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PubMed1990

Continuity and change: assortative marriage and the consistency of personality in adulthood.

How is personality stability possible amid the myriad of social changes and transformations that characterize a human life? We argue that by choosing situations that are compatible with their dispositions and by affiliating with similar others, individuals may set in motion processes of social interchange that sustain their dispositions across time and circumstance. To test this proposition we examined mate selection, using data on married couples from two ongoing longitudinal studies at the Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley. Consistent with other research, the results point to homogamy as a basic norm in marriage. More important, the results show that marriage to a similar other promotes consistency in the intraindividual organization of personality attributes across middle adulthood. We offer some speculations for a more relational approach to the problem of individual continuity and change.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Life satisfaction in old age: linking social psychology and history.

A life course perspective on aging assumes that adaptation is governed by factors beyond the immediate situation. Using longitudinal data on 79 women from the 1900 generation of the Berkeley Guidance Study, we examined how social and psychological factors interact over time in the course of successful aging, as expressed by life satisfaction. The consequences of adaptive resources in early adulthood vary in relation to social class. Intellectual skills in 1930 indirectly predict life satisfaction in old age for women from the working class, whereas emotional health is more influential in the life satisfaction of women with higher class origins. Social activity in old age makes a difference only in the lives of women from the working class. Finally, adaptation to old age is related to women's experiences with past stressful events. Middle-class women in 1930 showed gains attributable to Depression hardship (1930s), whereas the life satisfaction of women from the working class was diminished by such hardships. Several mechanisms are discussed that may link widely separated problem situations and life events across the life course. The analysis provides empirical support for the proposition that the influence of social change on life trajectories is contingent on what individuals bring to change situations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Continuity in intellectual functioning: the role of self-reported health.

Surviving members of the Berkeley Older Generation Study were interviewed and tested with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in 1969-1970 and again in 1983-1984, when subjects' ages ranged from 73 to 93. Health was assessed by self-reports at both measurement periods. Although many individuals showed some decline in intellectual functioning, substantial individual differences were apparent at all age levels. More than one half of the subjects showed no reliable change, and a minority showed a reliable increase in verbal scores. The role of self-reported health has increasing importance in the maintenance of intellectual functioning in advanced old age.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Can children provide coherent, stable, and valid self-reports on the big five dimensions? A longitudinal study from ages 5 to 7.

Research on early childhood personality has been scarce. Self-reports of Big Five personality traits were measured longitudinally with the Berkeley Puppet Interview when children were 5, 6, and 7 years of age. For comparative purposes, Big Five self-reports were collected in a sample of college students. The children's self-reports showed levels of consistency and differentiation that approached those of the college age sample. Children's personality self-reports demonstrated significant correlations across the 1- and 2-year longitudinal intervals. Substantial and increasing convergence was found between children's self-reports of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness and conceptually relevant behavior ratings provided by mothers, fathers, and teachers. Children's self-reports of Neuroticism were unrelated to adults' reports but did predict sadness and anxious behavior observed in the laboratory. The results provide the beginnings of an account of how the Big Five dimensions begin to be salient and emerge as coherent, stable, and valid self-perceptions in childhood.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Asian American college students as model minorities: an examination of their overall competence.

Educational success among Asian Americans has led to their being labeled the "model minority." At the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), Asian American students have higher grade point averages (GPAs) than Hispanic and African American but not White students, supporting the notion that Asian Americans are more successful compared with other racial minorities. However, success in the classroom does not implicate effective functioning in life, and nonacademic criteria ought to be considered in assessing the validity of the model minority image. Given the increasing diversification of the United States, cross-racial engagement may be an additional contributor to overall competence. This was empirically tested in a group of 642 undergraduates at UCB, including 291 Asian, 197 White, 20 African American, 67 Hispanic, and 56 multiracial students. Overall competence was operationalized by sense of coherence, that is, the extent to which the world is experienced as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful (A. Antonovsky, 1979, 1987). As predicted, Asian Americans had significantly fewer numbers of cross-racial groups represented in their friendship network than did students of all other races. Lower cross-racial engagement and being Asian (as compared with White) were related to a lower sense of coherence, whereas lower GPA was not. Within the Asian American subsample, cross-racial engagement was again significantly associated with greater coherence, whereas GPA again was not. Thus, extending the definition of success to overall competence, these findings raise questions about the applicability of the model minority label to Asian Americans, despite their academic achievement. Future studies need to assess the reasons for their limited cross-racial engagement and lower sense of coherence and to examine means to assist the development of these strengths.

Achievement↗
PubMed1977

Relatively brief environmental enrichment aids recovery of learning capacity and alters brain measures after postweaning brain lesions in rats.

Enriched postlesion experience aided in overcoming effects of simultaneous bilateral cerebral lesions made at 30 days of age in one experiment with inbred Fischer rats and in a second experiment with the Berkeley S1 strain. The lesions were directed to the occipital cortex, but in most cases there was also some impairment of the hippocampus. For 60 days after operations, half of the rats lived in small individual cages and half lived in groups in large enriched-environment cages. They were then pretrained and tested on the standard 12 Hebb-Williams problems. Daily injections of methamphetamine (vs. saline) during the period of differential experience in the first experiment produced no effect on the behavioral scores. The second experiment included groups that received only 2 hr/day of enriched experience, and they benefited as much as groups that remained in the enriched environment 24 hr/day. The results of both experiments demonstrated significant beneficial effects of environment when bilateral lesions were made at a later age and when the periods of enriched experience were shorter than had previously been tested. Two additional experiments revealed significant effects of both lesions and environment on weight and RNA/DNA of brain regions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Drosophila genome takes flight.

In the March 24 issue of Science, a flurry of papers report on the impending completion of the Drosophila melanogaster genome sequence. This historic achievement is the result of a unique collaboration between the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project (BDGP), led by Gerry Rubin, and the genomics company Celera, headed by Craig Venter. With its genome almost completely sequenced ahead of schedule, Drosophila is another important model organism to enter the postgenomic age, and represents the largest genome sequenced to date.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The expression of cyclins D1 and E in predicting short-term survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

Cyclins D1 (cD1) and E (cE) are G1 phase cyclins believed to participate in the pathogenesis of malignancy. Overexpression of cD1 has been reported to influence prognosis in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the larynx, but was not significant in a limited study of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Altered expression of cE has been proposed as another potential prognostic marker in malignancy but its possible role in NSCLC has not been elucidated. In order to determine the prognostic value of cD1 and cE in NSCLC, paraffin-embedded sections of 467 NSCLC were immunostained with monoclonal antibody to cD1 (1:500, PharMingen, San Diego, CA) and 400 NSCLC with MA to cE (1:2500, PharMingen) using an enhanced sensitivity avidin-biotin complex technique. The number of tumor cells with nuclear and/or cytoplasmic immunopositivity was graded on a scale of: 0 = less than 1%, 1 = 1 to 10%, 2 = 10 to 25%, 3 = 25 to 50%, 4 = 50 to 75%, 5 = more than 75%. Results were correlated with survival by Kaplan-Meier survival plot using Stat-View software (Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, CA). Overall, 426 NSCLC with cD1 and 360 NSCLC with cE had adequate follow-up (median, 76 mo) for survival analysis. Both cyclins independently showed significance in prognosis of SCC but not other cell types. For cD1, absence of immunostaining was associated with worse prognosis than any immunopositivity for all stages of SCC (P = .025). For cE, Stage I and II SCC with less than 50% immunopositivity had a worse prognosis (P = .029). Of 70 Stage I and II SCC immunostained for both monoclonal antibodies, 55% of patients with tumors that demonstrated both absence of cD1 staining and cE immunopositivity in less than 50% of cells were dead at 5 years compared to 35% of patients with tumors that demonstrated positive staining with cD1 and cE immunopositivity in more than 50% of cells. These results strongly suggest cD1 and cE can independently predict prognosis in early stage SCC. Worse prognosis was associated with loss of expression, consistent with mechanisms other than overexpression of these cyclins in the progression of SCC.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Measurements of semivolatile and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a bus station and an urban tunnel in Salvador, Brazil.

Motor vehicles constitute a significant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions to the atmosphere. Particle-phase priority pollutant PAH concentrations and total suspended particle mass (TSP) were measured in the Lapa bus station and the Americo Simas Tunnel, located in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Separate samples were collected at the bus station at different times of the day, including rush- and non-rush-hour periods. The highest concentrations for nearly all 16 priority PAHs measured at the bus station were observed at 18:30 h, with chrysene showing the highest mean value (26.6 ng m-3). The highest average PAH concentrations measured in the tunnel were observed for pyrene (79.4 +/- 11.5 ng m-3) followed by fluoranthene (39.0 +/- 5.2 ng m-3) and chrysene (28.0 +/- 4.17 ng m-3). TSP levels reached 423 micrograms m-3 in the bus station, and values as high as 2 mg m-3 in the tunnel. The measured Salvador tunnel PAH profiles are very similar to the Salvador bus station profiles, and are similar to PAH profiles reported for the Kojouike Tunnel, located in Kurashiki City, Japan, and the Caldecott Tunnel, located in Berkeley, California.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1990

Studies on the incorporation of a covalently bound disubstituted phosphate residue into Azotobacter vinelandii flavodoxin in vivo.

Previous studies have shown the flavodoxin from Azotobacter vinelandii (strain OP, Berkeley) to contain a covalently bound disubstituted phosphate residue [Edmondson & James (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 3786-3789]. Phosphorylation of the protein in vivo was investigated by the addition of [32P]phosphate to cells grown under N2-fixing conditions, under conditions of nif-gene repression and under conditions of nif-gene de-repression. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis of cell extracts showed an approx. 5-fold decrease in the concentration of flavodoxin expressed in cells grown in the presence of NH4+ as compared with those grown under N2-fixing conditions. A similar increase in flavodoxin concentration was observed on nif-gene de-repression. Incorporation of [32P]phosphate occurs only into newly synthesized flavodoxin, as observed on SDS/PAGE of immunoprecipitates of cell extracts. Western blots demonstrated no observable precursor forms of flavodoxin. These data provide conclusive evidence for the phosphorylation of Azotobacter strain OP flavodoxin in vivo and suggest that the covalently bound phosphate residue does not exchange with cellular phosphate pools. Thus the role of this phosphodiester cross-link is proposed to be structural rather than regulatory.

Azotobacter↗
PubMed1999

Human recombinant DNA-derived antihaemophilic factor (factor VIII) in the treatment of haemophilia A: conclusions of a 5-year study of home therapy. The KOGENATE Study Group.

Fifty-eight previously treated haemophilic subjects were treated exclusively with the recombinant FVIII (rFVIII-KOGENATE) produced by Bayer Corporation (Berkeley, CA) in an international multicentre prospective study of more than 5 years duration. Fifty-four of the 58 had severe haemophilia (< 2% FVIII) and four had moderate haemophilia (2-5% FVIII); 23/58 (40%) were seropositive for HIV, while 35/58 (60%) were HIV seronegative. Patients were monitored for safety and efficacy over a median period of 4.7 years (range 0.9-5.9 years) and received 17 922 infusions totalling 25.7 million units of rFVIII. Of 7107 bleeding episodes reported in home diaries, 5831 (82%) required only one treatment with rVIII. Twenty-five invasive surgical procedures in 17 patients, including eight joint replacements, were successfully accomplished and 13 serious bleeding episodes in eight patients were successfully treated. FVIII recovery performed on 885 occasions using 39 different lots of rFVIII showed mean incremental recovery of 2.48% IU-1 kg-1 (+/- 0.64). Adverse events were associated with 42 infusions (0.2%); none caused discontinuation of therapy. Immunological parameters remained stable in HIV-seronegative subjects treated with rFVIII; a small decrease in CD4 counts was noted in HIV-seropositive individuals (mean - 37.2 cells mm-3 yr-1). No de novo formation of inhibitors to FVIII was noted; and no clinical allergic reactions occurred to murine or hamster proteins. These conclusions from the longest monitored safety study ever performed for a haemophilia treatment product (with more than 5 years of observation) confirm previous interim study reports that rFVIII is well tolerated over the long-term, has biological activity comparable to that of plasma-derived FVIII, and is safe and efficacious for the treatment of haemophilia A.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Economic costs of substance abuse, 1995.

Substance abuse causes illness and disease, results in high use of medical and other services and high productivity losses, and imposes a multibillion-dollar burden on the economy each year. This article presents estimates of the economic burden of alcohol and drug abuse and smoking in 1995. Included are the direct medical care expenditures and indirect costs and the value of lost productivity for people who are ill and disabled and for people who die prematurely due to substance abuse. The methodology for the cost of alcohol and drug abuse is based on a study conducted by the Lewin Group in 1998 and prepared for the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The smoking-attributable costs are based on a published study conducted by the author and her colleagues at University of California-Berkeley and at University of California-San Francisco for 1993 and updated to 1995. The total economic costs of substance abuse are estimated at $428.1 billion in 1995: alcohol abuse at $175.9 billion, drug abuse at $114.2 billion, and smoking at $138 billion. The distribution by type of cost varies among the three types of disorders, reflecting differences in the prevalence of these disorders, medical care use, morbidity and mortality patterns, and other related costs for each disorder. Effective interventions must be found to prevent and ameliorate the adverse health consequences of substance abuse, thereby reducing the future high costs of alcohol and drug abuse and smoking.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effective leukocyte removal from platelet preparations by centrifugation in a new pooling bag.

A pooling bag (Leukotrap, Cutter Laboratories, Berkeley, CA) with a protruding pocket at the bottom into which heavier cellular elements are collected after centrifugation at 390 X g for 10 minutes, was studied. The tab is clamped before transfusion. Varying numbers of platelet concentrates (PC) that had been stored for different durations were pooled and centrifuged in the bags. When 4 or more units of PC were studied, the results were independent of the number of units and the duration of storage. Approximately 90 percent of the contaminating leukocytes (WBC) were removed with a platelet loss of less than 10 percent. Similar results were obtained with single-donor platelets (WBCs decreased 93%; range, 77-99%; n = 12). Posttransfusion increments were similar to those with unmodified platelets; in four patients, febrile platelet transfusion reactions were eliminated by the WBC removal. Thus, the bags represent a simple, reproducible, and effective means of reducing WBC and red cell contamination of platelet preparations with acceptable platelet losses.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of AS-3 nutrient-additive solution on 42 and 49 days of storage of red cells.

Storage of red blood cells in a nutrient-additive solution, AS-3 (Nutricel, Cutter Biological, Berkeley, CA), was evaluated after 42 and 49 days of storage by in vitro measurements of hemolysis, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, glucose levels and other constituents, and in vivo study of 24-hour survival of autologous, reinfused red cells labeled with 51Cr with and without 125I human serum albumin. Two laboratories conducted the studies independently. After 42 days of storage, hemolysis was within an acceptable range (0.72 +/- 0.4% and 1 +/- 0.2%), ATP decreased to 61 percent and 56 percent in the two laboratories, and 24-hour survivals were 85.1 +/- 8.3 percent for single-label cells in one laboratory and 82.8 +/- 10 percent (single-label cells) and 84.1 +/- 13.1 percent (double-label cells) in the second laboratory. Thus, results for single- and double-label cells were similar. After 49 days of storage, ATP fell to 45 and 46 percent in the two laboratories. Twenty-four-hour recovery fell to 69.4 +/- 7.4 percent with single-label cells and to 68.2 +/- 6.7 percent with double-label cells in one laboratory. In the other laboratory, a paired study comparing AS-3 with the already approved AS-1 solution (Adsol; Fenwal Laboratories, Deerfield, IL) showed nearly identical 24-hour survivals of 71.9 +/- 8.8 percent in Nutricel and 71.8 +/- 6.5 percent in Adsol. These studies demonstrate the excellent viability of the new solution after 42 days of study. At 49 days of study, viability decreased significantly and was comparable in the two nutrient-additive solutions studied. The value of paired comparison study is demonstrated by the latter results.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of a transfusion preparation of newly formed red cells and standard washed red cell transfusions in patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies of transfusions of newly formed red cells (neocytes) demonstrated modest extensions of transfusion interval in patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The clinical benefits of a new system of neocyte preparation (Neocel, Cutter Biological, Berkeley, CA), reported to combine ease of preparation with reduction in the transfusion requirements of thalassemia patients, were evaluated. Sixteen thalassemic patients who had undergone splenectomy received eight consecutive, standard, automated, washed red cell transfusions (standard transfusions), followed by eight transfusions with the neocyte preparation (neocyte transfusions). In each arm of the study, mean pretransfusion hemoglobin and mean red cell mass transfused were carefully controlled and were similar. RESULTS: A significant (p < 0.0001) extension of transfusion interval was observed in patients receiving neocyte transfusions (mean +/- SD; 38.7 +/- 34 days; range, 35.0-44.5), over that in those receiving standard transfusions (32.9 +/- 2.5 days; range, 29.6-38.5). The mean prolongation of transfusion interval by neocyte transfusion corresponded to a mean reduction of 25 mL in packed red cells transfused per kg of body weight per patient per year and a mean reduction in transfused iron of 15 percent per year per patient. During neocyte transfusions, blood preparation costs were considerably increased and donor exposure was significantly (p < 0.0005) higher than during the standard transfusion period. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that extension of the transfusion interval, and reduction in transfused iron, may be achieved in thalassemic patients by use of the Neocel system. These benefits are achieved, however, with substantial increases in donor exposure and in component preparation costs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Diagnostic discordance for hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with an increase in proinflammatory cytokine levels. Similar changes are seen in maintenance hemodialysis patients with malnutrition-inflammation-cachexia syndrome (MICS), which is associated with poor clinical outcomes in this population. We hypothesized that HCV transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), a sensitive qualitative molecular test for HCV RNA, may identify maintenance hemodialysis patients with HCV infection not detected by means of antibody enzyme immunoassay (EIA), particularly in those with MICS. METHODS: We evaluated HCV status in 314 maintenance hemodialysis patients by using HCV antibody EIA (version 2.0; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) and HCV TMA (Bayer Diagnostics Laboratories, Berkeley, CA). RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (8%) were EIA positive (EIA+)/TMA+; 4 patients (1%), EIA+/TMA negative (TMA-), and 22 patients (7%), EIA-/TMA+. In the 47 TMA+ patients, the sensitivity of EIA for HCV infection was only 53%. TMA+ patients had lower albumin levels and higher tumor necrosis factor alpha and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels than TMA- patients. EIA+/TMA+ patients were more likely than EIA-/TMA+ or EIA-/TMA- patients to have hypoalbuminemia and higher iron and transaminase levels. Of all TMA+ patients, EIA- patients were more likely to have diabetes, be on dialysis therapy longer, and have lower liver enzyme levels and higher proinflammatory cytokine levels, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6. CONCLUSION: Maintenance hemodialysis patients infected with HCV according to TMA have clinical features suggestive of MICS. In this population, HCV EIA appears to have a low sensitivity for the identification of HCV infection, which may be caused by the confounding effect of MICS or other demographic or clinical factors. These apparently false-negative HCV antibody test results are seen in persons with a longer time on hemodialysis therapy, mirroring observations in other populations with serious progressive conditions, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Trends in American nuclear medicine training: past, present, and future.

As soon as the capability to produce radioactive atoms was achieved in the 1930s, physician-scientists gravitated as apprentices toward important research centers, such as those at Berkeley, Washington University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.)/Massachusetts General Hospital. After World War II, Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) trained many of the founders of the specialty of nuclear medicine. The initial ORAU preparatory course lasted only 3 weeks. Over the 20 years after World War II, only 100 to 200 physicians had learned radioisotopic techniques and their clinical applications from their older preceptors. The founding of the conjoint American Board of Nuclear Medicine in 1971 (cosponsored by the American Boards of Internal Medicine, Pathology, and Radiology) marked a new era in certifying the quality of graduates of a growing number of nuclear medicine residency programs. Future trends in nuclear medicine education include the following: greater availability of jobs for physicians with board certification in radiology and nuclear medicine; an increased emphasis on training in positron-emission tomography (PET); and recertification and documentation of maintenance of professional competence as certainties.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2003

Oblimersen sodium (G3139 Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide) therapy in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia: a targeted approach to enhance apoptosis.

The components of the apoptotic pathway are targets for anticancer therapy. Bcl-2 protein inhibits apoptosis and confers resistance to treatment with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and monoclonal antibodies. Oblimersen sodium (G3139, Genasense, Genta Inc, Berkeley Heights, NJ) is an antisense oligonucleotide compound designed to specifically bind to the first six codons of the human bcl-2 mRNA sequence, resulting in degradation of bcl-2 mRNA and subsequent decrease in Bcl-2 protein translation. Oblimersen is the first oligonucleotide to demonstrate proof of principle of an antisense effect in human tumors by the documented downregulation of the target Bcl-2 protein. A growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that oblimersen synergizes with many cytotoxic and biologic/immunotherapeutic agents against a variety of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Randomized clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of oblimersen in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), multiple myeloma (MM), malignant melanoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. In addition, nonrandomized trials are underway to evaluate oblimersen in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Preclinical data support the clinical evaluation of oblimersen in additional tumor types, including chronic myelogenous leukemia, and breast, small cell lung, gastric, colon, bladder (CML), and Merkel cell cancers. Enhancement of the efficacy of anticancer treatments with oblimersen Bcl-2 antisense therapy represents a promising new apoptosis-modulating strategy, and ongoing clinical trials will test this therapeutic approach.

Animals↗