Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Admixture”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Immunization of mice with Mycobacterium leprae/Mycobacterium bovis BCG admixtures: modulation of the acquired response to BCG.

The generation of acquired immunity to BCG in mice was compared to that in animals receiving an admixture of BCG and killed Mycobacterium leprae. No significant qualitative differences were observed between the two groups in terms of their generation of delayed sensitivity, of protective T cells, and of immunological memory. In addition, the admixture was as effective as BCG in conferring protective immunity against certain nontuberculous mycobacteria, and in one case, that of M. avium 706, significantly augmented protection.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Absorption spectrum of admixtures coloring butyl acetate extract].

Colour of butyl acetate extract (BAE) at the clarification stage in chemical purification of benzylpenicillin is one of the important qualitative parameters necessary for the process control. BAE is benzylpenicillin-enriched butyl acetate with colouring pigments and admixtures of unknown nature. The routine laboratory photocolorimetric method provides only periodical control. It is labour-consuming and does not enable determination of the process end. The specific characteristics of the butyl acetate extracts and their components in UV and visible spectra were studied and the absorption region of the admixtures (350-500 nm) colouring the extract with a maximum at 390 +/- 10 nm was determined. A photometric method, a definite wave length and analyzer Luch-II are recommended for optimal control of the clarification process. The apparatus was tested under laboratory conditions.

Absorption↗
PubMed1987

Pharmacists' opinions about and compliance with recommendations for intravenous admixture practices.

Hospital pharmacy departments nationwide were surveyed to determine compliance with and opinions on the importance of recommended practices for preparation of i.v. admixtures. Questionnaires that included 84 recommendations by the National Coordinating Committee on Large-Volume Parenterals, the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals were mailed to 625 randomly selected acute-care hospitals. Questions covered the compounding area and recommended equipment; selection, education, and training of personnel; compounding procedures; quality assurance; labeling and record keeping; and reference materials and professional services. The response rate was 43% (198 usable replies). Responses indicated that 42 (50%) of the recommended practices were followed in fewer than 75% of the hospitals, 25 (30%) in fewer than 50% of the hospitals, and 17 (20%) in fewer than 25% of the hospitals. Twenty of the recommendations were considered marginal in importance. Adherence to published guidelines for i.v. admixture services varies among hospitals in the United States; compilation of a single set of guidelines should be considered.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of compounding accuracy and aseptic techniques for intravenous admixtures.

Intravenous admixtures containing potassium collected from three hospital pharmacies were analyzed for compounding accuracy, sterility and pyrogenicity. The study was performed in two stages. During stage I, pharmacists and technicians were not informed of the study, but during stage II they were informed. In each stage 10 samples were collected from each person in the two personnel groups, analyzed and the results compared between the two personnel groups and the two stages. Results of the study showed that without monitoring (stage I) pharmacists had a higher mean percent error and contamination level than technicians. With monitoring, however, pharmacists showed a lower mean percent error and contamination level than technicians. Both personnel groups showed a decline in their mean percent error in the second stage, but there were still 83 (39.5%) errors in compounding accuracy greater than +/- 6%. No positive results with the Limulus test for pyrogens were obtained. It is recommended that a planned program of quality control be instituted for the preparation of i.v. admixtures by both pharmacists and technicians.

Antisepsis↗
PubMed1987

Mandating unit dose drug distribution and i.v. admixture services in New Jersey hospitals.

Efforts by New Jersey hospital pharmacists that led to a state mandate for unit dose drug distribution and i.v. admixture services are described. The New Jersey Society of Hospital Pharmacists' proposal for revision of state board of pharmacy regulations for institutional practice had been rejected in 1977. In 1979, NJSHP began to work through the state health department to upgrade standards for institutional pharmacy practice. In 1981, NJSHP submitted to the health department a position paper to justify revised standards on the basis of patient safety and cost-effectiveness, and in 1982 NJSHP conducted a seminar for pharmacists, nurses, and hospital administrators on the cost-effectiveness of unit dose distribution and i.v. admixture programs. The standards were revised and were adopted in June 1984, and hospitals had two years to implement the mandated programs.

Drug Compounding↗
PubMed1986

Stability of ranitidine admixtures frozen and refrigerated in minibags.

The stability of ranitidine hydrochloride stored frozen and refrigerated in polyvinyl chloride minibags was studied. Ranitidine hydrochloride was added to either 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection to yield concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL. In phase 1 of the study, admixtures containing ranitidine hydrochloride 1 mg/mL were stored at 4 degrees C for 10 days. In phase 2, solutions were frozen for 30 days at -30 degrees C and were later refrigerated for 14 days. Ranitidine concentration was tested using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay at time zero and at intervals during storage. Sterility tests were performed on some samples, and various admixtures were visually inspected and tested for pH. At least 90% of the initial concentration of ranitidine remained in all solutions at all storage conditions. No visual changes or changes in pH or sterility were observed. Ranitidine hydrochloride in concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL in 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection may be stored in polyvinyl chloride minibags frozen for 30 days followed by refrigeration for an additional 14 days.

Drug Combinations↗
PubMed1983

Work analysis of an admixture service.

The use of work analysis to identify problems and measure the effect of procedural changes in a hospital pharmacy i.v. admixture service is described. Problems in the work flow in the sterile-products area (SPA) were identified by process analysis, and a work-sampling study was conducted to quantify the time spent in various activities. The number of unused and expired large-volume parenterals (LVPs) that were received by the pharmacy during the work-sampling period was determined, and the lag times between writing of LVP orders and preparation of these LVPs were measured. After reviewing the major activities in the SPA, four procedural changes (automated label typing, use of a new total parenteral nutrient (TPN) base solution, batch production and storage of antibiotic minibags in a freezer, and scheduling changes in the SPA) were implemented. Subsequently, the percentage of time spent in label typing, preparation of TPN solutions, and minibag production decreased. The small decrease in returned LVPs attributed to scheduling changes was related to the failure of decentralized pharmacists to notify SPA personnel about discontinued orders. Monitoring and enforcement of policies regarding notification of discontinued i.v. orders were recommended to management as a means of increasing work flow efficiency. Work analysis was helpful in evaluating and improving the efficiency of an i.v. admixture service. This technique can be applied to other areas of the pharmacy department as well.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

[Admixture in commercial tetracycline preparations].

The content of admixtures in tetracycline stored under different conditions was determined with chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Biological activity, toxicity and colour of the drugs was tested. The changes in teh colour of tetracycline most pronounced on its storage at a temperature of 37 degrees C and elevated humidity were not accompanied by an increase in the content of anhydrotetracyclines. In parallel with the changes in the colour of tetracycline, the loss of its biological activity up to 30 per cent and increased toxicity were registered. The LD50 decreased by 40 per cent as compared to the initial level. Simultaneously an additional spot with high chromatographic mobility (Rf 0.98--1.0) was detected on thin-layer chromatograms. It was shown that the processes of tetracycline degradation resulting in marked darkening of the drug colour were not accompanied by an increase in the content of anhydro admixtures. They were probably the result of accumulation of other products which are as highly toxic and low active as the anhydroderivatives of tetracycline.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Applying for a certificate of need for unit dose and i.v. admixture services in a Connecticut hospital.

The process of obtaining regulatory-agency review of a proposal for unit dose and i.v. admixture services is described. In a 901-bed community hospital in Connecticut, a pharmacy department proposal for instituting unit dose distribution and expanding the i.v. admixture service was supported by the hospital administration and included in hospital budget projections. A state body that regulates hospital revenues, the Commission on Hospitals and Health Care (CHHC), rejected the proposal for these changes in pharmaceutical services. The pharmacy and hospital administration subsequently petitioned the Health Systems Agency in that jurisdiction for a certificate of need (CON); the procedure required that the application also be simultaneously submitted to CHHC. Implementation of the program over a three-year period was proposed. The CON application was submitted in July 1981; it required detailed information from pharmacy, nursing services, and hospital administration. During the nine months following application for the CON, further questions were asked and five hearings were held. In April 1982, CHHC approved the program and the capital expenditures but did not approve the proposed 10% increase in drug revenue needed to support the services. The hospital ultimately committed funding for implementation of the program over three years. The net result of the application procedure was a delay in implementation of expanded pharmaceutical services.

Certificate of Need↗
PubMed1984

Variable cost per dose of preparing and administering small-volume cephalosporin admixtures. Veterans Administration Pharmacy Service Study Group.

The nondrug variable cost per dose of preparing and administering small-volume cephalosporin admixtures was evaluated at six Veterans Administration Medical Centers (VAMCs). Six VAMCs that had pharmacy-operated i.v. admixture programs that routinely prepared small-volume injections (SVIs) were studied. The preparation methods observed and analyzed included individual and batch preparation of SVIs using partial-fill polyvinyl chloride containers and manufacturers' prefilled bottles. The administration methods studied were limited to dose administration using indwelling intermittent injection sites or SVI administration sets connected to primary continuous inline infusion sets. In estimating costs, average personnel salaries and material costs were used. The impact of changes in dosing frequency on nondrug costs was calculated using the estimated nondrug variable cost per dose and data gathered from i.v. profiles. Each VAMC was visited and observed for two or three days. The average nondrug variable cost per dose of the six VAMCs was $2.95. The nondrug variable cost per dose for the 16 different combinations of preparation and administration methods ranged from $1.01 to $6.11. The proportion of this cost attributable to materials ranged from 34% to 77% and was at least 64% in 14 of the combinations studied. Examples of projected savings resulting from reduced dosing frequency are given. Substantial savings in preparation and administration costs can occur if the frequency of administration is reduced through the use of longer-acting i.v. cephalosporins administered as SVIs. Total costs, however, will be less only if the higher cost of a day's supply of a longer-acting drug does not offset the savings achieved with less frequent administration.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1984

[Elimination of admixtures from antibiotic sediments during their treatment with solvents].

A model for determination of the admixture concentration in the secondary mother solution was developed. The concentration was determined depending on the solvent volume used for repulping the precipitate and on the impurity level of the initial antibiotic paste. When the values of X1 and X2 are known it is possible to estimate the amount of the admixtures remaining in the paste layer after separation of the secondary mother solution with regard to the volume of the latter in the precipitate pores. Optimization of paste repulping should be considered in combination with displacement washing and the apparatus used for separation of the phases, as well as the requirements for the purity level of the finished product.

Acetates↗
PubMed1982

Studies on the physiopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the horse. VII. Percentage venous admixture.

The percentage venous admixture was calculated in 21 clinically normal horses and ponies and in 13 horses and ponies with chronic obstructure pulmonary disease (COPD). The oxygen contents of pulmonary end-capillary blood, arterial and mixed venous blood were calculated from blood and respiratory gas values and substituted in the shunt equation. The mean percentage venous admixture of the COPD subjects was significantly greater than that of the normal subjects. It was concluded that a larger proportion of alveoli in the lungs of COPD subjects were hypoventilated than that of alveoli of the normal lungs.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Ratio of admixtures of blood group substances and heme pigments in immunoglobulin preparations from different types of raw material].

The study of 192 batches of immunoglobulin preparations for the presence of the admixtures of blood group substances and blood pigments has revealed that preparations obtained from abortion and placental blood sera significantly differ from donor immunoglobulins by a greater content of the above admixtures. The absence of correlation between the content of blood pigments and blood group substances in preparations from abortion and placental blood has been significantly demonstrated.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1982

[Admixture of related substances in rifampicin preparations and methods for their determination].

Optimal conditions for separation of rifampicin in a thin layer of a sorbent were developed. This allowed one to study the quantitative content of the admixtures of the related substances in the eluates of the respective spots on chromatograms. The possible use of both the spectrophotometric method and the biological agar diffusion method for testing the eluates was shown. The method of phase solubility also provided objective characterization of the purity levels of market rifampicin. A significant increase in the level of the admixtures of the related substances in rifampicin in 150 mg capsules was found on their storage.

Capsules↗
PubMed1981

Solubility characteristics of diazepam in aqueous admixture solutions: theory and practice.

The solubility of diazepam was investigated to determine compatibility limits for diluting diazepam injection in four large-volume parenteral (LVP) solutions. A solution of diazepam powder (15 mg/ml) in absolute alcohol and of the commercially available diazepam injection (5 mg/ml) were used in the study. Either 1.0 ml of the alcoholic solution or 3.0 ml of the commercial injection were added to 50 ml of the LVPs studied-sterile water for injection (WFI), 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, and lactated Ringer's injection. Diazepam was assayed sprectrophotometrically at 367 nm. The solubility of diazepam in WFI was 0.041 mg/ml after equilibration for 24 hours at 25 degrees C. The solubility of diazepam in the LVPs ranged from 0.04 to 0.05 mg/ml at 25 degrees C. The effects of solution dielectric constants on nonelectrolyte solubility and the minimal fraction of protonated (ionized) diazepam present in typical admixtures are deduced to be negligible determinants of diazepam solubility in i.v. solutions at pH greater than or equal to 5.4 prepared from greater than or equal to 1:10 volume dilutions of diazepam injection. The aqueous solubility data for diazepam corroborate other reported values and are tantamount to recommending against less than a 1:100 volume dilution of diazepam injection when compounding i.v. admixtures.

Diazepam↗
PubMed1981

Cimetidine hydrochloride compatibility. III: Room temperature stability in drug admixtures.

The stability of cimetidine hydrochloride mixed in intravenous solutions individually with 37 additives was investigated. Recommended doses of cimetidine hydrochloride injection and the other additives were diluted aseptically in varying concentrations in compatible intravenous solutions. The admixtures were stored at room temperature for 24 hours. Initial and 24-hour samples were evaluated visually on the basis of color, clarity, and pH. Cimetidine content was determined with a high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure. The following drugs formed a precipitate with some dilutions of cimetidine hydrochloride injection in i.v. solutions: amphotericin B, cefamandole nafate, cefazolin sodium, and cephalothin sodium. The combination of cimetidine hydrochloride (300 mg) and cephalothin sodium (100 mg) resulted in a cimetidine concentration that was 77% of theory. Cimetidine hydrochloride injection was visually and chemically stable in the other admixtures examined. The results of this investigation suggest that incompatibility may be expected when cimetidine hydrochloride is combined with some antibiotics, and cimetidine incompatibilities may be concentration dependent.

Cimetidine↗
PubMed1980

Quality-control plan for intravenous admixture programs. I: Visual inspection of solutions and environmental testing.

Two components of a model quality-control plan for intravenous admixture services--a 100% visual inspection and an environmental testing program--were developed and evaluated in two hospitals. Visual inspections are recorded by technicians on two forms that detail the types of solution, container, and device defects that should be checked. One form covers stock solutions and supplies, and the other covers prepared solutions. The environmental testing program uses two forms to record performance and results of routine microbial monitoring. The detailed quality-control forms are presented. Procedures for handling defective items and contamination problems are discussed. Evaluation of the visual and environmental plans showed they provided a systematic, workable, and modest-cost method of assuring and documenting conditions in an i.v. admixture service. To assure competent preparation, use and distribution of high-quality i.v. solutions, both components of the quality-control system must be performed on a routine basis.

Drug Combinations↗