed1996

Ochratoxin A in Danish cereals 1986-1992 and daily intake by the Danish population.

Ochratoxin A is a common contaminant in Danish cereals, and surveillance of ochratoxin A in cereals has been a part of the Danish monitoring system since 1986. Occurrence of ochratoxin A is highly related to the climatic conditions during harvest. Rye is the crop which is most often contaminated and contains the highest levels of ochratoxin A. The result of the survey period from 1986 to 1992 (total of 1431 samples) together with food consumption data is the basis of intake calculations. Especially in years with wet weather during harvest, the daily intake of ochratoxin A for some individuals in the Danish population could reach levels which exceed the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for ochratoxin A of 5 ng/kg bw suggested by The Nordic Working Group on Food Toxicology and Risk Evaluation. A maximum limit of 5 micrograms ochratoxin A per kg cereal would keep the daily intake below 5 ng/kg bw.

Avena↗
PubMed1982

Polychlorinated biphenyls in Mexican cereals and their packings.

The content of polychlorinated biphenyls in Mexican cereals and in their packaging materials was determined. All the samples had polychlorinated biphenyls. In all the food samples and in 73% of the packings, the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls exceeded the tolerance limits established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A correlation was found between the values for polychlorinated biphenyls in the cereals and those in their packings, therefore, it is concluded that the main source of polychlorinated biphenyls in Mexican cereals is the transference of those present in the recycled paperboard used for the packings.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed2000

Potential of wheat-based breakfast cereals as a source of dietary antioxidants.

Whole wheat- and wheat bran-based ready-to-eat breakfast cereals could be important sources of dietary antioxidants. Of the antioxidants in wheat, free and esterified phenolic acids seem to have the greatest potential to be beneficial to health. Phenolic acids from breakfast cereals possess strong antioxidant activity in vitro at concentrations that would be obtained from a normal serving of whole wheat cereal. In addition, acid conditions and enzymic hydrolysis increase the solubility and activity of wheat phenolics suggesting that the digestive process could be important in altering the antioxidant potential of wheat-based foods. Current research on the antioxidant activity of wheat phenolics suggests that further research is warranted to determine the potential benefits of these dietary antioxidants. In addition, identification of both biological (e.g. digestion) and food processing conditions that impact the distribution, stability and activity of wheat antioxidants is needed in order to be able to produce food products with maximum health benefits.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

The effect of folate fortification of cereal-grain products on blood folate status, dietary folate intake, and dietary folate sources among adult non-supplement users in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Since January 1998, the Federal Drug Administration has required folic acid fortification of all enriched cereal-grain products in the U.S. This program intended to increase folic acid intake among women of childbearing age in order to decrease their risk of pregnancies affected by neural tube defects. The aim of this study was to explore the changes in serum and erythrocyte folate status of the adult U.S. population following folic acid fortification of enriched cereal-grain products and to explore accompanying changes in food sources and dietary total folate intake. METHODS: We compared data from two National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES): NHANES III, conducted during 1988 to 1994, reflecting the time prior to folate fortification, and NHANES 1999-2000, reflecting the time period after fortification. RESULTS: Mandatory folic acid fortification led to significant increases in both serum and erythrocyte folate concentrations in all sex and age groups. In the overall study population the mean serum folate concentration increased more than two-fold (136%), from 11.4 nmol/L to 26.9 nmol/L, and the mean erythrocyte folate concentration increased by 57 percent, from 375 nmol/L to 590 nmol/L. Less than 10% of women of childbearing age reached the recommended erythrocyte folate concentration of greater than 906 nmol/L that has been shown to be associated with a significant reduction in neural tube defect (NTD) risk. After fortification, the category "bread, rolls, and crackers" became the single largest contributor of total folate to the American diet, contributing 15.6% of total intake, surpassing vegetables, which were the number one folate food source prior to fortification. Dietary intake of total folate increased significantly in almost all sex and age groups, except in females over 60 years of age. The mean dietary total folate intake of the study population increased by 76 microg/d (28%), from 275 microg/d to 351 microg/d. CONCLUSIONS: The fortification of enriched cereal-grain products with folic acid led to a significant improvement of blood folate status of the overall adult, non-supplement using, US population. However, women of childbearing age may take folic acid supplements to reach erythrocyte folate levels that have been associated with decreased risk of NTDs.

Adult↗