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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The Small Helm Project: an academic activity addressing international corruption for undergraduate civil engineering and construction management students.

This paper presents an academic project that addresses the issue of international corruption in the engineering and construction industry, in a manner that effectively incorporates several learning experiences. The major objectives of the project are to provide the students a learning activity that will 1) make a meaningful contribution within the disciplines being studied; 2) teach by experience a significant principle that can be valuable in numerous situations during an individual's career, and 3) engage the minds, experiences, and enthusiasm of the participants in a real ethical challenge that is prevalent in all of their chosen professional fields. The paper describes the full details of the project, the actual implementation of it during Winter Semester 2005, the experiences gained during the initial trial, and the modifications and improvements incorporated for future implementation.

Engineering↗
PubMed1994

Serial angioscopic and angiographic observations during the first hour after successful coronary angioplasty: a preamble to a multicenter trial addressing angioscopic markers for restenosis.

Percutaneous coronary angioscopy was used in 13 patients in a pilot study to assess the intracoronary changes that occur during the first hour after balloon angioplasty (PTCA). The dilated segment was studied with 4.5F angioscopes and with quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) immediately after PTCA and at 15-minute intervals for up to 1 hour after PTCA. Significant progression of intimal dissection and thrombus formation could be demonstrated with angioscopy. These dissections and thrombi remained undetected with angiography, which only showed haziness. Thus through its superior sensitivity to intimal damage and thrombus, coronary angioscopy can reveal important intravascular events that apparently occur even after successful PTCA. The relation of such angioscopic observations to restenosis will be addressed in a subsequent multicenter study.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1992

Detection of nicotinic receptor ligands with a light addressable potentiometric sensor.

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, purified from Torpedo electric organ, was coupled to a light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) to form a LAPS-receptor biosensor. Receptor-ligand complexes containing biotin and urease were captured on a biotinylated nitrocellulose membrane via a streptavidin bridge and detected with a silicon-based sensor. Competition between biotinylated alpha-bungarotoxin and nonbiotinylated ligands formed the basis of this assay. This biosensor detected both agonists (acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, succinylcholine, suberyldicholine, and nicotine) and competitive antagonists (d-tubocurarine, alpha-bungarotoxin, and alpha-Naja toxin) of the receptor with affinities comparable to those obtained using radioactive ligand binding assays. Consistent with agonist-induced desensitization of the receptor, the LAPS-receptor biosensor reported a time-dependent increase in affinity for the agonist carbamylcholine as expected, but not for the antagonists.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development and translation of an English-Spanish dual-language instrument addressing access to prenatal care for the border-dwelling Hispanic women of San Diego County.

The health of populations residing on either side of the United States-Mexican border has public policy implications for both border communities. A study of barriers to prenatal care for residents of the San Diego, California-Tijuana, Mexico region was conducted. The study was designed specifically to address the availability of health services for women who crossed the border in either direction. This article reports the methodology used in the construction and validation of a dual-language (as opposed to a Spanish language form) survey instrument that was developed for the study. Particular attention is given to the methodology used for language translation to ensure that it would reflect the idiomatic diversity of the multicultural population.

California↗
PubMed1991

Young offenders and alcohol-related crime: what interventions will address the issues?

Although most young offenders will grow out of both drinking and crime, interventions aimed at reducing crime through reducing drinking or reducing drinking so as to reduce health and social problems are important for some offenders. Where the aim is to reduce crime by reducing drinking, it is essential to assess carefully the relationship between the two in each person to ensure that this is logical. Since most adolescents drink and since controlled drinking is achievable by younger people with fewer alcohol-related problems, moderation rather than abstinence is a realistic goal for most young offenders. Behavioural self-control training is one type of intervention which can effectively encourage moderate drinking, but this has to be conducted in ways that will engage young offenders' interest, for example through self-help manuals, developing peer interventions and using simulated bar settings. In addressing the questions of which types of people commit which types of crime and what part alcohol plays in setting the conditions for crime to occur, studying the effects that young offenders expect alcohol to have under various conditions may contribute to the development of cognition modification components of interventions and enable better matching of clients with programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Hospital-based primary prevention strategy in child abuse: a multi-level needs addressment.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a primary prevention effort in child maltreatment, the focus of which was a community-wide endeavor (i.e., subjects were not prescreened for risk potential). Specific components of the planned intervention addressed four causal levels of maltreatment: individual, family, community, and cultural factors. That assessment was intended to build strengths in those parenting areas which are predictive of abusive or neglectful outcomes. Target areas included knowledge of child development, child-rearing attitudes, mother-infant interaction patterns, and parenting skills. A posttest-only control group design was employed. The control postpartum mothers received traditional or routine hospital services; experimental mothers received special in-hospital and after-care services by trained student nurse volunteers. These volunteers functioned in a dual educative/supportive role. Experimental mothers reported more realistic expectations of behavior, embraced more democratic child-rearing principles, providing more verbal stimulation to their infants (reflecting an increased sensitivity), and displayed increased problem-solving abilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Differential addressing of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors in transfected LLC-PK1 epithelial cells: a model of receptor targeting in neurons.

Based on the finding that the mechanism of membrane protein sorting may be similar in neurons and epithelial cells, we have investigated the localization of the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A and 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptors in Eli Lilly and Company canine kidney (LLC-PK1) cells (epithelial cells from pig kidney) stably transfected with the corresponding cDNAs. Receptors were characterized by radioligand binding, measurement of coupled adenylate cyclase activity and immunofluorescene with specific antibodies. Confocal microscopy and cell surface biotinylation experiments showed that the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor, which is at the somatodendritic level in neurons, was targeted to the basolateral surface whereas the 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptor, which is localized on nerve endings, predominated intracellularly. Such a difference in the localization of these two receptors suggests that the signal for the differential addressing of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A and 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptors is contained within their primary sequence and confirms that epithelial cells can be used as a suitable model to study receptor targeting in neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

'Zip codes' direct intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatases to the correct cellular 'address'.

The transmembrane and intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play an essential role as signal transduction proteins involved in various cellular processes including division, proliferation and differentiation. As such, their activity must be strictly regulated to avoid nonspecific tyrosine dephosphorylation of cellular proteins. The intracellular PTPs possess a diversity of protein sequences outside the catalytic domain that appear to serve as 'zip codes' specifically 'addressing' these proteins to defined subcellular compartments. These localization strategies are proposed to function as a regulatory mechanism, defining the substrate specificity and function of the intracellular PTPs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Addressing tobacco among individuals with a mental illness or an addiction.

Tobacco dependence among individuals with a mental illness or an addiction is a tremendous problem that goes largely ignored. Studies of genetics, neuroimaging, and nicotinic receptors support a neurobiological link between tobacco use and alcohol dependence, drug dependence, schizophrenia, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and anxiety disorders. This paper summarizes the recent literature on this topic and discusses how treatment for tobacco can no longer be ignored in mental-health and addiction-treatment settings. More research is needed as well as a national organized effort to address tobacco in this large segment of smokers.

Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry)↗
PubMed2005

Does statin monotherapy address the multiple lipid abnormalities in type 2 diabetes?

Lipid abnormalities, which are common in type 2 diabetes, predispose to a greatly increased risk of coronary heart disease. This characteristic dyslipidaemia includes decreased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated triglycerides, and a small, dense, atherogenic form of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Insulin resistance and obesity, which is commonly present in type 2 diabetes, act in concert to disrupt normal lipoprotein metabolism; reverse cholesterol transport in particular. The proatherogenic changes, which result from this process include enrichment of very-low-density lipoprotein with cholesteryl esters and enrichment of LDL with triglycerides. Results from both the Pravastatin Pooling Project and the Heart Protection Study demonstrate that, although people with diabetes obtain the same relative risk reduction with statin therapy, the absolute benefit derived is much lower than for comparable individuals without diabetes. In order to achieve improved outcomes in diabetes patients, it will be important to address other abnormalities in their lipid profiles, including elevated triglycerides and low HDL-C.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Immobilization and hybridization by single sub-millisecond electric field pulses, for pixel-addressed DNA microarrays.

Single square voltage pulses applied to buried electrodes result in dramatic rate increases for (1) selective covalent bonding (immobilization) of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes to a functionalized thin film SiO(2) surface on a plastic substrate and (2) hybridization of ssDNA to the immobilized probe. DNA immobilization and hybridization times are 100 ns and 10 micros, respectively, about 10(9) times faster than the corresponding passive reactions without electric field. Surface coverage is comparable. Duration, magnitude and slew rate of the voltage pulse are all key factors controlling the rates of ssDNA immobilization and hybridization. With rise times of 4.5 ns, pulses shorter than 1 ms and voltages below 1V are effective. The ssDNA adsorbed on the surface is reoriented by the rapidly changing electric field. This reduces steric barriers and speeds the immobilization and hybridization reactions. These results open the way for pixel-addressed microarrays driven by silicon microelectronics circuits.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Cell-based biosensors based on light-addressable potentiometric sensors for single cell monitoring.

Cell-based biosensors incorporate cells as sensing elements that convert changes in immediate environment to signals for processing. This paper reports an investigation on light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) to be used as a possible cell-base biosensor that will enable us to monitor extracellular action potential of single living cell under stimulant. In order to modify chip surface and immobilize cells, we coat a layer of poly-L-ornithine and laminin on surface of LAPS chip on which rat cortical cells are grown well. When 10 microg/ml acetylcholine solution is administrated, the light pointer is focused on a single neuronal cell and the extracellular action potential of the targeted cell is recorded with cell-based biosensor based on LAPS. The results demonstrate that this kind of biosensor has potential to monitor electrophysiology of living cell non-invasive for a long term, and to evaluate drugs primarily.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2003

Using ecotechnology to address water quality and wetland habitat loss problems in the Mississippi basin: a hierarchical approach.

Human activities are affecting the environment at continental and global scales. An example of this is the Mississippi basin where there has been a large scale loss of wetlands and water quality deterioration over the past century. Wetland and riparian ecosystems have been isolated from rivers and streams. Wetland loss is due both to drainage and reclamation, mainly for agriculture, and to isolation from the river by levees, as in the Mississippi delta. There has been a decline in water quality due to increasing use of fertilizers, enhanced drainage and the loss of wetlands for cleaning water. Water quality has deteriorated throughout the basin and high nitrogen in the Mississippi river is causing a large area of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the Mississippi delta. Since the causes of these problems are distributed over the basin, the solution also needs to be distributed over the basin. Ecotechnology and ecological engineering offer the only ecologically sound and cost-effective method of solving these problems. Wetlands to promote nitrogen removal, mainly through denitrification but also through burial and plant uptake, offer a sound ecotechnological solution. At the level of the Mississippi basin, changes in farming practices and use of wetlands for nitrogen assimilation can reduce nitrogen levels in the River. There are additional benefits of restoration of wetland and riverine ecosystems, flood control, reduction in public health threats, and enhanced wildlife and fisheries. At the local drainage basin level, the use of river diversions in the Mississippi delta can address both problems of coastal land loss and water quality deterioration. Nitrate levels in diverted river water are rapidly reduced as water flows through coastal watersheds. At the local level, wetlands are being used to treat municipal wastewater. This is a cost-effective method, which results in improved water quality, enhanced wetland productivity and increased accretion. The problems in the Mississippi basin serves as an example for other watersheds in the Gulf of Mexico. This is especially important in Mexico, where there is a strong need for economical solutions to ecological problems. The Usumacinta delta-Laguna de Terminos regional ecosystem is an example where ecotechnological approaches offer realistic solutions to environmental problems.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2005

Helping social workers address the educational needs of foster children.

OBJECTIVE: The main aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Education Initiative, an intervention program in one of the largest urban counties in the US seeking to increase the responsiveness of social workers to the educational needs of foster children. METHOD: A pre-post test control group design was used. Data from case files and social workers were examined at the start of the project and 18 months later to determine changes in social workers' (a) knowledge and practices regarding school programs and services and (b) maintenance of educational records for children on their caseloads. RESULTS: Data were analyzed from approximately 300 case files and over 200 questionnaires completed by social workers. Findings indicated that social workers who received training and had access to an education liaison (1) increased their knowledge about the school system and (2) were more likely to gather current educational data and comment on schooling needs in the case files. On questionnaires measuring knowledge and practices, supervisory social workers showed no gains while case workers increased their levels of knowledge and involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluative data from both sources support the effectiveness of this collaborative model between the school and child welfare agency for addressing the educational needs of foster youth. Social workers in the pilot offices knew more and focused more on the school experience of youth on their caseloads than workers in the control offices. They reported more educational information in the case files and solicited current progress reports from the schools. Discrepancies between worker and school reported performance data raise questions as to whether social workers by themselves are the most effective advocates for foster children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of human sera that are polyreactive in an addressable laser bead immunoassay.

BACKGROUND: Following the introduction of addressable laser bead immunoassays (ALBIA) into our clinical laboratory, it was noted that certain sera would exhibit reactivity to numerous antigens in the array. To further understand the nature of this reactivity, we analyzed the reactivity of sequential sera that were identified over a 1 year period. METHODS: Sera that demonstrated reactivity to 6 or more of the 8 antigens in an ALBIA kit (QuantaPlex 8: chromatin, Sm, RNP, Scl-70, ribosomal P protein, SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, Jo-1) were tested for autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on HEp-2 cell substrates, for IgG, IgM and IgA rheumatoid factor, chromatin and ribosomal P protein by ELISA and by LINE immunoassay (LIA) and immunoblotting (IB). RESULTS: In one calendar year, 40/4096 (0.8%) sera analyzed in a routine clinical laboratory setting demonstrated reactivity to 6 or more antigens in the QuantaPlex 8 kits. There was no common IIF pattern that could be attributed to the polyreactive sera. There was no apparent correlation of polyreactivity with IIF titers, indeed, 4/40 (10%) sera had a negative ANA at the screening dilution of 1/160. When subjected to IB, LIA and ELISA, polyreactivity to three or more antigens was confirmed for 12/40 (30%) of sera while 8/40 (20%) had reactivity to 1-2 antigens and 20 (50%) did not react with any antigens in these assays. Overall agreement of positive or negative tests between the ALBIA and IB, LIA and ELISA was 75% for chromatin, 50% for SS-A, 27.5% for Sm, 25% for Rib-P, 22.5% for RNP, 20% for Scl-70, 15% for Jo-1 and 7.5% for SS-B. 17/40 (42.5%) had a positive IgM, IgG or IgA rheumatoid factor, and 12/40 (30%) had all three isotype rheumatoid factors. CONCLUSIONS: On average, the agreement between ALBIA and other assays in this study of polyreactive sera was 30%. Approximately, one-half of sera that demonstrate reactivity to multiple autoantigens in a commercial ALBIA were confirmed to have reactivity to at least one autoantigen in another diagnostic assay and 30% could be regarded as polyreactive. Other sera, some of which had rheumatoid factor, appeared to have high background binding without demonstrating specific binding to any of the cognate antigens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Public health partnerships addressing childhood cancer investigations: case study of Toms River, Dover Township, New Jersey, USA.

Toms River, located in Dover Township, Ocean County, New Jersey, USA, experienced an increased incidence in childhood leukemia, brain, and central nervous system cancers from the mid-1980s through the early 1990s. These findings initiated a series of community-based activities that lead to the establishment of a successful partnership between the community, public health, and environmental agencies. The common goal of this partnership was to investigate linkages between environmental exposures and childhood cancers. The investigation was comprehensive in nature and a product of an extensive collaborative effort on the part of community, local, state, and federal health agencies, and university research organizations. Central to the success of this partnership was development of a public health response plan. This response plan served to coordinate activities of various entities and ensure that actions to cease or reduce ongoing exposures were implemented in addressing the incidence of childhood cancers using the partnership paradigm. The authors propose six rules of engagement: (1) seek out willing participants, (2) establish an equitable partnership, (3) consider each partner's perspective, (4) define goals and roles for each partner, (5) seek out innovative opportunities, and (6) assure scientific credibility. The application of these rules of engagement led to innovations and advances in the fields of environmental health science and public health practice.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2006

Addressing glucose sensitivity measured by F-18 FDG PET in lung cancers for radiation treatment planning and monitoring.

PURPOSE: To address glucose sensitivity in lung cancers before and after radiation treatment (Tx). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twelve patients were each studied with two pre-Tx positron emission tomography (PET) scans and 3 patients each with one post-Tx PET scan, with glucose concentration [Glc] and maximum standard uptake value (SUV) recorded. The pre-Tx glucose sensitivity, g from SUV1/SUV2= {[Glc]1/[Glc]2}g and Tx index, tau from SUVpost-Tx/SUVpre-Tx = {[Glc]post-Tx/[Glc]pre-Tx}tau was calculated by linear regression. Pre-Tx SUVs were corrected to post-Tx Glc with g (SUV'pre-Tx) for a pure Tx effect, R = ln(SUVpost-Tx/SUV'pre-Tx). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in SUV but [Glc] were different (96.4 +/- 10.9 vs. 88.3 +/- 10.5, p = 0.015) between two pre-Tx PET scans. Linear regression yielded g = -0.79 and tau = -1.78 to -2.41 (p < 0.0005 in all). The %DeltaSUV after Tx for 3 patients without vs. with g correction were different by -12%, 0%, and + 7%, suggesting varying effects from glucose. R values were also different and mean R (-0.81 +/- 0.38) was significantly different from zero (p = 0.03), consistent with successful Tx as confirmed by clinico-radiologic follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The extra dimension of glucose sensitivity, g besides SUV incorporated in the combined Tx-derived tau may be a useful global Tx evaluation index even with differing [Glc].

Aged↗