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PubMed1998

An examination of the variables associated with the adoption of a computerized innovation (an operating room simulation model).

The purpose of this study was to describe the variables that influenced senior staff to decide to adopt (or reject) a computerized innovation (Operating Room Simulation Model) and to describe the decision process at four hospitals. Rogers' Innovation-Decision Process Model (1983) and Model of the Innovation Process in Organizations (1983) formed the conceptual framework for this study. Five specific variables (relevant advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, observability), that were shown in the literature to increase the probability of an innovation to be adopted, were investigated. The results of this study indicated that there was a match between relevant advantage and adoption and no match between compatibility and adoption. There were insufficient data to determine if a match existed between complexity, trialability and observability with adoption of the Model. The links between the organizational variables (agenda setting, matching, decision) and adoption of the OR Simulation Model were not conclusive.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed2005

Physician adoption of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, a treatment alternative for chronic wounds, has been used for several decades yet little is known about factors that influence physicians to incorporate this therapy into practice. To assess wound care physician knowledge of, attitudes toward, and adoption of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and to identify factors associated with physician adoption of this therapy, a 23-item questionnaire, based on Rogers' diffusion of innovation model, was developed by the authors and distributed to 653 American Academy of Wound Management Board-certified physicians. Of the 246 (43%) physicians in the study population who responded to the study survey, 167 (68%) reported they had used or referred patients for hyperbaric oxygen therapy during the past 12 months. More than half of the respondents reported a relatively high level of familiarity with and a positive attitude toward the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on wound healing. Physician adoption of hyperbaric oxygen therapy was significantly associated with a community of >100,000 residents (adjusted odds ratio = 2.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.05 to 5.04); patient request for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (adjusted odds ratio = 5.38, 95% confidence interval = 2.50 to 11.56); positive attitude toward (adjusted odds ratio = 3.38, 95% confidence interval = 1.49 to 7.66) and high level of familiarity with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (adjusted odds ratio = 5.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.72 to 6.49); and practice location in either Florida or Texas (adjusted odds ratio = 3.44, 95% confidence interval = 1.24 to 9.54). Although the majority of the respondents reported adoption of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, most adopters are concentrated only in a few geographic areas. Despite the limitations of this study, especially the potential effects of sampling and response bias, the results help explain factors that have facilitated and hindered the adoption of this technology into practice.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adoption of smoking policies by automobile dealerships.

Despite an increase in policies regulating smoking at the workplace, little research has been conducted on organizational factors that may be associated with the adoption of those policies. In November 1986, a survey assessing tobacco use habits was sent to 3,432 employees of 68 auto dealerships in western New York. Managers at the worksites were surveyed by telephone in 1986 and 1 year later to assess their attitudes about smoking by employees and changes in smoking policy implementation. At the time of the initial survey, 21 percent (N = 14) of businesses had smoking restrictions. Among the 54 worksites with no smoking restrictions, 14 (26 percent) adopted smoking policies within a year. The strongest predictor of policy adoption was an interaction between the presence of floating smoking restrictions (not tied to a specific area) and the manager's willingness to impose smoking restrictions on employees. Adoption of policies was also more likely to occur among worksites with younger employees. That adoption of smoking policies was more likely to occur among worksites with floating smoking policies underscores the idea that focusing efforts at the managerial level within an organization can accelerate the diffusion process. In addition, the presence of unions and employee concerns about smoking policies are likely to impact upon management's decisions regarding implementation of policies. Given the potential of smoking prohibitions to influence the smoking habits of employees, future studies should begin to focus on ways to facilitate the adoption of smoking policies in worksites.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1985

T-cell involvement in adoptive transfer of line 10 tumor immunity in strain 2 guinea pigs.

Several aspects of adoptive transfer of tumor immunity were studied in the line 10 hepatocarcinoma in the syngeneic Sewall-Wright strain 2 guinea pig. In particular, the need for cooperation between donor and recipient T-cells was investigated. Donor immune spleen cells remained immunologically capable of inducing tumor rejection for at least 160 days after adoptive transfer. Irradiated (1,000 rad) or mitomycin-treated immune spleen cells lacked tumor-rejection activity, which is indicative of the necessity for in vivo proliferation after adoptive transfer of immunity. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of tumor immunity was abrogated after treatment of the line 10 immune spleen cells with rabbit anti-guinea pig-thymocyte serum (ATS) plus complement. The role of recipient T-cells was investigated in strain 2 guinea pigs which were T-cell depleted by thymectomy, irradiation, and bone marrow reconstitution (T-XBM animals). Severe suppression of T-cell activity was present at 2 and 6 weeks after irradiation and bone marrow reconstitution. At 10 weeks nonspecific T-cell activity was partially restored. The induction of antigen-specific responses, measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing in vivo and antigenic stimulation in vitro, was suppressed at 2 weeks after irradiation and bone marrow reconstitution. Additional in vivo treatment of T-XBM animals with a rabbit ATS improved the T-cell depletion only moderately. Tumor growth and tumor rejection after adoptive transfer of immunity were equal in normal and T-cell-deprived recipient animals, thus indicating that recipient T-cells are not needed for tumor rejection after adoptive transfer of line 10 tumor immunity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Adoption of innovations by Canadian radiologists.

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that help or hinder the adoption of new procedures and practices by Canadian radiologists. Canadian radiologists were asked, by means of a mail survey, for information about innovations in practice adopted during the previous 2 years or planned for the next 2 years. Surveys were sent to the 1077 practising radiologists registered in the Canadian Association of Radiologists as of Sept. 30, 1991; 325 responded (30.2%). The responses were correlated with demographic information obtained in the same survey and through the Maintenance of Competence Program of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was more likely to be adopted in larger communities (those with a population of more than 500,000), computed tomography in medium-sized and larger communities (more than 100,000), mammography in medium-sized and smaller communities (500,000 or less) and ultrasonography (US) in smaller communities (100,000 or less). Radiologists with a faculty appointment at a university were more likely to adopt MRI and digital imaging, whereas those with no faculty status were more likely to adopt US and structural changes to a practice. The authors conclude that the size of the community in which a practice is located and the practitioner's faculty status both play a role in the adoption of innovations.

Canada↗
PubMed1994

Cell migration studies in the adoptive transfer of adjuvant arthritis in the Lewis rat.

Adjuvant arthritis (AA) can be induced in Lewis rats by a single injection of either heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis or the lipoidal amine CP20961. Concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated T cells isolated from AA rats are able to adoptively transfer the disease to naive syngeneic recipients. It is unclear, however, whether these transferred cells traffic directly to the joint and initiate arthritis, or whether secondary host cells are responsible for activation of the disease. In the current investigation, T cells labelled with the vital fluorescent dyes Hoechst H33342 and Zynaxis PKH26-G were used to adoptively transfer adjuvant disease to naive recipients. At various stages of disease development sections of ankle joints, together with a range of soft tissues, were examined by fluorescence microscopy to determine the distribution of labelled donor cells in the recipients. Intensely fluorescent lymphocytes were observed in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes within 24 hr of adoptive transfer. Foci of such cells were clearly visible in the primary lymphoid tissues as late as 14 days after transfer. However, close examination of both ankle joint sections and patellar fat pad cells throughout the time-course of the study failed to detect any labelled cells at the lesion site. To develop these observations further, we performed adoptive transfers to nude Lewis rats (rnu/rnu) and found that they were only moderately sensitive and developed, at best, a transient arthritis. This observed difference could not be explained by a generalized lack of an inflammatory response, since we were able to elicit a zymosan peritonitis in the nude rats. However, in nude Lewis rats a striking increase in adoptively transferred AA was obtained after reconstitution with 4 x 10(8) naive syngeneic spleen cells. These combined observations suggest that a host-derived immune cell population is crucial for arthritis induction in the adoptive transfer system.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Predictors of nurse adoption of a computerized information system as an innovation.

This descriptive study focused on factors that influence the diffusion and adoption of an innovation after it is first introduced to members of a social system. A dearth of knowledge exists in this area regarding nurses as adopters and information technology as the innovation. The purpose of the study was to explore a set of individual, technological, and organizational characteristics as predictors of hospital nurse adoption of a computerized information system (CIS) as an innovation. A computerized system for staffing, scheduling and productivity management was selected as the innovation. The sample included 193 staff nurses and 34 nurse managers in one large teaching research hospital. A self-report written survey method was used to test a set of 12 independent variables in relation to innovation adoption. Using multiple regression analysis, 50% of the variance in adoption was explained by all 12 predictors (p < .001). The results suggest that focus on the perceived advantages of an innovation, the perceived need, values held by peers regarding the innovation and use of communication mechanisms facilitate nurse adoption of a computerized information system as an innovation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Developmental and nutritional status of internationally adopted children.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between developmental status of international adoptees at the time of entry into the United States and their nutritional status and concurrent medical problems. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING/PATIENTS: One hundred twenty-nine internationally adopted children attending the International Adoption Clinic at the Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass, underwent detailed developmental assessments, anthropometric measurements, and medical examinations. RESULTS: The anthropometric measurements of the international adoptees were below the means for weight, height, and head circumference based on standards of the World Health Organization. Only 65 children (50%) were developmentally normal. Gross motor delays were identified in 43 children (33%), fine motor delays in 52 (40%), language delays in 23 (18%), cognitive delays in 21 (16%), and global delays in 18 (14%). The severity of delays were related to z scores for weight, height, and head circumference. The 36 children with medical problems had lower z scores compared with healthy children and were more likely to have delayed development. CONCLUSIONS: Careful developmental and growth screening of internationally adopted children at entry into the United States identifies adopted children at entry interventions and close follow-up. Longitudinal studies of internationally adopted children may provide evidence about the reversibility of growth and developmental delays, findings applicable to any environmentally deprived child.

Adoption↗
PubMed1981

Maternal inheritance of alcohol abuse. Cross-fostering analysis of adopted women.

The inheritance of alcohol abuse was studied in 913 Swedish women adopted by nonrelatives at an early age. There was a threefold excess of alcohol abusers among the adopted daughters of alcoholic biological mothers compared with other daughters. In addition, there was an excess of alcohol abuse among the daughters of biological fathers with alcohol abuse that was mild and not associated with criminality. However, fathers with extensive treatment for both alcoholism and criminality had no excess of alcoholic daughters. This confirms the heterogeneity among alcoholics noted in earlier work with adopted sons, which found that the latter type of criminal alcoholics also had no excess of alcoholic mothers. Imitation of alcohol abuse by adoptive parents did not increase later alcohol abuse by adopted women. The importance of nonfamilial environments and maternal effects is demonstrated for alcohol abuse in women.

Adoption↗
PubMed1983

An adoption study of depressive disorders and substance abuse.

Registered psychiatric illness was studied in the biologic and adoptive parents of 115 adoptees with affective disorders or histories of substance abuse. The parents of these patients were compared with those of 115 control subjects who were pairwise matched for demographic and social variables and who had no psychiatric illness. Psychiatric patients had a fivefold excess of adoptive fathers who had psychiatric illness compared with fathers of their matched controls. This was due to an excess of affective disorders in adoptive fathers regardless of the sex or diagnosis of the adopted child. Biologic mothers of female patients had a threefold increase in psychiatric illness compared with mothers of their matched controls and a fourfold increase compared with mothers of male adoptees. However there was no significant concordance between specific diagnoses in biologic parents and their adopted-away children. Subdivision of depressive patients according to psychotic-nonpsychotic and reactive-nonreactive dichotomies did not yield subgroups with distinct family histories.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Distinct contributions of conduct and oppositional defiant symptoms to adult antisocial behavior: evidence from an adoption study.

BACKGROUND: We conducted an exploratory multivariate analysis of juvenile behavior symptoms in an adoption data set. One goal was to see if a few DSM-interpretable symptom dimensions economically captured information within the data. A second goal was to study the relationships between any such dimensions, biological and environmental background, and eventual adult antisocial behavior. METHODS: The data originated from a retrospective adoption study. Probands with a biological background for parental antisocial personality or alcoholism were heavily oversampled. Symptoms were ascertained by proband and adoptive parent interview. We performed, by gender, orthogonal rotated principal component analyses of juvenile behavior disturbance symptoms (females, n = 87; males, n = 88). We used structural equation modeling to examine the relationships hypothesized above. RESULTS: For both genders, an oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) component and at least 1 conduct component emerged. Regardless of the conduct component scores, the ODD components were significant predictors of adult antisocial behavior. For males, the ODD component was predicted by an antisocial biological background, but not by scores on the Adverse Adoptive Environment Scale. The conduct components were predicted by adoptive environment alone. For females, biological background or biological-environmental interactions predicted each of the components. CONCLUSIONS: There has been little previous distinction between conduct disorder and ODD in studies of genetic and environmental influences on juvenile behavior. The study suggests that adolescent ODD symptoms may be a distinct antecedent of adult antisocial personality. In males, adolescent ODD symptoms may represent early expression of genetic sociopathic personality traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Antigen-specific cytotoxicity and cell number of adoptively transferred T cells are efficiently maintained in vivo by re-stimulation with an antigen/interleukin-2 fusion protein.

In order to maintain in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of antigen (Ag)-specific T cells in adoptive immunotherapy for a prolonged period, we constructed a fusion protein (OVA/IL-2) containing ovalbumin (OVA) as a model tumor Ag, co-valently linked to murine interleukin-2 (IL-2). The OVA/IL-2 protein produced in a baculovirus expression system displayed potent IL-2 bio-activity. Immunization with the OVA/IL-2 protein after adoptive transfer of OVA-specific T cells maintained the OVA-specific cytotoxicity and cell number of adoptively transferred T cells long term in vivo, while a simple mixture of recombinant OVA (rOVA) and rIL-2 did not. The response was dependent on the injection doses and times of the OVA/IL-2 protein. Furthermore, weekly re-stimulation of adoptively transferred OVA-specific T cells with the OVA/IL-2 protein cured 70% of tumor-bearing mice. In contrast, re-stimulation with a mixture of rOVA and rIL-2 could not significantly prolong the survival period of tumor-bearing mice. These studies suggest that the co-valent linkage between IL-2 and antigen confines the effect of IL-2 to antigen-specific T cells, leading to efficient maintenance of the anti-tumor activity of adoptively transferred T cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cancer treatment by photodynamic therapy combined with adoptive immunotherapy using genetically altered natural killer cell line.

Adoptive immunotherapy mediated by human natural killer (NK) cell line genetically altered to produce interleukin-2 (NK92MI) was evaluated as adjuvant to photodynamic therapy (PDT) of subcutaneous tumors. The combined effect of these two modalities was first examined with SiHa tumors (human cervical squamous cell carcinoma) growing in NOD-scid mice. The most effective protocol for NK92MI cell transfer in conjunction with PDT mediated by photosensitizer mTHPC was the injection of 5 x 10(7) cells (peritumoral or intravenous) given immediately after PDT, which produced a marked improvement in the therapeutic outcome compared with the effect of PDT alone. The same protocol was tested with HT-29 tumor model (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) xenografted in NOD-scid mice. The results demonstrate that the adoptive immunotherapy with NK92MI cells (which when used alone were not effective in controlling tumor growth) significantly improved the cures of PDT-treated HT-29 tumors, whereas such benefit was not observed with the parental cell line NK92 (not producing interleukin-2). Flow cytometry-based analysis revealed a higher percentage of p.t. injected NK92MI cells in PDT-treated than in non-treated HT-29 tumors. Further investigation showed that the NK92MI cell-based adoptive immunotherapy is also a highly effective adjuvant for PDT treatment of murine EMT6 tumors growing in immunocompetent syngeneic BALB/c mice. This result diminishes the concern that adoptively transferred NK92MI cells may be rendered ineffective by an allogenic reaction of the host. The findings of this study suggest that advanced protocols of NK cell-based adoptive immunotherapy can be developed as efficient adjuvants to PDT used for the treatment of solid malignant tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Educational and occupational achievements of brothers and sisters in adoptive and biologically related families.

The study of brothers and sisters from adoptive and biologically related families permits unique analyses of the determinants of young adults' educational and occupational achievements. Brothers and sisters come from the same homes, neighborhoods, and usually schools. Many differences among families are controlled by the study of siblings. In addition, adoptive families influence their children only through the environment they provide, whereas biologically related parents transmit their intellectual and personal characteristics to their offspring genetically as well. Thus, the comparison of models of adult achievements for children from adoptive and biologically related families can inform us about the true effects of family environments, apart from genetic transmission (Scarr and Weinberg, 1978, 1980). In this follow-up study of 450 biologically related and adopted young adults (ages 22 to 30 years), we report on the family resemblances in educational and occupational achievements. Parents' reports were obtained on 97% of the original sample (N = 443), and 77% of the young adults participated in the follow-up study themselves; complete educational and occupational data were available on 303 young adults. Results show that biological sons are more influenced by their family backgrounds than daughters, regardless of genetic relatedness. A second finding is that young women's achievements are not as predictable from their own earlier achievements as are those of their brothers. A third finding is that parents invest in their sons' educational futures, regardless of sons' abilities and achievements, in ways they do not invest in their daughters' postsecondary educations. Sibling correlations and natural mother-adopted child correlations suggest that test scores, high school performance, postsecondary education, and even later occupational status can be influenced by genetic variability in personal characteristics that affect such achievements.

Adoption↗
PubMed1998

Infant adoption: psychosocial outcomes in adulthood.

Adoption studies are able to provide important insights into the impact of changed rearing environments for children's development. A number of studies reporting on the childhood adjustment of adoptees have found an increased risk for disruptive behaviour problems when compared with children brought up in intact families. The long-term implications of adoption for psychosocial adjustment in adult life are less clear. We have used data from the National Child Development Study (NCDS) to examine the psychosocial functioning over a number of life-domains of an unselected sample of adoptees, non-adopted children from similar birth circumstances, and other members of the cohort. Adopted women showed very positive adult adjustment across all the domains examined in this study, whilst our findings suggest some difficulty in two specific domains (employment and social support) for adopted men. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunisation status of children adopted from China.

Many children adopted from China have antibody titres that do not correlate with those expected from their medical records. We have compared the concentrations of antibodies to poliomyelitis, diphtheria, and tetanus in children adopted from China, those adopted from other countries, and those vaccinated in the Netherlands and the UK. About 30% of children adopted from China did not have adequate protection from tetanus, diphtheria, or poliomyelitis, despite having complete vaccination recorded in their vaccination documents. These children, unlike those adopted from other countries who have documented evidence of adequate vaccination status, should be tested for antibody concentrations or reimmunised.

Adoption↗
PubMed2000

[Who are my parents? Filial adoption and the function of time and place].

Despite a substantial development for several years, adoption frequently remains seen as an unnatural phenomenon which cannot replace a biological relationship. In all periods and everywhere in the world children have been and are being resettled, and history and anthropological studies show that there exist as many modes of adoption as societies. In some societies, such as in Polynesia, no differences exist between biological and adoptive parenthood. The most important thing is to allow every child to have a family, biological or not. The adopted child must be told about her/his adoption as early as possible in a natural manner. Concealing the truth may lead to a profound psychological wound when later learned by the child.

Adoption↗
PubMed1995

Effects of adoptive transfer of immune spleen cells on worm growth and microfilaraemia in Brugia pahangi infection in Mongolian gerbils.

Protective immunity against Brugia pahangi was examined after adoptive transfer of immune spleen cells. Spleen cells obtained from gerbils at 8 weeks post-infection (p.i.) with 100 infective larvae (L3) of B. pahangi were transferred into naive recipients, and then 24 h later, they were infected with 100 L3 of B. pahangi. The recipients given normal spleen cells and infected by the same manner served as controls. Microfilarial counts in the circulation were monitored at designated times after infection and worm burden and the size of individual female worm were determined at 16 weeks p.i. to evaluate the effects of adoptive immunization. In addition, eosinophil responses and serum antibody titres were examined during the course of infection. In the control group, microfilariae first appeared in circulation at 9 weeks p.i. and continuously increased in number throughout the course examined. In contrast, microfilaraemia was almost completely suppressed in the group given immune spleen cells. Although worm burden was comparable between the two groups, the average size of female adult worms recovered from the adoptively immunized group was significantly smaller than that from the control group. Eosinophil response was hastened and enhanced by adoptive transfer of immune spleen cells in the early stage of infection. Parasite-specific antibody response was also hastened by adoptive immunization. These results suggest that immune spleen cells could confer protective immunity mainly directed against adult B. pahangi.

Animals↗