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PubMed1997

Relationship between body image and percent body fat among male and female college students enrolled in an introductory 14-week weight-training course.

Students (39 men and 27 women) from a southern university, who were enrolled in a 14-wk. introductory weight-training course, were administered a 20-item body-image questionnaire and subsequently underwent skinfold measurements to assess percent body fat. Mean scores were correlated with percent body fat. For men, women, and both sexes combined correlations were significant and inverse (rs = -.68, -.41, -.66, respectively). Body image as measured was inversely related to percent body fat among these college students. Researchers should examine how dietary and exercise-induced changes in adiposity (pre-post design) influence scores on body image.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

[Penetrating intraocular injuries caused by foreign bodies of organic origin] ].

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate two eyes of two patients with a penetrating injury by an organic intraocular foreign body (CNT), to outline the course of treatment and to evaluate anatomical and functional results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the period between May and July 1999 the authors treated at their department an 11-year-old girl and a 17-year old boy with a penetrating CNT injury of organic origin. In the girl they extracted a CNT which pierced the sclera and protruded into the vitreous body. The foreign body was extracted by means of a forceps, the site of perforation was treated by a cryosurgical procedure with a radial Silastic filling. The man was shot into the OL by a grain of pepper from an air-gun. The organic body in the vitreous body caused a violent inflammatory reaction in the vitreous body and retina. Early extraction of the CNT could not be made because of an adverse corneal finding which made surgery impossible. The progressing proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) led to repeated formation of epiretinal, subretinal and cyclitic membranes which caused relapsing detachment of the retina (OS). The foreign body was extracted during pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) by the transvitreal route using a forceps. Definite adherence of the retina was achieved during the third PPV, membranectomy and implantation of silicone oil (SO). Final functional success was achieved by eliminating SO and by partial perforating keratoplasty. RESULTS: The CNT in the girl was histologically and parasitologically identified as a fibre of animal origin (animal hair or human eyelash). The follow up period is six months, VOP-5/5 nat., NOT 17 torr, bulbus undisturbed. In the second patient the cultivation finding from the vitreous body was negative. Extensive PVR developed as a result of breakdown products of the organic CNT and led to relapsing OS. Three months after the last operation the bulbus is at rest, the corneal disc clear, the retina attached, VOL-3/60 s + 8.0 D steop., NOT 12 torr. CONCLUSIONS: The final results of treatment of severe devastating penetrating injuries by a CNT is determined by the preoperative condition of the ocular tissues. CNT of organic origin damage intraocular tissues by their breakdown products as well as by more frequent contamination with pathological microorganisms. Our experience provided evidence that penetrating injuries by non-infected CNT of organic origin have a favourable prognosis. But even relapsing and prolonged OS after extraction of the CNT of organic origin and endophthalmitis need not lead to loss of the eye or its function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Re-feeding and the restoration of odor attractivity, odor preference, and sexual receptivity in food-deprived female meadow voles.

Food-deprived meadow voles were used to test predictions of two hypotheses associated with the recovery of sexual behaviors following re-feeding. Specifically, we tested between the body weight set point and metabolic fuels hypotheses. To do so, we determined whether the body weight of previously food-deprived female voles had to return to pre-food deprivation levels before they would recover their sexual behaviors. The body weight set point hypothesis predicts that food-deprived females that were re-fed will recover their sexual behavior after they return to their original body weight. In contrast, the metabolic fuels hypothesis predicts that food-deprived females that were re-fed will recover their sexual behavior before they return to their original body weight. That is, when the females are in positive energy balance. To distinguish between these two hypotheses, female voles were food deprived for 24 h, which is sufficient to inhibit all three components of sexual behavior. The food-deprived females were then supplied ad libitum food for 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or 96 h and weighed. Females were then tested for their sexual behaviors (odor attractivity, odor preference or proceptivity, sexual receptivity). Re-feeding for 48 h was sufficient to restore odor attractivity, 72 h was sufficient to restore odor preferences for opposite sex conspecific odors, and 96 h was sufficient to restore sexual receptivity to those similar to that of females that were not food deprived. The time-points that the behaviors were recovered were prior to voles recovering their initial body weight. Thus, the data support the metabolic fuels hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Low-energy reporting in women at risk for breast cancer recurrence. Women's Healthy Eating and Living Group.

This study examined the extent of low-energy reporting and its relationship with demographic and lifestyle factors in women previously treated for breast cancer. This study used data from a large multisite clinical trial testing the efficacy of a dietary intervention to reduce risk for breast cancer recurrence (Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study). Using the Schofield equation to estimate energy needs and four 24-h dietary recalls to estimate energy intakes, we identified women who reported lower than expected energy intakes using criteria developed by G. R. Goldberg et al. (Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 45: 569-581, 1991). We examined data from 1137 women diagnosed with stage I, stage II, or stage IIIA primary, operable breast cancer. Women were 18-70 years of age at diagnosis and were enrolled in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study between August 19, 1995, and April 1, 1998, within 4 years after diagnosis. The Goldberg criteria classified about one-quarter (25.6%) as low-energy reporters (LERs) and 10.8% as very LERs. Women who had a body mass index >30 were almost twice (odds ratio, 1.95) as likely to be LERs. Women with a history of weight gain or weight fluctuations were one and a half times as likely (odds ratio, 1.55) to be LERs as those who were weight stable or weight losers. Age, ethnicity, alcohol intake, supplement use, and exercise level were also related to LER. Characteristics (such as body mass index, age, ethnicity, and weight history) that are associated with low-energy reporting in this group of cancer survivors are similar to those observed in other populations and might affect observed diet and breast cancer associations in epidemiological studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Self-esteem, parental appraisal and body size in children.

This study investigates the influence of body size, parental appraisal of body size, and children's beliefs about parental appraisal, on self-esteem in children from 9 to 11 years old. Parents' and children's responses to a matched question about body size suggest that children are accurate predictors of parental evaluation and that their self-esteem scores are influenced both by actual parental dissatisfaction and beliefs about parental dissatisfaction. For boys, lower self-esteem is associated both with thinness and being perceived as too thin. For girls, lower self-esteem is more associated with fatness.

Attitude↗
PubMed1998

Distortion of body image among elite female dancers.

To examine body image and possible distortion of body image among elite female dancers 10 members of a professional ballet company rated both current and ideal body shape. In addition, an objective measure of body composition was obtained via skinfold techniques. t tests indicated that the mean rating for current body image was significantly higher than the rating for ideal, despite the fact that body-composition measures for all subjects were in an "ideal" range according to normative standards. Analysis indicated a high distortion of body image among these dancers and support psychophysiological concerns previously raised.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Taste and eating disorders.

Taste responses to sucrose and fat-containing stimuli were examined in a population of young women with eating disorders. Anorectic-restrictor and anorectic-bulimic patients were compared with normal-weight bulimic patients and with normal-weight control subjects. Sensory estimates of sweetness and fat content of 20 different mixtures of milk, cream, and sugar did not differ among subject groups. In contrast, relative preferences for sugar vs fat as determined by the Response Surface Method differed between patients with eating disorders and control subjects. Normal-weight bulimic patients preferred sweeter stimuli than did control subjects. Anorectic-restrictor and anorectic-bulimic patients liked sweet but disliked high-fat stimuli and showed elevated optimal sugar:fat (S:F) ratios. This pattern of response did not change following weight regain. The stability of preference profiles suggests that taste responsiveness may be independent of diagnostic categories, bulimic behaviors, or acute changes in body weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Body size, parental appraisal, and self-esteem in blind children.

This study of self-esteem, body size, and parental views in 9-11-year-old blind children found positive views about self-presentation with no sex or weight differences. Lower self-esteem emerged in children who thought they were judged by parents as too thin but being fat, being appraised as fat, or believing they are thought of as fat by parents, showed no effect on self-esteem. Their responses to questions about the causes, characteristics, and psychosocial functioning of obesity suggest an innate desire and possible need for a more robust stature, a bigger presence, and a feeling of weight which appeared to supercede any acquired negative attitudes to fatness.

Blindness↗
PubMed1984

Computed tomography in penetrating cranial injury by a wooden foreign body.

We present a case in which the skull and brain were pierced by a piece of wood, the low attenuation value of which, in a CT scan, simulated an intracerebral pneumatocoele. The risk of misinterpreting the CT appearance of intracranial wood is discussed, and the importance of thorough exploration of a penetrating cranial injury is stressed.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1990

Metabolic and physiological response of the rabbit to continuous and intermittent treadmill exercise.

Our knowledge of the effects of exercise on the heart is limited by the predominant use of rats as an animal model. The rabbit has many advantages over the rat as an animal model to study. However, little work has characterized its capacity to exercise. The purposes of the present study were to determine if the rabbit could (i) learn to run on a motor-driven treadmill at relatively high speeds using different exercise protocols, and (ii) characterize the various physiological and metabolic responses of the rabbit to acute bouts of exercise. We found that female New Zealand white rabbits had the capacity to run continuously on the treadmill for up to 21 min at 20 m/min until exhausted. Continuous, endurance-type exercise resulted in significant elevations in body temperature, heart rate, and plasma lactate levels. Plasma triglyceride concentration decreased as a function of this type of running whereas plasma glucose levels were unchanged. Twenty-four hours after a bout of running, plasma creatine phosphokinase activity was significantly elevated. The rabbits also had the capacity to learn to run using an intermittent, higher speed protocol. These physically untrained animals could achieve speeds of up to 70 m/min for 10 bouts of 15 s run/30 s rest. Their metabolic and physiological responses to this protocol were similar to those of continuous running with the following exceptions. The decrease in plasma triglyceride was less marked and the increase in plasma lactate was greater after intermittent exercise. Glycogen content of the rabbit vastus lateralis muscle was also significantly depleted after exhaustive, intermittent exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Phenomenology and psychosomatics].

By dividing the field of the human, the psyche-soma dualism ended in sectorizing diseases into organic illnesses, and psychic illnesses. Eventually, however, the so-called 'psychosomatic disorders' that, apparently, had broken up such a pattern have been converted to a new corpus pineale just as Descartes would have done. The body is reduced to a mere instrument of psyche, and the subject is reduced to a mere onlooker of illness he or she tries to remove one way or the other. Conversely, phenomenology understands that, first of all, the body is 'the body I am' (Leib): the body is the place for communicating with other people, and the place for performing exchanges with things. It is through the body that the world affects us, and it is by means of the body that we display all our meaning onto the world. In everyday life people are just unaware of their bodies. Whenever anxiety busts out, however, the body makes a massive comeback, giving expression to the complex dialectics of the speaking subject through his or her body. Anxiety pertains to a pre-category order of the body, to the unfathomable depth reason is unable to pierce. At the bottom line of a great majority of psychosomatic disorders there lies an intersubjective anxiety conveying a conflict between the loss of an object and the obstacles thus hindering the personal growth. Reason, as a reflexive conscience is unable to solve the conflict -reason is not even aware of conflict, reason does not even perceive any likely relationship among disorders and such or such situations. The body, as an 'operating intentionality' (Merleau-Ponty), as a pre-reflexive access to the world, as a pathos life experience (Lang), will erupt and see to it that conflict is solved, and conflict-linked anxiety are transformed. Body and its great reason -- as Nietzsche would have said, 1883 -- solves everything its way.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Post-diagnosis weight gain and breast cancer recurrence in women with early stage breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To examine whether weight gain after diagnosis of breast cancer affects the risk of breast cancer recurrence. PATIENT AND METHODS: Patients included 3215 women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer (Stage I >1 cm., II, and IIIA) who were enrolled either in an observational cohort of breast cancer survivors or were part of the comparison group of a dietary intervention trial to prevent breast cancer recurrence. We computed weight change from 1 year prior to diagnosis to study enrollment. Delayed entry Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate associations of categories of weight change with time to recurrence, controlling for known prognostic factors. RESULTS: Neither moderate (5-10%) nor large (> 10%) weight gain (HR 0.8, 95% CI, 0.6-1.1; HR 0.9, 95% CI, 0.7-1.2, respectively) after breast cancer diagnosis was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer recurrence in the early years post-diagnosis (median time of 73.7 months from diagnosis). CONCLUSION: Our research provides evidence that weight gain commonly seen in the first several years following a breast cancer diagnosis does not increase a woman's risk for breast cancer recurrence in the first 5-7 years post-diagnosis. However, this research does not address the effects of weight gain on overall survival or on the risk of other new cancers, other prognostic outcomes of concern to the breast cancer survivor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Codelivery of a tea extract prevents morbidity and mortality associated with oral vanadate therapy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Oral administration of vanadate has a strong hypoglycemic effect but results in toxic side effects like life-threatening diarrhea. Tea is known to have potent antidiarrhea effects. We investigated the potential of suspending the vanadate in a tea decoction to reduce the diarrheatic action of vanadate. A concentrated extract of Lichee black tea was, therefore, added to sodium orthovanadate. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were orally gavaged with vanadate suspended in water or in the tea decoction, or with the tea extract alone. Blood glucose levels were assessed daily over 11 weeks with levels greater than 10 mmol/L warranting therapeutic intervention. Both the vanadate/water and vanadate/tea solutions acutely reduced blood glucose. The tea extract alone had no effect. The majority of vanadate/water-treated rats developed diarrhea and mortality rates approached 40%. Vanadate/tea-treated diabetic rats experienced no diarrhea or mortality and liver and kidney analyses (plasma ALT and creatinine, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], and urine-specific gravity) were normal. Animals treated with vanadate/tea retained blood glucose levels less than 10 mmol/L for an average of 24 consecutive days without subsequent treatments. Cataract formation was completely prevented. The mechanism of action of vanadate may have involved beta-cell stimulation because vanadate/tea-treated diabetic rats exhibited normal plasma insulin levels. In summary, because of its long-lasting effects, oral administration, and lack of side effects, vanadate/tea represents a potentially important alternative therapy for an insulin-deficient diabetic state.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Conditioned taste aversion induced by wheel running is not due to novelty of the wheel.

Under a within-subjects design, food- and water-restricted rats showed a significant reduction in consumption of a flavor associated with the opportunity to run compared to another flavor associated with a novel wheel without the opportunity to run. Furthermore, there was no evidence that consumption of the flavor paired with the novel wheel differed from a home cage control.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

SILICONE SETONS.

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Animals↗