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PubMed2002

Combined vitamin C and E supplementation retards early progression of arteriosclerosis in heart transplant patients.

The development of arteriosclerosis is the limiting factor for the long-term survival and the major cause of mortality in patients with heart transplants. Various factors, including oxidative stress, contribute to the progression of the disease. In a recent clinical trial using the intravascular ultrasound technique, which detects the early stages of disease development, supplementation with vitamins C and E retarded the progression of coronary arteriosclerosis during the early stage following cardiac transplantation.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed2006

Experimental models of graft arteriosclerosis.

Graft arteriosclerosis (GA) is the leading cause of mortality in long-term survivors of solid organ transplantation. Although clinical studies have suggested a multifactorial etiology, the precise mechanism of disease remains obscure. Many animal models have been developed that manifest lesions resembling those of human arteriosclerosis. These models have helped us address specific mechanistic and interventional issues but, for reasons that will be discussed, have failed to assign a unitary pathogenic mechanism to clinical GA. In this chapter we describe the commonly available experimental models of GA. We further discuss the merits and limitations of each model and outline their contribution to our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Blood zinc levels in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans, thromboangiitis obliterans and Takayasu's disease.

Serum zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 30 normal males, 17 normal females, 20 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans, 26 patients with thromboangiitis obliterans, 40 patients with Takayasu's disease. The mean serum zinc concentration was 93.9 +/- S.E.4.0 mug/100 ml in the normal male controls, 75.1 +/- 3.3 mug/100 ml in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans without ulcers (P less than 0.05) and 79.2 +/- 6.5 mug/100 ml in patients with thromboangiitis obliterans without ulcers. Serum zinc concentration showed to be more decreased in patients with these diseases who had ulcers. The mean serum zinc concentration was 77.9 +/- 4.0 mug/100 ml in the normal female controls, 71.8 +/- 5.1 mug/100 ml in patients with Takayasu's disease who had never been treated with steroids and 59.1 +/- 2.7 mug/100 ml in patients with this disease who had been treated with this drug (P less than 0.01). The zinc level was significantly lower in CRP positive patients with Takayasu's disease than in CRP negative patients (P less than 0.05).

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Arteriosclerosis in the influx and intravisceral arteries of the liver, kidney and lung of WHHL rabbits.

We performed a histopathological investigation on arteriosclerotic development in the influx and intravisceral arteries of the liver, kidney and lung of male WHHL rabbits. In the influx arteries of these organs, we observed severe atherosclerotic vascular lesions with high-grade luminal stenosis. In the intravisceral arteries of the liver and kidney, no arteriosclerotic lesions were observed. However, in the intrapulmonary arteries, we recognized severe atherosclerotic vascular changes with high-grade stenosis or total obstruction of the lumen in some middle to large sized pulmonary arteries. These observations indicate that the development of arteriosclerosis in parenchymatous organs differs, and that some organs are predisposed to arteriosclerosis formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Influence of diabetes on arteriosclerosis.

The cholesterol contents of the posterior cerebral, subclavian, left common carotid, coronary, superior mesenteric and renal arteries were determined in 6 nondiabetic and 21 diabetic autopsy subjects. The dry weight of the arteries per length was 1.40 to 2.96 times greater in the diabetic group than in the nondiabetic group. The contents of cholesterol in the arteries of the diabetic group were also 1.07 to 4.10 times greater than those of the nondiabetic group. Statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the dry weight of the arteries per length in the nondiabetic group and the contents of cholesterol in the arteries of the nondiabetic group and the diabetic group. Relation between the cholesterol content (x) in the artery of nondiabetic group and ratio (y) of the cholesterol content in the artery of the diabetic group to the nondiabetic group could be expressed by the following regression equation; y = 4.303 - 0.558 x (r = -0.843, p less than 0.002). Most of correlation coefficients between dry weight of each artery, or between the cholesterol content of each artery were low. These results suggest that arteriosclerosis is enhanced in the diabetics, especially in smaller artery where the cholesterol content is low, and arteriosclerosis in the diabetics develops not uniformly.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Expression of PDGF alpha-receptor in renal arteriosclerosis and rejecting renal transplants.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) plays an important role in renal disease. We have recently demonstrated that in healthy mature human kidney, PDGF alpha-receptor expression is largely restricted to interstitial cells. The study presented here assesses the expression of PDGF alpha-receptor in 18 mature adult kidneys with arteriosclerosis from individuals with no clinically evident history of renal disease other than localized neoplasia, in 13 kidneys with irreversible transplant rejection, and in a series of renal transplant biopsies composed of examples of both severe and absent rejection, by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Strong focal or diffuse expression of PDGF alpha-receptor mRNA and protein was noted in some intimal cells of intrarenal arterial vessels exhibiting signs of arteriosclerosis and/or vascular rejection. By double immunostaining, it could be shown that these cells were neither endothelial cells nor infiltrating leukocytes. The cells were most often identified as smooth muscle by colabeling for the smooth muscle cell-specific protein SM22alpha and less commonly for alpha-smooth muscle actin. There was also a population of PDGF alpha-receptor-expressing cells that failed to colabel with any of these markers, and hence remain of uncertain histogenesis. These intimal cells were generally negative for several other markers of differentiated smooth muscle cells, i.e., calponin and desmin. Near these PDGF alpha-receptor-positive intimal cells, expression of PDGF A-chain, an alpha-receptor ligand, was demonstrated in endothelial, intimal, and/or medial cells. Prominent PDGF alpha-receptor mRNA and protein expression also was noted in areas of interstitial fibrosis and in some glomeruli, in particular those with segmental glomerulosclerosis or fibrotic crescents. Double immunolabeling for PDGF alpha-receptor and alpha-smooth muscle actin confirmed that most of these latter PDGF alpha-receptor-positive cells were interstitial myofibroblasts or mesangial cells, or both. In summary, these data demonstrate widespread expression of PDGF alpha-receptor in renal cell types involved in fibrotic and sclerosing processes. The data also show that PDGF alpha-receptor expression identifies a unique population of phenotypically altered vascular smooth muscle cells, which appear to be involved in the vascular response to injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Marked arteriosclerosis of the descending aorta in a teenager with interruption of the aorta.

Marked arteriosclerosis localized to the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta was observed in a 19-year-old girl with interruption of the aorta (type A) and a ventricular septal defect. She died from rupture of saccular aneurysm of the pulmonary trunk. The descending thoracic and abdominal aorta showed marked thrombogenic, lamellar thickening of the intima. In contrast, no significant arteriosclerosis was detected in the ascending aorta. Several factors including diffuse sludging of blood, mural thrombosis and hemodynamic changes, in close association with polycythemia, are hypothesized to be causative factors in the development of this lesion.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The clinical features and treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans with diabetes.

The objective of this study was to clarify the differences, if any, in the clinical features between diabetic and nondiabetic patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) and to select the optimal treatment for diabetic patients with ASO. The 171 patients with ASO studied were classified into nondiabetic and diabetic groups. Each group was subdivided into an intermittent claudication (IC) group and ulcer and necrosis (ULC) group. The frequency of complications with cardiac and cerebral vascular diseases and risk factors of arteriosclerosis were analyzed. Ankle and brachial blood pressure and ankle/brachial pressure index (API) were measured, and blood rheological parameters of filterability using Nuclepore filter membrane and viscosity of whole blood and plasma were measured. Three indexes of walking distance were measured by our ASO-Treadmill protocol to evaluate quantitatively the effect of treatment. There were 95 diabetic patients with ASO and 76 nondiabetic patients. Of the nondiabetic patients, 81 had IC and 14 had ULC, and of the diabetic patients, 63 had IC and 13 had ULC. The diabetic group showed more frequent complications with coronary heart disease (56.5 vs. 25.6%), but the two groups showed the same frequency of cerebrovascular diseases (30%). The diabetic ULC subgroup showed higher fasting plasma glucose than the diabetic IC subgroup. The API of the ULC subgroup was significantly lower than that of the IC subgroup in the nondiabetic patients, whereas that of the ULC subgroup was not significantly lower than that of the IC subgroup in the diabetic patients. Stenotic lesions of arteriography in both the nondiabetic and diabetic ULC subgroups demonstrated a tendency toward multisegmental and below-knee lesions compared with the two IC subgroups. For blood rheology-related factors, the diabetic ASO subgroup demonstrated a significantly elevated fibrinogen level compared with the normal control value, for patients of average age. After walking exercise treatment, a significant increase in the walking distance was obtained. After treatment with Cilostazol, prostaglandin I2 analog, and LDL apheresis, the rheological indexes were significantly improved, while the API did not change. We conclude that therapeutic improvement of blood rheological properties would be effective for prolongation and improvement of the quality of life for diabetic patients with ASO.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[The lipid composition characteristics of the blood serum and aortic wall in the modelling of different types of arteriosclerosis].

Executed was modelling of Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis by injection into rabbits monoiodacetat, ergocalciferol; cholesterol atherosclerosis and combined type of lesion by simultaneous intake of cholesterol and monoiodacetat. Examined was the content of lipoproteins of different classes in blood serum, in aorta tissue--cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids. During all implemented ways of actions the change in comparative content of lipoproteins was indicated, what can be estimated as atherogenic. Monoiodacetat model of arteriosclerosis is accompanied with denominated accumulation of lipids in aorta walls, ergocalciferol model with accumulation of triglycerides only.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The current concepts of the pathogenesis of Mönckeberg-type arteriosclerosis].

On the basis of experimental researches the circuit of pathogenesis of Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis--one of the most widespread types of arteriosclerosis is offered. The most important mechanisms realized during development of this pathological process, following: 1) actions of the injuring factor cause necrobiotic change of vascular wall cells; 2) activation of proteolytic enzymes, disturbance of balance between proteinases and their natural inhibitors results in destruction of extracellular matrix fibers and excessive stimulation by products limited proteolysis of vascular wall cell; 3) infringements of intracellular ion homeostasis at the expense of the mentioned below factors exhaust energy systems (last in case of metabolic poison action can be primary are damaged); 4) infringements in system of blood, in particular, in calcium homeostasis, blood coagulation, lipid spectrum promote additional damage of vascular wall cells; 5) dystrophic and metastatic calcification of media; 6) development "unspecific mesenchymal reaction", including fibrosis and sclerosis, in damage zone of vascular wall.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[General anesthesia for a patient on hemodialysis with arteriosclerosis obliterans].

A 48-year-old man with arteriosclerosis obliterans was scheduled for axillofemoral bypass. He had chronic renal failure and on hemodialysis (HD) for 22 years. On the morning of the day of surgery he received HD and two hours later anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 300 micrograms and midazolam 6 mg, and maintained with fentanyl, nitrous oxide and intermittent isoflurane. The common carotid artery was cannulated to measure arterial blood pressure because arteries in extremities were not available. Internal jugular vein at the other side of the arterial catheterization was cannulated to measure central venous pressure. Crystalloid and blood transfusion was performed to adjust hemodynamics and central venous pressure. Hemodynamics were stable during surgery and no complication occurred regarding the common carotid arterial line. The common carotid artery was useful for blood pressure monitoring in a patient whose extremities were not available. Midazolam and fentanyl could give stable hemodynamics to a patient with arteriosclerosis obliterans and chronic renal failure.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed2001

[Review of revascularization and arterial reconstructive procedures in arteriosclerosis performed at the Hospital in Lucenec].

The authors present a review of revascularisation and reconstruction operations for arteriosclerosis in a group of 2341 patients (1754 (75%) operations). Direct reconstruction operations were made 825 times (47%), indirect operations--sympathectomy 598 times (34.1%) and endovascular intervention 331 times (18.9%). Intervention vascular radiology significantly changes the indication, the strategy and the tactics of surgical treatment of arteriosclerosis and its complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Experimental arteriosclerosis in Rhesus monkeys induced by multiple risk factors: cholesterol, vitamin D, and nictotine.

Forty-four rhesus monkeys were given various regimens involving three vasotoxic factors: dietary hypercholesteremia, hypervitaminosis D2 and nicotinism for period ranging from 14 to 62 weeks. When administered singly, no or only early disease was observed. The combined three "risk factor" group demonstrated the most impressive arteriosclerosis. Major arteriosclerotic changes: fat, calcium and mensenchyme of thirty standardized segments of aorta, coronary and limb arteries of all monkeys were graded according to a standardized system. Statistical analysis revealed that the total arteriosclerotic scores of the three vasotoxic factor group was significantly greater than those of any other group and that this was the only group with significant coronary arteriosclerosis as well as complicated lesions such as thrombosis or occlusion of arterial luminae of the extremities. A lowering of the vitamin D2 dosage, resulting in a lengthening of the survival time of animals which should allow sufficient time for complicated disease to develop, is recommended for future studies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relations between blood lipids and some eye diseases associated with arteriosclerosis].

Blood lipids, their alterations and methods of determination are reviewed. Serum values are compared in a series consisting of 20 cases of eye disease not caused by arteriosclerosis, 16 of chronic glaucoma, 14 of diabetes mellitus without retinopathy, 13 of occlusion of the central retinal artery, 16 of the retinal haemorrhage, 21 of retinal vein thrombosis, and 24 of sclerosis of the retinal fundus. Abnormal pictures, particularly with respect to the beta-alphaprotein ratio, were observed and it is suggested that their recognition and correction can serve as a guide in the prevention and treatment of arteriosclerosis and its ocular complications.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Orbital pulse analyses in healthy subjects and patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis].

81 normotensive persons were examined with the ophthalmodyamographic method. The measuring device was fixed with a constant, hypodiastolic pressure, and orbital volume pulses were registered and analysed according to qualitative and quantitative pulse criteria. Pulse criteria of younger persons were compared to those of older patients, pulses of persons with a normal vascular system were compared to pulses of persons suffering from cerebral vascular sclerosis. The most important results can be summarized as follows: 1. In old age pulses with arciform ascent or deep-seated anacrotic inflection are found more often. 2. The applanation of the dicrotic wave is seen more often in older patients and most often in patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis. Yet it is not specific for regressive changes of the arterial wall. 3. Pulses of the peripheral type with decrement of the incisura are found more often in younger persons with unimpaired blood vessels, presumably because of the more viscous-plastic properties of the vascular wall. 4. The quotient of dicrotism increases in old age. 5. The mean value of pulse wave transmission time, as a rule, diminishes in older persons, but non-hypertensive patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis have an increased pulse wave transmission time when compared to persons of the same age group without vascular changes. 6. Concerning the diagnostic value of differences between left and right it is important to notice that physiological differences of pulse criteria are considerable as far as amplitudes and height of discrotism are concerned; they are less prominent as to the period of rapid ejection (time between beginning of steep ascent and primary peak) and practivally below the measurable range as to semi-amplitude time (time that passes until half of the maximum amplitude is reached) and pulse wave transmission time. That means: measurable differences in regard to semi-amplitude time or pulse wave transmission time are reliable diagnostic criteria whereas differences in amplitudes and height of discrotism may bring false positive results.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Effect of lower androgen levels on arteriosclerosis].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the effect of lower androgen levels on risk factors for arteriosclerosis of men. METHODS: In 30 cases of primary prostate carcinoma (stage A), serum levels of testosterone (T), free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), prostatic specific antigen(PSA), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), apoprotein alpha 1 (APO alpha 1) and apoprotein beta(APO beta), insulin, plasma fibrinopeptide A (FPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), fibrinogen were determined before and 1 week, 1,4,8 months after castration. RESULTS: T, FT, PSA decreased significantly 1 week after castration, and kept on decreasing afterwards. DHEA and SHBG were not changed. TG, fasting insulin and glucose, 2-hour insulin and glucose elevated significantly 1 month after castration. TG, LDL-C, FPA and PAI-1 elevated 4 months after castration. Insulin sensitive index(ISI) decreased significantly 1 month after operation (-4.4 +/- 0.4 vs. -3.5 +/- 0.4, P < 0.01). HDL-C, APO alpha 1, APO beta and fibrinogen were not changed. There was a negative linear correlation between FT and TG, TC, LDL-C, PAI-1, FPA, fasting insulin and glucose, 2 h insulin and glucose, so did T. CONCLUSION: Lower androgen levels have adverse effect on lipid metabolism, coagulative function and insulin sensitivity, which are related to arteriosclerosis of men.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Effect of surgical castration on risk factors for arteriosclerosis of patients with prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of castration on risk factors for arteriosclerosis of patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: Thirty patients with primary regional prostate adenocarcinoma limited to the prostate theca were selected in this study. Serum levels of testosterone (T), free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), prostatic specific antigen (PSA), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), apoprotein alpha(1) (APOalpha(1)) and apoprotein beta (APObeta), insulin, plasma fibrinopeptide A (FPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen were determined just prior to, 1 week and 1, 4 and 8 months after castration. RESULTS: T, FT and PSA decreased significantly 1 week after castration (21.12 +/- 15.11 ng/ml vs 383.9 +/- 62.6 ng/ml, P < 0.001; 4.08 +/- 3.29 pmol/L vs 34.11 +/- 11.59 pmol/L, P < 0.001; 14.34 +/- 7.77 ng/ml vs 23.51 +/- 6.57 ng/ml, P = 0.001, respectively) and continued to decrease until reaching their lowest levels 8 months after castration. DHEA and SHBG did not undergo any changes. TG, fasting insulin and glucose, 2-hour insulin and glucose levels were significantly elevated 1 month after castration (1.84 +/- 0.61 mmol/L vs 1.30 +/- 0.40 mmol/L, P < 0.05; 18.16 +/- 5.57 mU/L vs 9.47 +/- 3.81 mU/L, P < 0.05; 4.77 +/- 0.66 mmol/L vs 3.92 +/- 0.34 mmol/L, P < 0.05; 65.52 +/- 14.78 mU/L vs 36.94 +/- 17.12 mU/L, P < 0.01; 6.98 +/- 0.79 mmol/L vs 6.01 +/- 0.23 mmol/L, P = 0.001, respectively). TC, LDL-C, FPA and PAI-1 levels were elevated 4 months after castration (6.56 +/- 0.99 mmol/L vs 5.29 +/- 0.75 mmol/L, P < 0.01; 4.09 +/- 0.86 mmol/L vs 3.04 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, P < 0.01; 3.39 +/- 1.67 nmol/L vs 1.48 +/- 0.50 nmol/L, P < 0.01; 27.02 +/- 5.98 ng/ml vs 21.78 +/- 3.16 ng/ml, P < 0.05, respectively), continuing to increase after that point. Insulin sensitive index (ISI) decreased significantly 1 month after surgery (-4.42 +/- 0.36 vs -3.50 +/- 0.39, P < 0.001), and continued to decrease from that point forward. HDL-C, APOalpha(1), APObeta and fibrinogen remained at pre-operative levels. There was a negative linear correlation between FT and TG, TC, LDL-C, PAI-1, FPA, fasting insulin and glucose, 2-hour insulin and glucose (r = -0.311, -0.384, -0.385, -0.339, -0.353, -0.381, -0.303, -0.460 and -0.395, respectively; P < 0.05). A similar phenomenon occurred with T (r = -0.308, -0.309, -0.356, -0.320, -0.430, -0.453, -0.435, -0.483 and -0.512, respectively; P < 0.05). T and FT were positively associated with ISI (r = 0.555 and 0.501; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: At 8 months follow-up of the study subjects, we found that lower androgen levels have adverse effects on lipid metabolism, coagulative function and insulin sensitivity, related to arteriosclerosis in men.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty against arteriosclerosis obliterans in dialysis patients.

The incidence of peripheral arteriosclerosis is on the increase in chronic hemodialysis patients. Recently, the intervention (IV) treatment is conducted to deal with this problem. IV was performed in 4 dialysis patients against the complication of arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) but the result was unsuccessful in 3 of them. These 3 failure cases were investigated to find the problems associated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Cases 1, 2 and 3 had intermittent claudication while case 4 had gangrenous toes as the major complaint. The symptoms in these cases were attributable to 90-100% stenosis and occlusion of superficial femoral artery, bilateral iliac arteries, bilateral superficial femoral-popliteal artery, branch of right iliac artery and left iliac artery region, respectively. IV was successful in case 1 but failed in cases 2 and 4 because the catheter itself did not go through due to the severe stenosis of vessel or the procedure of forcefully dilating the vessel caused dispersion of minute thrombi. In case 3, acute myocardial infarction occurred at 10 h after successful IV, resulting in sudden death. In view of the extent of invasion, IV is a treatment method selected against ASO in dialysis patients. However, the method has a high risk of causing thrombus formation, vessel rupture and organ failure. In this regard, it is advisable to evaluate the systemic condition and conduct IV if the extent of stenosis is mild.

Aged↗