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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Ethanol alters spatial processing of hippocampal place cells: a mechanism for impaired navigation when intoxicated.

This study describes a new mechanism by which ethanol alters brain function and may impair performance on tasks requiring spatial navigation. Recording electrophysiological activity from single neurons in the awake, freely behaving animal, the present study shows that ethanol impairs the ability of place cells in the hippocampus to process spatial information. The impairment by ethanol in spatial processing of place cells was remarkably similar to the impairment produced by lesions of afferents to the hippocampus, except that the effect of ethanol was reversible. Since lesions to hippocampal afferents that alter spatial processing of place cells concomitantly impair spatial navigation, the present results suggest that ethanol similarly impairs spatial navigation by altering spatial processing of place cells. The present results have implications for the observation that ethanol impairs performance on navigational tasks that require spatial processing, such as automobile driving.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1996

A comparative analysis of signal processing methods for motion-based rate responsive pacing.

Pacemakers that augment heart rate (HR) by sensing body motion have been the most frequently prescribed rate responsive pacemakers. Many comparisons between motion-based rate responsive pacemaker models have been published. However, conclusions regarding specific signal processing methods used for rate response (e.g., filters and algorithms) can be affected by device-specific features. To objectively compare commonly used motion sensing filters and algorithms, acceleration and ECG signals were recorded from 16 normal subjects performing exercise and daily living activities. Acceleration signals were filtered (1-4 or 15-Hz band-pass), then processed using threshold crossing (TC) or integration (IN) algorithms creating four filter/algorithm combinations. Data were converted to an acceleration indicated rate and compared to intrinsic HR using root mean square difference (RMSd) and signed RMSd. Overall, the filters and algorithms performed similarly for most activities. The only differences between filters were for walking at an increasing grade (1-4 Hz superior to 15-Hz) and for rocking in a chair (15-Hz superior to 1-4 Hz). The only differences between algorithms were for bicycling (TC superior to IN), walking at an increasing grade (IN superior to TC), and holding a drill (IN superior to TC). Performance of the four filter/algorithm combinations was also similar over most activities. The 1-4/IN (filter [Hz]/algorithm) combination performed best for walking at a grade, while the 15/TC combination was best for bicycling. However, the 15/TC combination tended to be most sensitive to higher frequency artifact, such as automobile driving, downstairs walking, and hand drilling. Chair rocking artifact was highest for 1-4/IN. The RMSd for bicycling and upstairs walking were large for all combinations, reflecting the nonphysiological nature of the sensor. The 1-4/TC combination demonstrated the least intersubject variability, was the only filter/algorithm combination insensitive to changes in footwear, and gave similar RMSd over a large range of amplitude thresholds for most activities. In conclusion, based on overall error performance, the preferred filter/algorithm combination depended upon the type of activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Carbon monoxide automobile emissions measured from the interior of a traveling automobile.

During a procedure to monitor carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations inside a traveling car, it was discovered that CO emissions from individual passing vehicles produced accurately measurable increases in the CO concentration. The CO produced by individual vehicles varied by three orders of magnitude; this finding demonstrates that a relatively small number of cars can be responsible for a high percentage of total vehicle CO Emissions.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed1969

Some features of traffic accidents.

Some aspects of urban and rural traffic accidents have been studied at the scene of some accidents in Birmingham and the county of Worcestershire. Accidents to pedestrians are essentially an urban problem, occur mainly at low speed, and most of the serious injury comes from the initial contact with the vehicle, rather than from secondary impacts with the road surface. The characteristics of motor-cycle accidents are more varied; in urban areas there are many side impacts, with consequent injury to the lower limbs, while rural collisions are predominantly front on, with a high incidence of head injury. Accidents to car occupants vary according to the environment.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

Effectiveness of Ford's belt reminder system in increasing seat belt use.

OBJECTIVES: The study investigated the effectiveness in increasing seat belt use of Ford's belt reminder system, a supplementary system that provides intermittent flashing lights and chimes for five minutes if drivers are not belted. METHODS: Seat belt use of drivers in relatively new cars with and without the reminder system was unobtrusively observed as vehicles were brought to dealerships for service. RESULTS: Overall use rates were estimated at 71% for drivers in vehicles without the reminder system and 76% for drivers in vehicles with belt reminders (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Seat belt use is relatively low in the United States. The present study showed that vehicle based reminder systems can be at least modestly effective in increasing belt use, which may encourage further development of such systems.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed2001

Challenges in motor vehicle safety.

Reductions in motor vehicle injury and death represent a major public health success. Since the advent of the federal program in highway safety in 1966, motor vehicle deaths have dropped dramatically, not only in rates per miles driven but also in absolute numbers. Key to this success has been the broad-based comprehensive approach promoted by the program's first administrator, a public health physician. The federal program provided leadership and coordination that leveraged national, state, and local programs to bring about safer vehicles, improved traffic records, more effective enforcement, enormously improved emergency medical services, more responsible judicial systems, and many other accomplishments. Although progress has been made on many fronts, major areas addressed here include federal motor vehicle safety standards, alcohol safety programs, occupant restraint laws and usage, and speed limits. The achievements in motor vehicle safety provide a model for other injury control efforts.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2001

Increased attentional blink after focal cerebral lesions.

BACKGROUND: Once a person identifies a visual object, the ability to detect a second object is impaired for the next few hundred milliseconds. This attentional blink is reported to increase in subjects with neglect due to acute right hemisphere lesions. METHOD: To examine neural substrates of the attentional blink, the authors examined the performance of 13 subjects with chronic focal brain lesions visualized by MRI and nine control subjects without neurologic impairments on a rapid serial visual presentation task that used letters as targets. RESULTS: Attentional blink length in the lesion group was more than twice that of controls (p < 0.05). The magnitude of the attentional blink deficit was greatest when the second target appeared 200 ms after the first target, recovering close to baseline by 1,200 ms. Abnormal attentional blink occurred (even in the absence of neglect) with lesions in the occipitotemporal areas (associated with "object" vision) and the prefrontal cortices (thought to mediate visual working memory). CONCLUSIONS: Attentional blink length and attentional blink magnitude measure different components of the attentional blink process. Abnormal attentional blink can occur with different chronic focal brain lesions in a network of structures for vision and attention, and it has no special status in hemispatial neglect. Abnormal attentional blink may help explain difficulties on rapid, visually demanding cognitive tasks such as reading and automobile driving and may explain performance deficits in brain damaged patients with nonspatial disorders of visual processing.

Adult↗