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PubMed2006

Double-masked randomised placebo-controlled trial of the effect of prismatic corrections on rate of reading and the relationship with symptoms.

Practitioners' decisions on when to intervene in decompensated heterophoria are often based on symptoms, which are in some cases an unreliable indicator of whether an intervention will be helpful. The aim of our study was to determine when prismatic corrections improve performance at a measure of dynamic visual function: the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test (WRRT). All participants manifested an aligning prism (associated heterophoria) on the near Mallett Unit of 0.5Delta or greater. There were 80 participants, of whom 58 had exophoria, 15 esophoria, and seven hyperphoria. The effect of the aligning prism on the WRRT was compared with a control lens using a double-masked randomised design. For exophoria, an aligning prism of 2Delta and above has a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 79% for improving performance at the WRRT by 5% or more. It is not possible from our data to achieve a good compromise between sensitivity and specificity for the other types of heterophoria. Patients in the horizontal (but not vertical) heterophoria groups had significantly more symptoms than a control group. The patients whose visual performance is improved by prismatic correction are not necessarily those who report the most symptoms. Our data suggest that exophoric patients of any age are likely to have improved visual performance with an intervention if they have an aligning prism of 2Delta or more, even in the absence of symptoms. We stress that although the Mallett Unit Fixation Disparity test provides useful information, its results need to be considered in the overall context of the patient's symptoms, lifestyle, and the results of other optometric tests. Although this study evaluated prismatic corrections, we note that interventions for decompensated heterophoria include not only prismatic corrections, but also eye exercises and refractive modification.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1989

A controlled study of visual symptoms and eye strain factors in chronic headache.

In a questionnaire survey we determined the prevalence of visual symptoms and eye strain factors in a group of chronic headache sufferers as compared with age- and sex-matched controls. The visual symptoms studied were those not specific for headache, i.e., sensitivity to light and blurred vision. Sensitivity to light in the absence of headache was reported by 27.8% of controls and 44.7% of headache sufferers (p less than 0.05). The latter figure increased to 71.3% when headache was actually present (p less than 0.001). Blurred vision occurred in 13.5% of controls and 7.4% of headache sufferers (not significant). In the presence of headache, the latter figure increased to 44.7% (p less than 0.01). Of the eye strain factors studied, bright light was reported to precipitate headache in 29.3% and to aggravate it in 73.4%. For reading, these figures were 16.0% and 55.3%, respectively; for working at the computer screen, 14.5% and 31.3%; and for watching television, 6.4% and 27.7%. We conclude that visual symptoms are more common in chronic headache and eye strain factors more important than is generally recognized.

Asthenopia↗
PubMed1984

Working with cathode-ray tube based visual display units.

Eye strain when working with visual display units might be due to bad ergonomics but also to eye functions not meeting the demands. If the symbol on the screen has a 4 mm height and the working distance is 60 cm, a visual acuity of 0.4 is required. However to read with ease in the long run a visual acuity of 0.7 is needed. Therefore the employee's visual acuity and refraction must be examined when newly employed, at the age of forty, then every fifth year and when having problems. Other eye dysfunctions could be revealed from questionnaires.

Asthenopia↗
PubMed1993

Ocular fatigue is the major symptom of dry eye.

A total of 524 consecutive new patients (195 male, 329 female, 43.4 +/- 20.8 y.o.) were evaluated for the presence of ocular fatigue and/or dry eye. Dry eye was diagnosed based on our criteria, which included symptoms, vital staining, break-up time (BUT) measurement, and the Schirmer test. Among all the patients, 21.2% (111/524) reported symptoms of ocular fatigue and 15.3% (80/524) were diagnosed as having dry eye with symptoms. Of the 111 patients who complained of ocular fatigue, 51.4% (57/111) had dry eye, which was significantly higher than the 15.3% for the entire group (p < 0.001). Additionally, 71.3% (57/80) of dry eye patients with symptoms complained of ocular fatigue, which was also significantly higher than the 21.2% among all patients (p < 0.001). Dry eye patients had a greater number of complaints (4.3 +/- 2.1 per patient) compared to controls (1.9 +/- 1.3 per patient) (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that there is a strong relation between ocular fatigue and dry eye.

Adult↗
PubMed1972

Eye strain from convergence insufficiency.

Eye strain and headache are common ocular symptoms, and the main cause in persons aged 15 to 40 is convergence insufficiency. It is more common in females than in males. Many patients are supplied with glasses for eye strain without the causative convergence insufficiency being treated. The treatment in most cases is orthoptic exercises.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Importance and effects of altered workplace ergonomics in modern radiology suites.

The transition from a film-based to a filmless soft-copy picture archiving and communication system (PACS)-based environment has resulted in improved work flow as well as increased productivity, diagnostic accuracy, and job satisfaction. Adapting to this filmless environment in an efficient manner requires seamless integration of various components such as PACS workstations, the Internet and hospital intranet, speech recognition software, paperless electronic hospital medical records, e-mail, office software, and telecommunications. However, the importance of optimizing workplace ergonomics has received little attention. Factors such as the position of the work chair, workstation table, keyboard, mouse, and monitors, along with monitor refresh rates and ambient room lighting, have become secondary considerations. Paying close attention to the basics of workplace ergonomics can go a long way in increasing productivity and reducing fatigue, thus allowing full realization of the potential benefits of a PACS. Optimization of workplace ergonomics should be considered in the basic design of any modern radiology suite.

Asthenopia↗