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PubMed1979

The gonotrophic cycle in Simulium ochraceum.

Oogenesis in Simulium ochraceum is characterized in terms of distinct stages of follicular development following emergence, sugar feeding, and completion of a blood meal. Changes in the ovary following the first oviposition are also described. This black fly species was found to be anautogenous and exhibited gonotrophic concordance. The formation of follicular dilatations after oviposition followed a distinct pattern with traces of cellular debris evident up to 144 hours. The presence of fructose, as detected by the cold Anthrone test, indicated that both parous and nulliparous flies routinely imbibe nectars as part of their foraging behavior. The availability and frequent use of nectar may contribute significantly to longevity of parous flies, hence increasing their vector potential.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Adxanthromycins A and B, new inhibitors of ICAM-1/LFA-1 mediated cell adhesion molecule from Streptomyces sp. NA-148. II. Physico-chemical properties and structure elucidation.

Adxanthromycins A and B are new inhibitors of ICAM-1/LFA-1 mediated cell adhesion molecule isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. NA-148. The molecular formula of adxanthromycins A and B were determined as C42H40O17 and C48H50O22, respectively by FAB-MS and NMR spectral analyses, and the structures of both compounds were elucidated to be a dimeric anthrone peroxide skeleton containing alpha-D-galactose by various NMR spectral analyses and chemical degradation.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of composition of sugar meals of wild mosquitoes by gas chromatography.

Gas chromatography (GC) was successfully used for the first time to determine the components of natural sugar meals in individual mosquitoes and to determine whether carbohydrases are present in the crops of these insects. Crops of wild mosquitoes collected from a 2-ha cypress swamp north of Gainesville, FL, contained fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, turanose, melibiose, erlose, melezitose, raffinose, and a few unidentified carbohydrates. Time course studies with male and female Aedes albopictus showed rapid hydrolysis (> 90%) of sucrose occurring within 2 h of ingestion, whereas melezitose remained relatively unchanged even 8 h after ingestion. The crop extraction/GC analysis technique is an improvement over the cold anthrone test traditionally used for sugar analysis. This procedure is a rapid one-step process used to determine natural sugar sources, hydrolysis, occurrence, and preferences for individual wild sugar-feeding Diptera.

Aedes↗
PubMed1979

Isolation of a polysaccharide antigen from Schistosoma mansoni eggs.

A polysaccharide antigen was isolated from Schistosoma mansoni egg homogenates by the phenol procedure. The crude preparation (CPEA) contained at least two antigens. The more purified antigen (PEA) was isolated by sequential enzymatic treatment of CPEA with DNase, RNase, Pronase, and alpha-amylase. PEA was resistant to boiling, freezing and thawing, mild acid and alkali, and chloroform, but was destroyed with periodate. It gave a positive reaction with anthrone reagent. PEA was eluted in the wash fraction from a DEAE cellulose collumn and in the void volume of a Sephacryl 200 column. After immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide electrophoresis there was little or no migration. Amino acid analysis failed to reveal ninhydrin-positive material in the a hydrolyzate of PEA. These resluts suggested that PEA is a neutral polysaccharide with a m.w. of more than 200,000 and contains no amino acids or hexosamine. Antibodies against PEA were detected in sera obtained from mice infected with S. mansoni. PEA is different from previously described antigens derived from schistosome eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Trehalose and glycogen levels during the initial stages of growth of Candida albicans.

Yeast phase cells of Candida albicans were extracted with cold 0.5 M trichloroacetic acid. The only quantitatively significant anthrone-positive material in these extracts was trehalose which was identified chromatographically and enzymatically. Glycogen in the residue was digested with amyloglucosidase to free glucose which was assayed by a glucose oxidase method. Washed cells from a stationary phase culture of C. albicans rapidly decreased their trehalose content during the early phases of growth on a fresh glucose-containing medium. Concurrent increases in total glycogen concentration were of a greater magnitude than could be accounted for by trehalose mobilization. Thus a specific role for trehalose during initial growth is indicated and is compared with other fungal systems. Trehalase activity was measured in situ and showed only minor changes during the time intervals of these experiments in contrast to other reports on S. cerevisiae. A large fraction of the enzyme in C. albicans behaved as external to the protoplasmic membrane. On one type of growth medium C. albicans exhibited (in addition to trehalose) variable amounts of a sugar alcohol in trichloroacetic acid extracts. This has tentatively been identified as arabitol.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

A new heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, designed to protect against disease due to serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F, was formulated with aluminium phosphate adjuvant and analysed before testing in infants. Analyses were complicated by the presence of the adjuvant, and by the low level of each antigen; for example, all serotypes were formulated at 2 microg of saccharide /dose (except 6B which was formulated at 4 microg). Type specific analyses were performed on the formulated vaccine, and included determination of immunogenicity and antigenicity; the former was measured by ELISA following immunization of rabbits, the latter was measured by rate nephelometry. Non serotype specific information was also collected, and included total and adsorbed saccharide (by Anthrone assay), and total and adsorbed protein (by Lowry assay). These preclinical data supported the use of the vaccine in infants in a large randomized double-blinded clinical trial in a multiethnic population. The results of this trial show that the vaccine is safe and efficacious. Collectively, the data will be used to support licensure of the heptavalent vaccine, and documents successful scale-up of the formulation process to manufacturing level.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed1975

[Transport and mode of action of sennosides].

Prior to attempting to develop a new laxative, pharmacodynamic studies were conducted on the individual active constituents of senna. Sennoside A, sennoside B and rhein were injected intravenously and were introduced into the isolated stomach, small bowel and large bowel of the anaesthetised pig. Blood, urine and bile, collected over 6 hours, were assayed by a novel fluorometric technique. Recoveries and measured oil water partition coefficients indicate that the sennosides are virtually non-absorbed in the stomach and small bowel. Following administrations outside the large bowel, anthracene derivative concentrations in the lumen and wall of the colon were below the limits of detection. Thus, a transport theory involving absorption and resecretion of sennosides into the large bowel is discounted. The results support a mode of action involving direct transport through the alimentary canal to the large bowel where micro-organism break the sugar-anthracene bonds. Derivatives of the liberated lipophilic aglycones are absorbed into the wall of the colon and stimulate the nerve plexuses thereby leading to defaecation. The "colon-specific" mode of action of the natural anthrone glycosides appears to be an ideal method of stimulating bowel action.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Liver regeneration as influenced by the structure of aromatic and heterocyclic compounds.

The effect of aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives and heterocyclic agents administered s.c. daily for the first 7 days or as dietary supplements was ascertained on the extent of liver regeneration in partially hepatectomized male rats over a period of 10 days. The monoalkylbenzenes proved ineffective by injection except for ethylbenzene and possibly n-propylbenzene and the introduction of the double or triple bond in the side-chain as exemplified by styrene and phenylacetylene, led to little change over the respective controls. A number of noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons accelerated the regenerative process but much higher s.c. dosages were required as compared to the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. As tested by the dietary route, the optimum effect among the phenylmethanes was reached with diphenylmethane, toluene, tri- and tetraphenylmethanes and the Sn analog, tin tetraphenyl being inactive. With the diets, carcinogens as BP or DBA at 0.10% were without effect whereas acenaphthene or fluoranthene at this level accelerated the regeneration. Although diets supplemented with anthracene or octahydroanthracene led to little change in liver increment, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, anthraquinone and anthrone comprised liver stimulants, an activity which did not extend to phenanthraquinone. Aniline and triphenylamine did not alter the control increment but diphenylamine was active as was also the case with o- and m-terphenyls, the p-isomer being ineffective. Although naphthalene lacked activity by either route, 1- and 2-phenylnaphthalenes proved stimulatory by injection and 1- and 2-naphthylamines, by diet. Among other derivatives, phenyl sulfide and its sulfoxide and sulfone were quite stimulatory in addition to heterocyclic S compound as benzothiophene, phenothiazine, phenoxathiin and thianthrene but not thianaphthene at the dietary levels screened. Several series were conducted with intact rats under the above conditions; ethyl-benzene and phenathrene injected s.c. at high levels did not alter the control dry- or wet liver-body weight ratios. The findings are summarized in Table 4.

Alkanes↗
PubMed2001

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated and estrogenic activities of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and azaarenes originally identified in extracts of river sediments.

Reproductive dysfunction in wildlife populations can be a result of environmental contaminants binding to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) or estrogenic receptors. Signaling by both types of receptors can be affected by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are potential endocrine disruptors. However, our knowledge regarding the effects of oxygenated (oxy)-PAHs and azaarenes on AhR-mediated and estrogenic activities is incomplete. In the present study, we have identified 9-fluorenone, anthrone, anthraquinone, benzanthrone, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, benz[c]acridine, and dibenz[a,h]acridine as prevalent oxy-PAHs and azaarenes found in river sediments. Their concentrations in sediment samples ranged from 2.1 to 165.2 ng g(-1) for oxy-PAHs and up to 27.3 ng g(-1) for azaarenes. Their relative AhR-inducing and estrogenic potencies were quantified in vitro using two cell lines that were stably transfected with a luciferase reporter gene system and expressed as induction equivalency factors (IEFs). The only oxy-PAHs with detectable levels of in vitro AhR-mediated activity were benzanthrone and benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione. However, their IEFs were approximately three to four orders of magnitude lower than those of benzo[a]pyrene. On the other hand, azaarenes showed a strong AhR-mediated activity, with dibenzo[a,h]acridine being a far more potent inducer of activity than benzo[a]pyrene. Benzanthrone, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, anthraquinone, and benz[a]acridine were weak inducers of in vitro estrogenic activity, with IEFs similar to that of benzo[a]pyrene. Based on concentrations and relative potencies, our results suggest that dibenzo[a,h]acridine can significantly contribute to the overall AhR-mediated activity in river sediments, whereas the remaining compounds do not. No studied compound was found to contribute significantly to estrogen receptor-mediated activity in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The effect of immune bovine whey on cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity of Streptococcus mutans].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of immune bovine whey on cell-associated glucosyltransferase (GTF) activity of S. mutans MT8148. METHODS: The immune milk was collected from cows immunized with cell-associated GTF overexpression strain B-29-33 of S. mutans MT8148. The control milk was from non-immunized cows. The immune absorbed whey was gotten from immune bovine whey which was absorbed with lyophilized Formalin-killed B-29 whole cells. Three kinds of whey were subdivided into three groups: 50 microliters, 70 microliters, 90 microliters. The content of insoluble glucan was estimated colorimetrically by anthrone method. RESULTS: The control bovine whey had an enhancing GTF activity (407.00%-485.62%). The immune absorbed whey inhibited partly the enhancing GTF activity (208.74%-273.00%). The immune whey inhibited significantly the GTF activity (70.24%-38.62%) and the inhibition showed a tendency to depend on doses. CONCLUSIONS: The immune bovine whey inhibits significantly the cell-associated GTF activity of S. mutans MT8148.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Anthraquinones in Eremurus chinensis Fedtsch].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents in herbs of Eremurus chinensis METHOD: The chemical constituents were extracted with solvents and separated by column chromatography. RESULTS: The structures were identified by spectral analysis as chrysophanol, 10-(chrysophanol-7'-yl)-10-hydroxychrysophanol-9-anthrone and phthalic acid dibutyl ester. CONCLUSION: All the three compounds were separated from E. chinensis for the first time.

Anthraquinones↗
PubMed2000

[Evaluation of cariogenic potential of Streptococcus mutans isolated from caries-free and -active persons: abilities to synthesize water-soluble and -insoluble glucans].

OBJECTIVE: In this study, authors investigated abilities of Streptococcus mutans (serotype c) strains to synthesize water-soluble and water-insoluble glucans. METHODS: Streptococcus mutans strains were isolated from people with different carious experiences, which were divided into two groups: caries-free (DMFS = 0) group including 19 persons and caries-active group(DMFS > or = 6) including 40 persons. Totally 105 genotypes of Streptococcus mutans strains were obtained, including 22 strains from the caries-free group and 83 strains from the caries-active group. The differences of abilities to synthesize water-soluble and water-insoluble glucans between these two groups were compared in order to find the correlationship between the synthesis of glucans and caries experience. Then, Streptococcus mutans were cultured in TPY liquid medium containing 1% sucrose in an anaerobic incubator at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Glucans synthesized by Streptococcus mutans was qualified by using infrared spectrophotometry. The amounts of water-soluble and water-insoluble glucans were measured by using the anthron method. RESULTS: According to the same absorption tops position analysed by infrared spectrophotometry, glucans samples were certified. The amounts of glucans synthesized by Streptococcus mutans strains were different between strains of different genotypes even isolated from the same person. Mostly, the amount of water-insoluble glucans was higher than that of water-soluble glucans between different genotype Streptococcus mutans strains. The oral environments of patients in the caries-active group harbored more Streptococcus mutans strains with higher water-soluble glucans producing ability than those of the caries-free group did (P < 0.05), and patients of the caries-active group also harbored more Streptococcus mutans strains with higher water-insoluble glucans producing ability than those of the caries-free group did(P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: 1. Glucosyltranferases of different genotype strains are different in glucans production, and different genotype strains relate to different cariogenic abilities. 2. Glucans was one of cariogenic factors, and water-insoluble glucans was more important than water-soluble glucans in cariogenic ability of Streptococcus mutans. 3. The differences in glucans production of isolated strains might relate to differences in carious experiences.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1975

Glycogen metabolism in white and red muscle or normal and diabetic rats. The glycogen concentration and glycogen synthesis from glucose.

The amount of glycogen and its synthesis from glucose was studied in white muscle (extensor digitorum longus -- EDL) and red muscle (soleus -- SOL) of normal rats and rats with alloxan diabetes by the anthrone method. The amount of glycogen was higher in the white muscle of normal rats, both after a 24 hours' fast (0.37+/-0.02 mg/g as against 0.29+/-0.01 mg/g in the SOL) and with feeding ad libitium (0.72+/-0.05 mg/g as against 0.58+/-0.03 mg/g in the SOL). After a 24 hours' fast, the glycogen content of both muscles was non-significantly higher in alloxan-diabetic rats than in normal animals, whereas in diabetic animals fed ad libitum it was significantly lower than in normal rats fed in the same manner (0.54+/-0.07 mg/g in the EDL and 0.33+/-0.03 mg/g in the SOL). The difference between the glycogen content of the white and red muscle of diabetic rats was also in favour of the white muscle. Muscle glycogenesis from intragastrically administered glucose was higher in the red muscle in all the experimental groups. In normal fed ad libitum the glycogen content of the EDL did not change after glucose administration, but in the SOL it rose from 0.58+/-0.03 to 0.83+/-0.05 mg/g. In fasting (24 hours) normal rats it rose sharply in both muscles, from 0.037+/-0.02 to 0.57+/-0.03 mg/g in the EDL and from 0.29+/-0.01 to 0.87+/-0.06 mg/g in the SOL. In fasting (24 hours) diabetic animals, the glycogen content rose after glucose in the SOL only, from 0.36+/-0.01 to 0.66+/-0.06 mg/g. The differences found in glycogen synthesis in the white and red muscle of normal and diabetic rats are discussed mainly from the aspect of the existence of a relationship between the glycogen concentration and glycogen synthetase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Dithranol reaction with nitroxide radicals in DMSO, a HPLC study.

Dithranol (1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone), an efficient drug for the topical treatment of psoriasis undergoes a complex chemical transformation after topical application. An absorption phase HPLC method has been developed and validated to follow the appearance of its oxidative products in a DMSO solution. In DMSO solution dithranol, chrysazin, and biantrone were monitored simultaneously by HPLC during autooxidation process, as well as in the presence of nitroxide radicals which increase the reaction rate. The kinetics of the very early stage of dithranol transformation is presented for the first time and discussed. Two unknown dithranol-derived intermediates were found and partially characterised.

Anthralin↗
PubMed2002

[The inhibitory effect of anti-streptococcus mutans immunoglobulin of yolk on glucan synthesis of Streptococcus mutans].

OBJECTIVES: To observe the inhibitory effect of anti-Streptococcus mutans Hen-egg-yolk (IgY) on glucan synthesis of Streptococcus mutans. METHODS: Determine the glucan with anthrone method after using the different titer of IgY on S.mutans and S.sobrinus. RESULTS: The inhibitory effect of antibody on S.mutans and S.sobrinus synthesis glucan had a similar tendency. The effect of inhibit glucan synthesis was influenced by the titer of antibody. High titer with high inhibition. Begin with the group of 1:16 titer, the group of 1:2 titer showed the highest inhibition (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The antibody can reduce synthesis of glucan from S.mutans and S.sobrinus.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1992

[Key note comment on the determination of glomerular filtration rate].

Glomerular filtration rate (GRF) is the most fundamental renal function. Determination of GFR is the most important examination in clinical nephrology. Cin is accepted as the gold standard of GFR, but, continuous infusion and the determination method of inulin (method of anthrone) are very troublesome. Interference of glucose in the serum and urine of patients with diabetes mellitus on the determination of inulin should be avoided. Ccr is widely used in the clinical field. Recently, the dynamics of creatinine in the body have been clarified. Variation of pool, generation rate, extrarenal excretion and tubular excretion of creatinine are found to change daily in the patient. Additionally, classical Jaffé's reaction involves non creatinine chromogen particularly in the serum. Though Jaffé's reaction with kinetic analysis improves the reliability of this reaction, the result is still unsatisfactory. There are several methods of enzyme assay are now using an autoanalyser, but, if we use many enzymes and reagents, the reliability of this method could not exceed that of Jaffé's method. Recently, HPLC is recommended as the standard method. 24-hr urine collection is also troublesome in the measurement of Ccr. I have found a good correlation between the estimated Ccr using Cockcroft and Gault's formula and Cin. Such prediction using serum creatinine concentration and few parameters should be developed. Radiolabelled agents have been widely used for the determination of GFR. However, in Japan, the methods of clearance of non radiolabelled contrast agents should be developed. Furthermore, a physical determination of GFR is necessary. In this workshop, these issues will be discussed by each speaker.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[A method for the simultaneous determination of iothalamic acid and creatinine clearance by coupled-column liquid chromatography].

[125I]iothalamic acid clearance is used for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate. Therefore, we developed a coupled-column liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of iothalamic acid and creatinine in human serum and urine samples to calculate their clearance. The liquid chromatograph consisted of an automatic injector, four columns and four switching valves. Timing of sample injection and switching of valves were controlled by a combination of timer units. Diluted samples were injected into a column of weakly acidic ion exchanger (Asahipak ES-502C, 30 degrees C, C1), and iothalamic acid excluded from the column was purified by gel chromatography on a hydrophilic gel (Asahipak GS-320H, 50 degrees C, C2) and then by ion exchange chromatography on a weakly basic anion exchanger (Asahipak ES-502N, 50 degrees C, C3). Creatinine that was eluted from C1 after iothalamic acid was transferred to Asahipak GS-320H (37 degrees C, C4) and C1 was backflushed until 10 min before the next sample was injected. Samples were injected every 55 min. The mobile phase was a sodium propionate buffer prepared by dissolving 0.035 mol of NaOH and 0.35 mol of propionic acid in 1 kg of ultra pure water, and its flow rate was 1.1 ml per min. Creatinine clearance calculated from the data obtained by this method was higher than that obtained by Jaffé's method, because serum creatinine concentrations obtained by this method were lower than those obtained by Jaffé's method. Iothalamic acid clearance (y) calculated from the data on serum and urine samples of clearance time 105-135 min showed a close correlation with inulin clearance (x) calculated from the data obtained by the anthrone method, for which aliquots of the same samples were used (y = 1.066 x -1.429 ml/min, r = 0.997, n = 15).

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2004

[Flocculating mechanism of microbial flocculant MBFTRJ21].

The bioflocculant MBFTRJ21 for nature soda was exploited in our lab, and its flocculating mechanism was studied. The bioflocculant produced by Lactobacillus, has some advantages, such as less dosage, better flocculating effects, and etc. MBFTRJ21 is mainly composed of polysaccharide, which is determined by Anthrone reaction, Coomassie blue reaction and Elson-Morgan method. The acting force between bioflocculant and nature soda is hydrogen bond, which is determined by xi electric potential, hydrogen bond and electrovalent bond determination. The bioflocculant is treated by heat and KIO4, which indicate the active ingredient of bioflocculant is protein and osamine. Bridge occur during flocculation process, which is determined by particle size distribution. The results showed that the flocculating mechanism of MBFTRJ21 resulted from the combination of nature soda with MBFTRJ21 by hydrogen bond at the active position of glycosaminoglycan.

Flocculation↗