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PubMedDate not supplied

Anthropometry in adolescent girls in Kingston, Jamaica.

There is little information on the nutritional status of adolescents in developing countries. In particular there is a lack of data concerning black adolescents. We measured height, weight, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds in 452 13-14-year-old girls, randomly selected from those attending nine schools in Kingston, Jamaica. The girls' heights and body mass indices were appropriate for their age. This suggests that undernutrition was not a significant problem in this population. However, the girls' skinfolds were smaller than the US references, both those for the total population and those for blacks only. The fat pattern (triceps/subscapular ratio) was similar to that reported for adult black women in the United States. It is possible that the levels of fat in the references are not appropriate for this population. Data from other black populations are needed for comparison.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anthropometry fails in classifying bone mineral status in postmenopausal women.

This study tested two hypotheses: (1) that simple anthropometric parameters can be used to identify patients at risk of decreased bone mineral content and (2) that an inverse relationship exists between waist:hip ratio (WHR) and bone mineral density (BMD). Bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 1873 free-living women. Of these, 1819 (97%) were post-menopausal. One thousand and thirteen women (54%) had normal BMD, 705 (38%) osteopenia and 155 (8%) osteoporosis. Body weight (Wt), body mass index and arm muscle and fat areas were significantly lower in osteoporotics than osteopenics (p < 0.0001) and in these latter than controls (p < 0.0001). However, values of WHR were similar in all groups (p = ns). Body weight was the anthropometric parameter better correlated with BMC (rho = 0.650, p < 0.0001) and only Wt and age were identified as significant predictors of bone mineral status (normal-BMD/osteopenic/osteoporotic) at polytomous logistic regression (p = 0.0001 for each). However, Wt could not be employed as an indicator of bone mineral status at the individual level because of high variations in BMC for the same level of Wt. Under- (< 5th percentile) and normal-Wt (5th-95th percentile) women had the same frequency of osteopenia (39%) while it was lower in over-Wt (> 95th) women (13%). The frequency of osteoporosis was higher in under- than normal-Wt women (37 vs 7%) and none of the over-Wt women had osteoporosis. This study shows that: (1) simple anthropometric measurements cannot be used to select subjects at risk of decreased BMC and, (2) BMD does not vary with WHR.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eight thousand years of economic and political history in Latin America revealed by anthropometry.

Human growth in height may be used as a cumulative record of the nutritional and health history of a person or a population, and often reflects the economic, social and political environment in which those people live. This paper explores the relationship between growth in height and the economic, social and political environment in Latin American populations. Adult height is analysed over an 8250 year period. It is shown that economic, social and political change prior to the European conquest of the Americas resulted in positive and negative trends in mean stature. Following the European conquest, there was a decline in mean adult stature in Middle and South America that continued until about 1939. From 1940 to 1989 there was a trend for increasing mean stature. A negative trend in stature for children is found in a second analysis. Economic decline and political unrest in Guatemala since 1978 is associated with a significant decline in the mean stature of 10- and 11-year-old children from families from very high, moderate, and very low socioeconomic status.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of anthropometry, biochemical variables and plasma amino acids among centenarians, elderly and young subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Aging health is associated with nutritional changes which are not well understood and were therefore evaluated in this study by comparing the nutritional status of centenarians and elderly (in their 70s) relative to young subjects. SUBJECTS: The participants were 27 young subjects (10 males, 17 females), 40 healthy elderly (20 males, 20 females) and 32 centenarians (9 males, 23 females). METHODS: The activities of daily living (ADL), height, weight, body mass index (BMI), biochemical variables (total protein, albumin, triglycerides as well as total, HDL, LDL and VLDL cholesterol) and plasma amino acid profiles were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with young subjects, lower (p<0.05) height, weight, total protein, albumin and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio and total cholesterol for centenarians and height, albumin and A/G ratio for elderly were observed in both genders. Total cholesterol of male centenarians was lower than in young and elderly subjects and total and LDL cholesterol concentrations of female elderly were higher than those of young and centenarian subjects. However, the cholesterol concentrations of all the centenarians were within the reference range. The ratios of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the centenarians than the young subjects. Clear changes in individual amino acids with aging were lower (p<0.05) branched chain amino acids and methionine and higher proline and cystine, which are similar to the amino acid profiles in liver deterioration. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the centenarians had poor nutritional status, which may be due to their decreased metabolism and the possibility that only short, slender individuals with low lipids, protein and essential amino acids are those that tend to survive to be centenarians.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Associations between arterial compliance and anthropometry of children from four ethnic groups in south africa: the THUSA BANA Study.

AIM: To investigate whether associations and differences exist regarding the arterial compliance, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters of children of four different ethnic groups in South Africa. STUDY DESIGN: In this study, 1244 children from four ethnic groups, aged 10-15 years, were randomly selected from five regions of the North West Province. Blood pressure was measured with a Finapres apparatus and analysed to obtain systemic arterial compliance. Measurements were done to obtain body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio and percentage body fat. Dietary intake was determined with a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire. RESULTS: The black and mixed-origin subjects indicated the lowest values (p < or = 0.05) for BMI, percentage body fat, and dietary intake, whereas the white and Indian subjects showed significantly higher values than the other ethnic groups. The white and Indian children had significantly higher arterial compliance than the black and mixed-origin children at all ages from 10 to 15 years. Compliance showed significant correlations with all anthropometric parameters. CONCLUSION: Since black and mixed-origin children have the highest prevalence of undernutrition and stunted growth, it is suggested that parental undernutrition and inadequate nutrition in early life, associated with lower arterial compliance, may lead to the onset of adult hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and association of snoring, anthropometry and hypertension in Korea.

OBJECTIVES: There is little data on the relationships between hypertension and snoring in Asians, whose anthropometrics and prevalence of diseases are different from Western populations. This study evaluated the prevalence and the factors associated with snoring in an adult Korean population (18 years). METHODS: The questions on snoring were divided into five Likert scales ["never" to "severe"(everyday)]. Subjects were divided into two mutually exclusive groups: moderate and severe groups of snorers considered habitual snorers, and never, sometimes and mild snorers considered the non-snoring group. We classified the severity of hypertension according to JNC 6. Independent variables included demographic and baseline characteristics, hypertension, anthropometrics, current medical history, medications and substance use. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of habitual snoring is 15.58% in males and 8.40% in females. The mean age, body mass index (BMI), both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and anthropometric data, including neck, chest and abdominal girth, were significantly associated with the snoring group in both men and women. Neck length was only significantly shorter in females, not in males. Alcohol consumption rate was significantly higher in the snoring group of the men, but was lower in the snoring group in women. Smoking did not show any significant relationship with snoring and non-snoring groups in both genders. Snoring was significantly higher in the menopause group (odds ratio 2.8) than the premenopausal group. Fifty per cent in the snoring group and 33.08% in the non-snoring group were diagnosed as having hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in the snoring group aged<40 years and was weakly significant in those subjects aged between 40 and 60 years in males. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in the snoring group in those both aged<40 years and those aged between 40 and 60 years in females. Those aged>60 years old in both genders showed no significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension between snorers and non-snorers. The relationship between hypertension and snoring after adjustments for age, BMI, age, smoke and alcohol usage showed a dose-response relationship in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the dose-response relationship between hypertension and snoring, even after adjustments for age, BMI, age, smoke and alcohol usage. Snoring significantly increased after menopause in women. Snoring had a significant relationship with neck length in females but not in males. There is a dose-response relationship between snoring and hypertension in both genders in those subjects aged<60 years old.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Anthropometry for design for the elderly.

This paper presents anthropometric data on elderly people in Australia. Data were collected in the metropolitan city of Sydney, NSW, Australia. In all 171 elderly people (males and females, aged 65 years and above) took part in the study. Mean values, standard deviations, medians, range, and coefficients of variation for the various body dimensions were estimated. Correlation coefficients were also calculated to determine the relationship between different body dimensions for the elderly population. The mean stature of elderly Australian males and females were compared with populations from other countries. The paper discusses design implications for elderly people and provides several examples of application of the anthropometric data.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Weight, height and body mass index distributions in geographically and ethnically diverse samples of older persons. Ad Hoc Committee on the Statistics of Anthropometry and Aging.

We compared anthropometric data (height, weight and body mass index) from 19 geographically and ethnically varied samples of community-dwelling elderly people. Participants were stratified into three age groups, 60-69, 70-79 and 80 years or older. We present age-group-specific means and standard deviations for height, weight and body mass index (BMI, weight/height2) and the prevalence of underweight (BMI < 20) and overweight (BMI > or = 30). Across studies there are large differences in the prevalence of overweight and underweight, but in all studies mean height and BMI decreased with age. In general, mean BMI among 70-79-year-old women is greater than that for men of a similar age, and the Mediterranean samples are heavier for height than samples from Western Europe, Asia, Africa and the United States. The comparisons suggest that the sensitivity and specificity of a fixed cut-off for underweight and overweight are likely to differ by sex, age, and geographic location in samples of older persons.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Marginal malnutrition in school-aged Colombian boys: anthropometry and maturation.

Colombian reference data for weight and height were used to classify 1108 boys 6 to 16 yr old as nutritionally normal, low weight for age, and low weight for height. The normal group in upper socioeconomic urban and normal, low weight for age, low weight for height groups in lower socioeconomic urban and rural populations were studied. The achieved growth, growth velocities, skinfolds, mid-arm and head circumferences, and sexual maturation were all depressed in the nutritionally deprived groups indicating marginal malnutrition. Since normal boys exist in low socioeconomic and rural populations, normative data for economically advantaged children (national standards), on the average, may serve as desirable goals for low socioeconomic and rural populations. Different cutoff points for achieved growth might be established for marginal malnutrition using national or international reference populations. These ought to be age-related because of accumulated effect of slowed growth with age. Head circumference of school-aged children may proved a useful anthropometric tool in deciding early nutritional history.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Anthropometry of Mexican-American migrant children in northern California.

Anthropometric data were obtained from 209 Mexican-American migrant children, aged 0 to 7 yr, in the Sacramento Valley of California. Hematocrit was measured for 170 children. Only 13 children (7.6%) had hematocrits below acceptable levels. Weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height growth percentiles approximated the National Center for Health Statistics standards. Only 15% of the children were at or below the 10th percentile of height-for-age, and only 7% were above the 95th percentile of weight-for-height, in contrast to earlier studies of Mexican-American children. The mean percentile of weight-for-height increased significantly with age, while height-for-age decreased. The rate of growth in weight and height accelerated during their summer residence in the US, indicating that the adequate growth status of these children may be related to improved conditions for growth while in the US.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1987

Assessment of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal fat: relation between anthropometry and computed tomography.

The ability to distinguish between intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal fat may be important in epidemiologic and clinical research. In this study anthropometric measurements were taken from 71 men and 34 women presenting for routine computed tomography (CT). Areas of abdominal fat were calculated from CT scans made at the level of the L4 vertebra. The amounts of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal fat could be accurately predicted from several circumferences, skinfold measurements, body mass index, and age (R2 ranged from 0.79 to 0.84). In addition, it was found that the area of intra-abdominal fat on the CT scan was related to the waist:hip circumference ratio (r = 0.75 in men, r = 0.55 in women) and to the waist:thigh circumference ratio (r = 0.55 in men, r = 0.70 in women). The correlations of the circumference ratios with the areas of subcutaneous fat were invariably lower.

Abdomen↗