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PubMed1994

The frequency of apparent acetone in a group of breath alcohol data: statistical treatment and forensic implications.

The potential presence of interfering substances (specifically acetone) is a concern in the forensic reporting of evidential breath alcohol analysis. As a result, manufacturers have designed instruments to monitor its occurrence through various hardware and software features. This paper is a retrospective study where 35,945 duplicate breath samples from BAC Verifier DataMaster instruments are evaluated for the frequency of 'interferant' values > or = 0.010 g per 210 l ethanol equivalent. A total of 264 (0.74%) of the duplicate samples had an interferant value on the first sample only, while 235 (0.66%) had interferant values on the second samples only. A total of 77 (0.21%) of the duplicate samples had in interferant values on both breath samples and only in these cases could the presence of measurable acetone even be considered. The occurrence of interferant results appeared also to be instrument-dependent with 55.7% of the interferant values on the first breath sample occurring on nine (13%) of the instruments displaying such results. The occurrences of interferant values on the first breath sample did not conform to the Poisson distribution (P < 0.0001) for the instrument with the largest number of occurrences, while there was conformance for other instruments evaluated. Finally, approximately 23 cases (0.064%) remained where the presence of acetone is a possible consideration. Several issues are presented that the forensic scientist should consider when attempting to explain an apparent interferant result in an individual case. It should be remembered that measurement results need to be interpreted in their context, and data analysis concerning an instrument's performance should be considered.

Acetone↗
PubMed1994

Case II diffusion in the PVC and acetone system.

This paper describes how nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to study case II diffusion of acetone into PVC. NMR is supported by Ion Beam Nuclear Reaction Analysis and Gravimetric Analysis. A series of experiments with different PVC exposure times to acetone vapour have shown the observable physical characteristics of case II diffusion. Experiments in the temperature range 20-50 degrees C have yielded the temperature dependence of the front velocity and the T2 values of the acetone and PVC components.

Acetone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Total number and mean cell volume of neocortical neurons in rats exposed to 2,5-hexanedione with and without acetone.

The toxicological effects of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) alone and combined with acetone on the number and size of neurons in the cerebral cortex of rats were evaluated with stereological techniques. Thirty rats were equally divided into three groups: One control, one receiving 0.5% 2,5-HD, and one receiving 0.5% 2,5-HD and 0.5% acetone in the drinking water for seven weeks. Unbiased estimates of the total number of neocortical neurons, as well as the mean neuronal nuclei and cell body volumes were obtained from systematically sampled 3.5-microns sections. The total number of neurons in the 2,5-HD group was significantly smaller than the control group (p less than 0.05, one-tailed t-test). Both test groups showed significant changes in the mean cell body volume: Compared with the control group, animals exposed to 2,5-HD had 11% smaller cell body volumes while animals exposed to 2,5-HD and acetone had 13% larger cell body volumes. These data represent the first unbiased estimation of mean cell volume in toxicology. We propose the nucleator method as an efficient and accurate tool for estimating quantitative changes in toxicological research.

Acetone↗
PubMed2006

Production of cis-syn thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer oligonucleotide in the presence of acetone photosensitizer.

cis-syn Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) oligonucleotide was produced by UV irradiation in the presence of acetone photosensitizer. Acetone could enhance the productivity but evidently induced the photocleavage of oligonucleotide under a long time irradiation. A statistical approach of orthogonal design was applied to optimize the preparation condition for the production of the modified oligonucleotide. Optimal conditions for maximal cis-syn CPD oligonucleotide productivity were determined based on three factors: acetone concentration, initial oligonucleotide concentration, and irradiation time at several different levels. The optimal modified oligonucleotide that this optimization could produce was 32.7%. Through analysis of 20% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was found that modified oligonucleotide migrated slightly more slowly than the parent oligonucleotide. The photoreactivation of cis-syn thymine-thymine dimer oligonucleotide displayed the selectivity of the substrate specificity of DNA photolyase with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.

Acetone↗
PubMed2005

Acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of Phyllanthus urinaria inhibit HSV-2 infection in vitro.

Phyllanthus urinaria Linnea (Euphorbiaceae) is one of the traditional medicinal plants that are widely applied by oriental people, especially by Chinese and Indian, to ameliorate various kinds of ailments. Many biological activities, including anti-hepatitis B virus, anti-Epstein-Barr virus and anti-retroviral reverse transcriptase, of P. urinaria have been reported, but not against herpes simplex virus (HSV). In this study, the anti-HSV-1 and HSV-2 activities of different solvents extracted from P. urinaria were investigated in vitro by plaque reduction assay. Results showed that acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of P. urinaria inhibited HSV-2 but not HSV-1 infection. The 50% inhibitory concentration against HSV-2 infection (IC50) of acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts was 4.3 +/- 0.5, 5.0 +/ -0.4 and 4.0 +/- 0.9 mcg/ml, respectively. All three extracts showed no cytotoxic effect against Vero cells at concentrations of 10.0 mcg/ml or below. The time-of-addition study demonstrated that these three extracts were only effective when added during the HSV-2 infection which, therefore, suggested that they disturb the initial stage of HSV-2 infection. Furthermore, they can diminish virus infectivity without significantly affecting incubation time and temperature. Therefore, the acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of P. urinaria were concluded to likely inhibit HSV-2 infection through disturbing the early stage of virus infection and through diminishing the virus infectivity.

Acetone↗
PubMed2006

Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)acetone, a potent inducer of the phase 2 response, causes apoptosis in mouse leukemia cells through a p53-independent, caspase-mediated pathway.

Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)acetone is a potent inducer of the phase 2 response through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. This double Michael reaction acceptor reacts directly with Keap1, the sensor protein for inducers, leading to enhanced transcription of phase 2 genes and protection against oxidant and electrophile toxicities. In our efforts to identify potent chemoprotective agents, we found that in rapidly growing murine leukemia cells (L1210) low concentrations (in the submicromolar range) of bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)acetone markedly increased the activities of NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione reductase, and the levels of total glutathione, three markers of the phase 2 response. In contrast, at high concentrations (in the micromolar range) the same compound caused G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Importantly, a mutant L1210 cell line (Y8), selected for resistance to deoxyadenosine and lacking expression of p53 protein, was considerably more sensitive to the apoptotic effects of bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)acetone. When caspase activities were evaluated in cell-free extracts prepared from treated wild type or mutant L1210 cells, the activities of caspase-3, the terminal caspase in the cascade leading to apoptosis, and caspase-10 were found to be markedly elevated. The activities of other caspases measured, caspase-1, -6 and -8, were not appreciably affected. Thus, both induction of the phase 2 response and p53-independent, caspase-3-mediated apoptosis could act cooperatively in chemoprotection. The concentration-dependent differential effects on these two pathways should be carefully considered in mechanistic explanations and strategic designs.

Acetone↗
PubMed2006

Possible mechanism for the effect of ketogenic diet in cases of uncontrolled seizures. The reconsideration of acetone theory.

High fat and low carbohydrate diet, designated ketogenic diet, has been successfully used for the treatment of intractable epilepsy in a portion of patients, particularly in children. Several hypotheses have been worked out for the explanation of its beneficial effects, among others acetone has been raised as a causative factor. However, despite the endeavours the mode of action of the diet is still an enigma. And it is also not known why the diet is effective in some patients, while in others it is without any effect. Here a possible way for the effect of ketogenic diet is proposed in which the central point of seizure preventing effect of the diet is the metabolism of acetone. The proposal nominates S-D-lactoylglutathione, an intermediate of acetone metabolism, as a factor being responsible for seizure controlling effect of ketogenic diet and on the other hand, a sequence of evidence is given for the support of suggestion. S-D-lactoylglutathione would exert its effect by the influence of K(+) channels. The proposal also gives an explanation of why only a portion of patients benefit while on the diet. A proposition is also made for the future directions of research involving the measurement of intermediates of S-D-glutathione breakdown in the cerebrospinal fluid and clinical trials with selected groups of patients. The establishment of this specific mechanism for the ketogenic diet may lead to novel strategies for the investigation and the treatment of intractable epilepsies.

Acetone↗
PubMed2006

Acetone extraction of mcl-PHA from Pseudomonas putida KT2440.

A methodology was developed for the extraction of medium-chain-length poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) from Pseudomonas putida. It was determined that if dry P. putida biomass containing mcl-PHA was washed in 20 volumes of methanol for 5 min followed by Soxhlet extraction in 10 volumes of acetone for 5 h, almost all of the PHA could be recovered with no detectable loss of molecular weight. Biomass containing higher amounts of PHA required less methanol during the pretreatment step but more acetone in the solvent extraction step than biomass containing less PHA. Further purification could be achieved by redissolving the PHA in acetone and reprecipitating in cold methanol. UV spectroscopy at 241 and 275 nm could be used as an indication of product purity.

Acetone↗
PubMed2005

A human physiological model describing acetone kinetics in blood and breath during various levels of physical exercise.

Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling of human experimental data suggests difficulties to simultaneously describe the time courses of inhaled polar solvents in blood and breath, especially if exposures occur during physical exercise. We attribute this to the washin-washout effect in the airways. The aim was to develop a PBTK-model that explains the behavior of acetone in blood and exhaled air at different levels of physical exercise. The model includes exchange of inhaled solvent vapor with the blood flow via the mucosa and separate compartments to describe working and resting muscles. The developed model was contrasted to a traditional PBTK-model where the conducting airways were regarded as an inert tube. Our model predictions agrees well with experimentally observed acetone levels in both arterial blood and end- and mixed-exhaled air from 26 inhalation experiments conducted with 18 human volunteers at 0, 50, 100 and 150 W workload. In contrast, the inert-tube model was unable to describe the data. The developed model is to our knowledge the first which explains the toxicokinetics of acetone at such various levels of physical exercise. It may be useful in breath monitoring and to obtain more accurate estimates of absorbed dose during inhalation of polar volatiles.

Acetone↗
PubMed2001

Effects of AH-9700, (+)-pentazocine, DTG and oxybutynin on micturition in anesthetized rats with acetone-induced cystitis.

We investigated the effects of AH-9700 (1-[2-(3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethyl-2-naphthalenyl)ethyl] pyrrolidine fumarate; a novel sigma receptor ligand), (+)-pentazocine and 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) (two typical sigma receptor ligands), and oxybutynin (a currently used anti-pollakiuria drug) on cystometrograms in anesthetized rats with 30% acetone-induced cystitis. Compared to sham-treated rats, acetone-treated cystitis models exhibited an increase in urinary frequency during continuous filling cystometry. Intravenous administration of AH-9700 (1-5 mg/kg), (+)-pentazocine or DTG to the rats with cystitis dose-dependently prolonged micturition intervals and increased the micturition threshold pressure. Oxybutynin (1 mg/kg. i.v.) also extended micturition intervals, but decreased the micturition pressure. These results indicate that AH-9700, (+)-pentazocine and DTG improve abnormal frequent urination caused by acetone-induced cystitis in a manner different from that of oxybutynin.

Acetone↗
PubMed2001

Quantum yield study of the photodegradation of hydrophobic dyes in the presence of acetone sensitizer.

The photodegradation of hydrophobic disperse dyes with different chromophores in the presence of acetone (ACE) was investigated. In this study, the photodecay of dyes was carried out in the Rayonet RPR-200 merry-go-round photoreactor, with 253.7 nm monochromatic ultraviolet (UV) lamps. A typical azo disperse dye (CI disperse yellow 7--DY7) and an anthraquinone disperse dye (CI disperse orange--DO11) were used as the probe compounds. The results demonstrate that the addition of acetone increases the solubility of hydrophobic disperse dyes and enhances the photosensitization reaction simultaneously. More than ten times of quantum yield enhancement is observed in the presence of ACE photosensitizer than in water alone. The photodegradation of DY7 and DO11 is dominated by photoreduction, which follows pseudo first-order decay, and the rate constants strongly depend on the solvent system (i.e., ACE/H2O ratios) and the initial pH levels. The decay quantum yields of dyes are normally observed with the increase of the ACE/H2O ratio. The optimum quantum yields of DY7 and DO11 were determined at 0.5 (v/v) and 0.25 (v/v), respectively, in alkaline conditions. A further increase in the ACE/H2O ratio reduces the quantum yields, possibly due to light attenuation by excess acetone.

Acetone↗
PubMed1994

The use of acetone to dissolve a Styrofoam impaction of the ear.

Foreign bodies in the ear occasionally thwart conventional means of removal. Styrofoam can be particularly problematic because it can be compressed and become tightly impacted in an ear canal. Furthermore, Styrofoam is friable and tends to fragment with usual removal methods. We report the case of a 6-year-old girl who was referred from another tertiary care hospital after failed efforts to remove a painfully impacted piece of Styrofoam from her left ear canal. Instillation of the organic solvent acetone into the ear canal was well tolerated and caused rapid and near-complete dissolution of the Styrofoam impaction. This is the first reported case of organic solvent dissolution of an otic foreign body. Ototoxic considerations are discussed as is a method for safe acetone instillation that minimizes the amount of acetone introduced into the ear canal.

Acetone↗
PubMed2002

Antimutagenic activities of acetone and methanol fractions of Terminalia arjuna.

The antimutagenic effect of benzene, chloroform, acetone and methanol fractions from Terminalia arjuna, a well-known medicinal plant, was determined against Acid Black dye, 2-aminofluorene (2AF) and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) in TA98 Frameshift mutagen tester strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Among the different fractions, the antimutagenic effect of acetone and methanol fractions was more than that observed with other fractions. Co-incubation and pre-incubation modes of experimentation did not show much difference in the antimutagenic activity of the extracts. Moreover, these fractions inhibited the S9-dependent mutagens, 2AF and Acid Black dye more effectively than the direct-acting mutagens. Studies are under way to isolate and elucidate the nature of the antimutagenic factor in acetone and methanol fractions.

Acetone↗
PubMed2001

Oxidative stress, microsomal and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in the liver of rats treated with acetone.

Parameters of oxidative stress, microsomal cytochrome P450 activity and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation were studied in liver of rats following acetone (1% v/v) consumption for 7 days. Acetone treatment increased the activity of catalase and decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GTPx), but did not significantly modify the liver content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione. Also, acetone increased the total content of cytochrome P450, the microsomal lauric acid hydroxylation, aminopyrine N-demethylation and the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of palmitoyl CoA. These effects were similar to those found previously in starved and ethanol-treated rats, supporting the hypothesis that ketone bodies would be the common inducer of microsomal and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in these metabolic states.

Acetone↗
PubMed2000

The response of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: culicidae) to traps baited with carbon dioxide, 1-octen-3-ol, acetone, butyric acid and human foot odour in Tanzania.

The responses of Culex quinquefasciatus Say to traps baited with carbon dioxide, 1-octen-3-ol, acetone, butyric acid and human foot odour were studied in the field in Muheza, north-east Tanzania using Counterflow Geometry (CFG) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) traps. It was found that significantly more C. quinquefasciatus responded to foot odour collected on nylon stockings than to clean nylon stockings (P < 0.05). Significantly more mosquitoes were caught in a CFG trap baited with carbon dioxide than in traps with either human foot odour, acetone or butyric acid. It was also found that in an outdoor situation a carbon dioxide baited CDC unlit trap collected over 12 times more C. quinquefasciatus than an unbaited CDC unlit trap and nine times more mosquitoes than CDC traps baited with 1-octen-3-ol alone (P < 0.05). The number of mosquitoes caught in a CDC trap baited with 1-octen-3-ol did not differ significantly from that of the unbaited CDC trap (P > 0.05). These results indicate that the Afrotropical C. quinquefasciatus respond significantly better to traps baited with carbon dioxide than to either octenol, acetone or butyric acid, and that human foot odour contains stimuli to which C. quinquefasciatus is attracted under field conditions.

Acetone↗
PubMed1981

Quenching of enzyme-generated acetone phosphorescence by indole compounds: stereospecific effects of D- and L-tryptophan. Photochemical-like effects.

Indole compounds efficiently quench the acetone phosphorescence observed during the horseradish peroxidase catalyzed aerobic oxidation of isobutyraldehyde. Different types of Stern-Volmer plots are observed: linear, linear with two slopes, and downward- and upward-curved plots. The complexity probably stems from the operation of both dynamic and static quenching, coupled with different efficiencies of quenching of various acetone triplet populations. Binding to the enzyme may also occur, especially in the case of L-tryptophan. The different Stern-Volmer behavior of D- and L-tryptophan fully confirms that the acetone triplet is generated within the enzyme and not free in solution. This chiral discrimination toward an enzymically generated electronically excited species is novel. It is tentatively postulated that a long-range triplet-triplet exciton transfer occurs; the excited triplet indole then undergoes photochemical-like alterations.

Acetone↗
PubMed2001

Canopy level fluxes of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, acetone, and methanol by a portable relaxed eddy accumulation system.

Canopy level flux measurements of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO), acetone, and methanol were made over a subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the summer of 1999. The measurements were carried out using a portable relaxed eddy accumulation system that collected samples on adsorbent cartridges. Midday fluxes of acetone were highest at approximately 2.5 mg of C m-2 h-1. Methanol and MBO fluxes were approximately 1.0 mg of C m-2 h-1 each. These fluxes occurred with average daytime high temperatures of only 18 degrees C. Diurnal fluxes of MBO were strongly correlated with light and temperature. Acetone and methanol did not have simple diurnal patterns. These results indicate that oxygenated volatile organic compounds may make a significant contribution to the flux of reactive carbon to the atmosphere in western U.S. pine forests.

Acetone↗
PubMed2005

Allicin and allicin-derived garlic compounds increase breath acetone through allyl methyl sulfide: use in measuring allicin bioavailability.

Progress in establishing systemic pharmacological effects for fresh, crushed garlic (Allium sativum L) in humans has been hindered by (1) the inability to measure allicin bioavailability, (2) lack of direct evidence that allicin has significant systemic activity at doses of garlic normally consumed, and (3) lack of a model for an acute effect. We have addressed these problems by quantifying the increases in breath acetone and breath allyl methyl sulfide (AMS). The area under the 48 h curve was measured in humans after consumption of standardized garlic preparations, allicin, and allicin-derived compounds, at the equivalent of 7 g of crushed garlic. It was shown that the allyl thiosulfinates (mainly allicin) are solely responsible for breath AMS and increased breath acetone. Diallyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, ajoene, and S-allylmercaptocysteine, at isomolar dithioallyl, showed the same quantitative effects as allicin. Consumption of AMS at isomolar allyl also gave the same effects as allicin, indicating that AMS is the main metabolite of allicin and is an active metabolite. In conclusion, allicin and allicin-derived compounds are rapidly metabolized to AMS, a compound which stimulates the production of acetone and which can be used to measure the bioavailability of allicin and, hence, the ability of garlic supplements to represent fresh garlic.

Acetone↗