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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Whole-body skeletal muscle mass: development and validation of total-body potassium prediction models.

BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of total body potassium (TBK) in humans is found in skeletal muscle (SM), thus affording a means of predicting total-body SM from whole-body counter-measured (40)K. There are now > 30 whole-body counters worldwide that have large cross-sectional and longitudinal TBK databases. OBJECTIVE: We explored 2 SM prediction approaches, one based on the assumption that the ratio of TBK to SM is stable in healthy adults and the other on a multiple regression TBK-SM prediction equation. DESIGN: Healthy subjects aged >or= 20 y were recruited for body-composition evaluation. TBK and SM were measured by whole-body (40)K counting and multislice magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. A conceptual model with empirically derived data was developed to link TBK and adipose tissue-free SM as the ratio of TBK to SM. RESULTS: A total of 300 subjects (139 men and 161 women) of various ethnicities with a mean (+/- SD) body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 25.1 +/- 5.4 met the study entry criteria. The mean conceptual model-derived TBK-SM ratio was 122 mmol/kg, which was comparable to the measurement-derived TBK-SM ratios in men and women (119.9 +/- 6.7 and 118.7 +/- 8.4 mmol/kg, respectively), although the ratio tended to be lower in subjects aged >or= 70 y. A strong linear correlation was observed between TBK and SM (r = 0.98, P < 0.001), with sex, race, and age as small but significant prediction model covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Two different types of prediction models were developed that provide validated approaches for estimating SM mass from (40)K measurements by whole-body counting. These methods afford an opportunity to predict SM mass from TBK data collected in healthy adults.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2005

My body or yours? The effect of visual perspective on cortical body representations.

A human body part, such as a foot, may be observed from an egocentric perspective (consistent with looking at one's own body, e.g. top of the foot, toes pointing up) or from an allocentric perspective (only consistent with looking at someone else, e.g. top of the foot, toes pointing downwards). We found that the right extrastriate body area (EBA) response to images of body parts was enhanced for body parts presented from an allocentric perspective. Other areas of extrastriate cortex which responded robustly to images of bodies, including the right lateral occipital complex, right MT and left EBA, nevertheless did not distinguish between the two perspectives. A region of primary somatosensory cortex showed the reverse selectivity: the blood oxygen level-dependent response to body parts presented from an allocentric perspective was suppressed. These results help to illuminate the integration of visual and tactile information by which the brain identifies seen body parts as belonging to the self or to another person.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Fraction of carbon-free body mass as oxygen is a constant body composition ratio in men.

Although elements are the foundation of the human body, information concerning the atomic level of body composition is still limited. The aim of this study was to explore potentially constant relationships among elements found in vivo. Based on the known stoichiometries of relevant chemical components, a theoretical model was derived, suggesting the existence of a relatively constant ratio of total body oxygen to carbon-free body mass (TBO/CFM) in men. Eight elements (C, H, N, Ca, P, K, Na and Cl ) were measured in 22 healthy male subjects by using in vivo neutron activation-40K whole-body counting, and TBO was calculated as the difference between body mass and the sum of the eight measured elements. TBO (in kg) was significantly correlated with CFM (in kg): TBO = 0.829 x CFM - 1.8; r = 0.998, P < 0.001, standard error of estimate = 0.4 kg. The ratio of TBO to CFM was relatively constant, mean +/- SD at 0. 800 +/- 0.009 with a CV of 1.1%. Oxygen and carbon are the two most abundant elements in the human body. The discovery of a constant relationship between oxygen and carbon is not only helpful for understanding the atomic level of body composition, but also provides the possibility of estimating the content of specific elements in vivo.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Body K and 40K in Chinese subjects measured with a whole-body counter.

More than 380 Chinese adults of both sexes were studied for their total body K and 40K using the National Tsing Hua University whole-body counter. The K values were found to have an average of 1.75 +/- 0.4 g K kg-1 body weight for males and 1.41 +/- 0.1 g K kg-1 body weight for females. The average K value for both sexes was 1.69 +/- 0.4 g K kg-1 body weight. The annual absorbed dose for the average male was calculated to be 0.21 +/- 0.04 mGy and for the average female was 0.17 +/- 0.01 mGy. The average for both sexes was 0.20 +/- 0.04 mGy. The 40K activity per unit body weight varied inversely with slenderness, and total body K varied directly with body-build index.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Hypothalamic function as related to body weight and body fat in anorexia nervosa.

Percentage body fat is predictive of the onset of menstruation at puberty. In anorexia nervosa a relationship between luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and percentage weight loss has been reported. In the current study the relationship of percentage body fat and of percentage weight loss to LH and LH reactivity was examined in anorexia nervosa. Fifteen women with anorexia nervosa were studied. The resting levels of LH were measured, and in seven of the subjects LH response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and clomiphene was tested. The increment in plasma LH was measured in response to a 100 microgram dose of LHRH, and also to a 5-day course of clomiphene 100 mg. The resting LH levels were found to correlate with percentage fat, body weight, and percentage weight loss. Correlations were also found between the response to either LHRH or clomiphene and percentage weight loss, percentage fat, and absolute body weight. Other pituitary hormones measured did not show a relationship to body fat or weight. It is concluded that in addition to being predictive of the onset of menstruation, percentage body fat is significantly related to resting LH and LH reactivity in anorexia nervosa. Although percentage body fat, percentage weight loss, and absolute body weight are all significant correlates of LH reactivity, we cannot at this time conclude that any one in particular is the superior.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relations among body image, physical attractiveness, and body mass in adolescence.

Body dissatisfaction, a measure of body image, physical attractiveness, and body mass index were assessed in the same 115 participants at ages 13, 15, and 18 years. Sex differences in body dissatisfaction emerged between 13 and 15 years of age and were maintained at 18. Over adolescence, girls increased, while boys decreased, their body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction was weakly related to others' ratings of the adolescents' physical attractiveness and their body mass index. The results support the idea that, overall, adolescents' body image has little to do with how others perceive them, but once developed remains constant through much of adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A polymorphic CA repeat in the IGF-I gene is associated with gender-specific differences in body height, but has no effect on the secular trend in body height.

OBJECTIVE: A polymorphism near the promoter region of the IGF-I gene has been associated with serum IGF-I levels, age-related decline of serum IGF-I levels, body height, birth weight and intima media thickness in hypertensive subjects. DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated the association between the length of the IGF-I alleles of this promoter polymorphism and IGF-I levels and body height. Furthermore, we investigated the potential influence of this polymorphism on final height in relationship to the secular trend of individuals born between 1917 and 1945. All subjects were participants of the Rotterdam Study. RESULTS: We observed, in analyses including only homozygous carriers, the highest IGF-I levels in homozygous carriers of the 192-bp allele (18.7 nmol/l +/- 0.6) and homozygous carriers of the 194-bp allele (17.7 nmol/l +/- 1.4). IGF-I levels were significantly lower in individuals with homozygous longer alleles [> 194-bp (12.0 nmol/l +/- 1.2; P < 0.001)] and homozygous shorter alleles [< 192-bp (15.6 nmol/l +/- 1.4; P < 0.05)] compared to homozygous carriers of the 192-bp and the 194-bp allele. In males and females separately, an optimum for serum IGF-I was also observed in homozygous carriers of the 192-bp and 194-bp allele. Only in males, homozygous carriers of the 192-bp allele were significantly taller than homozygous carriers of the shorter alleles (174.9 cm +/- 0.2 vs. 171.5 cm +/- 1.4; P = 0.01). When all subjects genotyped for the IGF-I promoter polymorphism were included in the analysis, a clear optimum for IGF-I levels and body height was observed in carriers of the 192-bp and/or 194-bp allele in the total population. Between 1917 and 1945, a secular trend in body height was observed in our Dutch population. Mean final body height was significantly higher in carriers of the most frequent alleles (192-bp and/or the 194-bp), than carriers of the remaining shorter and longer genotypes (P-trend < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we observed an optimum in IGF-I levels and final body height for the 192-bp and 194-bp allele of the IGF-I gene. A gender-specific effect of the IGF-I alleles on body height was observed. The secular trend in body height observed in our elderly Dutch population was similar for the different genotypes; carriers of the 192-bp and/or the 194-bp allele remained significantly taller throughout time.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2006

Precedence of the shift of body-fat distribution over the change in body composition after menopause.

AIM: This study investigated the sequence of certain phenomena after menopause: decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), change in body composition (lean and fat components), and the shift toward upper body fat distribution. METHODS: Subjects were 188 postmenopausal women aged 50-65 years old. They were divided into four subgroups based on 4-year increments in age. Regularly menstruating women (n = 51) aged 50-53 years old served as controls. Age, height, weight, and years since menopause were recorded. Body fat mass, percentage of body fat (%fat), lean body mass (LBM), lumbar spine (L2-4), total body BMD, and the trunk-leg fat mass ratio were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: In postmenopausal women (n = 42) aged 50-53 years, BMD was lower compared to age-matched controls (P < 0.05), while other variables did not differ. Trunk-leg fat mass ratio in women aged 54-57 years or more was significantly higher than that in control. LBM was significantly lower while percentage fat was significantly higher in women aged 58-61 years old or more. CONCLUSION: An initial event during the menopausal process is BMD loss, which is followed by body fat distribution shift, then LBM loss and reciprocal increase in body fat mass.

Body Composition↗
PubMed2000

Body fat content influences the body composition response to nutrition and exercise.

In most situations involving a significant change in body weight, both fat-free body mass (FFM) and body fat participate, but the relative contribution of FFM and fat to the total weight change is influenced by the initial body fat content. Overfeeding: In experiments of at least 3-weeks' duration, the weight gain of thin people comprises 60-70% lean tissues, whereas in the obese it is 30-40%. Underfeeding: In humans, there is an inverse curvilinear relationship between initial body fat content and the proportion of weight loss consisting of lean tissue. The same trend holds for animals and birds, including loss during hibernation. Another factor is the magnitude of the energy deficit: as energy intake is reduced, lean tissue makes up an increasing fraction of the total weight loss. Exercise: If individuals lose much weight with exercise, the result is usually some loss of lean tissue as well as fat, and once again the proportion of lean loss to total weight loss is greater in thin people than in those who have larger body fat burdens. Members of twin pairs often differ in weight. In thin individuals, lean accounts for about half of the intrapair weight difference, whereas in the obese it accounts for only one quarter. Body fat content must be taken into account in evaluating body composition changes induced by nutrition and exercise.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Whole body and abdominal lipolytic sensitivity to epinephrine is suppressed in upper body obese women.

We measured whole body and regional lipolytic and adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) sensitivity to epinephrine in 8 lean [body mass index (BMI): 21 +/- 1 kg/m(2)] and 10 upper body obese (UBO) women (BMI: 38 +/- 1 kg/m(2); waist circumference >100 cm). All subjects underwent a four-stage epinephrine infusion (0.00125, 0.005, 0.0125, and 0.025 microgram. kg fat-free mass(-1). min(-1)) plus pancreatic hormonal clamp. Whole body free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol rates of appearance (R(a)) in plasma were determined by stable isotope tracer methodology. Abdominal and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue lipolytic activity was determined by microdialysis and (133)Xe clearance methods. Basal whole body FFA R(a) and glycerol R(a) were both greater (P < 0.05) in obese (449 +/- 31 and 220 +/- 12 micromol/min, respectively) compared with lean subjects (323 +/- 44 and 167 +/- 21 micromol/min, respectively). Epinephrine infusion significantly increased FFA R(a) and glycerol R(a) in lean (71 +/- 21 and 122 +/- 52%, respectively; P < 0.05) but not obese subjects (7 +/- 6 and 39 +/- 10%, respectively; P = not significant). In addition, lipolytic and ATBF sensitivity to epinephrine was blunted in abdominal but not femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese compared with lean subjects. We conclude that whole body lipolytic sensitivity to epinephrine is blunted in women with UBO because of decreased sensitivity in upper body but not lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1987

Body composition in adolescents: estimation by total body electrical conductivity.

This comparative study, conducted on 28 boys and girls of widely varying fatness, was designed to validate a new whole-body composition method [total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC)], based on bioelectrical properties of the human body. A significant correlation [r = 0.911; standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 5.3 kg] was demonstrated between the transformed TOBEC scores (TOBEC0.5 X Ht) and lean body mass (LBM) determined by hydrodensitometry and corrected for individual variations in hydration (LBMd + W). TOBEC determinations also correlated well with 1) total body water determined by deuterium oxide dilution (r = 0.877; SEE = 4.5 liters), 2) total body potassium determined by means of a 4 pi whole-body counter (r = 0.860; SEE = 430.7 meq), 3) LBM derived from skinfold thicknesses (r = 0.850; SEE = 5.8 kg). The residuals of the regression between LBMd + W and TOBEC scores did not show any significant correlation with either the potassium or the water content of the LBM. The results indicate that TOBEC is a simple, rapid, reliable, and noninvasive technique for delineating changes in body composition that occur in children during growth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Differential effects of body fatness and body fat distribution on risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women. Impact of weight loss.

This study examines the role of obesity and body fat distribution (ie, waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in 50 nondiabetic, obese (body mass index [BMI], 31 +/- 2 kg/m2, mean +/- SD), 45 +/- 10-year-old women. The data obtained at baseline and after weight loss were analyzed after dividing subjects by WHR into upper-body (WHR > 0.80) and lower-body (WHR < or = 0.80) groups and by median-split BMI into more obese (BMI > or = 31) and less obese (BMI < 31) groups. At baseline, the upper-body obese women, when compared with lower-body obese women, had higher plasma triglycerides (TGs) (175 +/- 85 versus 111 +/- 47 mg/dL, respectively; P < .001) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (44 +/- 10 versus 54 +/- 11, respectively; P < .01) but similar total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and blood pressure. There were no significant differences in these CVD risk factors at baseline by BMI split. Although weight loss (-9 +/- 5 kg) lowered blood pressure and TGs irrespective of WHR or BMI, only upper-body obese women raised HDL-C. Moreover, the magnitude of the changes was greatest in women with an upper-body fat distribution. In women with WHR > 0.80, HDL-C increased by 11%, to 49 mg/dL (P < .001), and TGs decreased by 24%, to 134 mg/dL (P < .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between perceived and ideal body size and body mass index in 3rd-grade low socioeconomic Hispanic children.

Very little is known about body satisfaction among minority children. This study examined the relationship between perceived and actual body size and Body Mass Index among 43 low-socioeconomic Hispanic 3rd-graders. Researchers measured participants' Body Mass Index; students self-reported Perceived Ideal Self Image and Perceived Actual Self Image using Collins' (1991) pictorial instrument scale of seven child body images that illustrate body weight from very thin to obese. The majority of students chose body images from the scale that depicted a healthy weight for both their Perceived Ideal Self Image and Perceived Actual Self Image. More boys than girls chose underweight as their Perceived Ideal Self Image. Thirty percent of the students were found to be overweight and 30 percent were at risk for being overweight. A small positive correlation between Perceived Actual Self Image and Body Mass Index was found.

Body Image↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacological properties of traditional medicines. XXV. Effects of ephedrine, amygdalin, glycyrrhizin, gypsum and their combinations on body temperature and body fluid.

Effects of ephedrine, amygdalin, glycyrrhizin, gypsum and their combinations on body temperature and body fluid were studied in rats using the method developed in our previous reports. Ephedrine significantly increased respiratory evaporative water loss and heat loss in response to a marked elevation of body temperature. There was a small but significant increase in body temperature when amygdalin was orally given rats at a dose of 46.32 mg/kg. Glycyrrhizin and gypsum were unable to affect body temperature. However, gypsum was able to prevent the increased action of ephedrine on body temperature, amygdalin exhibited a preventive tendency to it, and glycyrrhizin did not affect it. The results are in good agreement with classical claims of Makyo-kanseki-to and the related crude drugs in traditional medicine. Moreover, a combination of the four components reproduced the effects of Makyo-kanseki-to on body temperature and body fluid. This report suggests that the co-administration of ephedrine and gypsum is physiologically more desirable than ephedrine alone for dry-type asthmatic patients with a fever. Also, it experimentally supports the clinical efficacy of Makyo-kanseki-to.

Amygdalin↗
PubMed2006

MDCT angiography of the pulmonary arteries: influence of body weight, body mass index, and scan length on arterial enhancement at different iodine flow rates.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether body weight, body mass index, and scan length influence arterial enhancement during CT angiography (CTA) of the pulmonary arteries at different iodine flow rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CTA examinations of the pulmonary arteries performed for routine clinical care of 120 patients between March and December 2003 were retrospectively evaluated. Patients had received either 120 mL of contrast medium with an iodine concentration of 300 mg I/mL (group A) or 90 mL of contrast medium with an iodine concentration of 400 mg I/mL (group B). The iodine dose was 36 g, and the injection rate was 4 mL/s in all examinations. The iodine flow rate was 1.2 g I/s in group A and 1.6 g I/s in group B. Arterial attenuation along the z-axis was measured per patient, and the influence of body weight, body mass index, and scan length on enhancement of the pulmonary arteries in the two groups was assessed. RESULTS: In group A and in group B, body weight and body mass index correlated significantly with mean enhancement along the z-axis (r = -0.35 and -0.26 for group A and -0.48 and -0.40 for group B). Scan length showed no correlation with pulmonary attenuation. Mean pulmonary artery enhancement was significantly higher in group B with a difference of 51 H compared with group A. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary artery attenuation in CTA of the pulmonary arteries shows a small but significant correlation with body weight and body mass index independently of the iodine flow rate used. A higher iodine flow rate improves pulmonary artery enhancement.

Angiography↗
PubMed2006

Body-size perception, body-esteem, and parenting history in college women reporting a history of child abuse.

This study investigated the relations among physical, emotional, and sexual abuse up to adolescence and subsequent perception of body size, detection of changes in body size, and body-esteem. The role of parenting history in abused participants was also examined. 38 college undergraduate women, half of whom had been abused, reported instances of abuse, childhood parenting history, and current body-esteem. A recently developed software program of Gardner and Boice was used to present a series of distorted frontal profiles of each participant's own body for the women to rate as being too wide or too thin. A psychophysical procedure called adaptive probit estimation was used to measure the amount of over- and underestimation of these ratings and whether these changes were statistically significant. Analysis showed abused participants had distorted perceptions of body size, although the direction of the distortion was not consistent. There was no difference in detection of changes in body size. Abused and nonabused participants differed on measures of body-esteem and on ratings of most parenting experiences, including experiences with both mothers and fathers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Perception of body size and body satisfaction in recovered anorexic women: comparison with restrained and unrestrained eaters.

The perception of body size, measured by three different methods, and body satisfaction were assessed in 23 formerly anorexic inpatients with an "intermediate" (n = 9) or a "good" outcome (n = 14) and compared with the data obtained from 21 restrained and 20 unrestrained eaters. Using the Kinaesthetic Size Estimation Apparatus, overestimation and uncertainty in the perception of body size became apparent in both groups of former patients. The other two methods, Video Distortion Technique and Image Marking Procedure, did not produce comparable results. There was only a trend towards higher scores on body dissatisfaction, as measured by the Body Shape Questionnaire, in the patients' groups in comparison with the group of unrestrained eaters, whereas the patients' scores on body dissatisfaction were quite similar to those of the restrained eaters. None of these measures discriminated between the two outcome categories of "intermediate" and "good.". These findings suggest that restoration of body weight, by itself, obviously does not cause a normalization of body experience in all its components in patients with anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Relationship of body size and body mass to blood pressure: sex-specific and developmental influences.

The relationship of body mass and body fat distribution to blood pressure has been recognized for many years. This relationship has formed the basis for much additional research, including the impact of growth and developmental factors on blood pressure levels. Blood pressure in children is related to somatic growth and is tied to increases in height, skeletal maturation, and sexual maturation. Sexual and ethnic differences in blood pressure levels are already apparent during childhood and may also be related to the process of growth and sexual maturity. Body size exerts a profound influence on a variety of physiological functions, including blood pressure and the onset of sexual maturity. In general, studies have reported a strong linear relationship between height and blood pressure and between body mass and blood pressure such that tracking correlations from childhood to adulthood for both blood pressure and body mass index are significant for most sex and ethnic groups. Studies evaluating the effects of hormone replacement therapy on post-menopausal women have thus far generated results suggesting that the age-related rise of blood pressure is not due directly to hormonal changes associated with menopause. The interrelated effects of growth, maturation, body weight, and body fat are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Environmental influences may modify relationships established much earlier, perhaps as early as prenatally, during infancy, or during early childhood. Directions for future research and implications resulting from the complex relationship between body weight and blood pressure are discussed.

Adolescent↗