Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ADENOIDS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

The macrophage origin of the HIV-expressing multinucleated giant cells in hyperplastic tonsils and adenoids.

Replication and storage of virus are characteristic features of hyperplastic lymphoid tissues in HIV infection. In opportunistic infections, HIV is synthesized by phagocytic mononuclear and Langhans'-type multinucleated macrophages that coexpress the dendritic cell-associated S-100 and p55 antigens. However, similar cells in hyperplastic tonsils and adenoids from HIV+ individuals were alternatively identified as macrophages or, on the basis of the same S-100 and p55 staining, as dendritic cells. To consider establishing the role of these HIV-rich cells in HIV disease, it is important to reconcile this apparent discrepancy in identity. Hyperplastic tonsils and adenoid specimens were analyzed by HIV RNA in situ hybridization (ISH), light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) (HIV Gag p24 protein, S-100, p55, CD68, HAM56, lysozyme, alpha-1-anti-trypsin, and alpha-1-anti-chymotrypsin). In HIV+ pediatric and adult surgical specimens (n = 11), the giant cells and their mononuclear counterpart were positive for both macrophage and p55 and S-100 IHC markers. In addition, TEM, p24 IHC, and ISH showed HIV expression by cells with typical features of macrophages. Furthermore, these cells were not unique to HIV+ specimens, being seen in 20% of hyperplastic T&A surgical specimens (n = 57) lacking HIV as well as in several types of granulomatous processes, such as sarcoidosis. These cells appear to represent an activated phenotype that can develop independent of HIV, but that may represent a viral host in HIV-infected individuals. Thus, the giant and mononuclear cells that produce striking amounts of HIV in tonsils and adenoids are of macrophage origin, yet, as in opportunistic infections, share dendritic cell-associated antigens, reflecting a common CD34+ bone marrow progenitor.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1984

Detection of allergic disease in adenoid tissue.

Allergic adenoiditis is defined as the presence of numerous brightly fluorescent IgE mast cells (FIEMC) demonstrated in formalin-fixed adenoid tissue by the trypsin-immunofluorescent method. A prospective study of 606 routinely accessioned cases seen during a 39-month period revealed 98 positive cases. Correlation with clinical and other allergic diagnostic testing revealed a sensitivity of 58% and a specificity of 89%. The pathogenetic role of allergy in chronic otitis media with effusion appears to be related to an exaggerated immediate hypersensitivity response to an allergen and/or infectious agent leading to dysfunction of the eustachian tube. The proximity and shared mucosa of adenoid tissue and eustachian tube allow the recognition of this inflammatory event.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1984

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast.

The clinical, histologic, cytologic, and ultrastructural features of three adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast are presented. All three neoplasms occurred in postmenopausal women. One patient was treated by wide re-excision of the biopsy site. Two were treated by modified radical mastectomy; no axillary lymph node metastases were found. None of the neoplasms has recurred. Neither estrogen nor progesterone receptors were detected in any of the neoplasms. The histopathologic criteria for the diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma are described, and the differential diagnosis is discussed. Since the cytopathologic features of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast appear to be distinctive, the neoplasm can be diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration based upon the presence of the following features: 1) a cellular smear; 2) a uniform population of small, basaloid tumor cells; and 3) small globules of mucoid material surrounded by a rim of neoplastic cells. Ultrastructurally, the predominant cell type has the appearance of a modified myoepithelial cell, but true lumina lined by microvillous epithelial cells are also present. The ultrastructural findings are consistent with the proliferation of neoplastic cells that have the capacity to produce all of the epithelial elements of the breast, i.e., ductal, acinar, and myoepithelial, and so recapitulate the complete ductal or acinar unit.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Concentrations of azithromycin in tonsilar and/or adenoid tissue from paediatric patients.

Azithromycin levels in tonsillar and/or adenoid tissue were determined in children (1.6-7.5 years old) who were scheduled for surgical removal of their tonsils and/or adenoids. The children received azithromycin oral suspension 10 mg/kg once daily for 3 days. Tissue samples were obtained during surgery 1 (n = 4), 2 (n = 5), 4 (n = 6), or 8 (n = 5) days after the last dose of azithromycin. Serum samples were also obtained from four children in each of these groups at the time of surgery. Mean tissue concentrations of azithromycin were 10.33 +/- 3.01, 7.21 +/- 4.04, 9.30 +/- 3.74 and 1.49 +/- 0.48 mg/kg, respectively, 1, 2, 4 and 8 days after the last dose. At the corresponding times, serum concentrations were markedly lower: 47.25 +/- 19. 19, 14.00 +/- 8.45, 8.00 +/- 2.16 and < 4 micrograms/L, respectively. The mean tissue:serum concentration ratios were, 227 +/- 54, 547 +/- 184 and 956 +/- 355, respectively, 1, 2 and 4 days after treatment. No adverse events attributable to azithromycin were observed in any of the 23 children who had received at least one dose of azithromycin. The study shows that levels of azithromycin in tonsillar and adenoid tissue were consistently higher than in serum and remained elevated up to 8 days after the end of dosing, supporting the use of a short-course (3-day), once-daily regimen of azithromycin in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections.

Adenoids↗
PubMed2001

Effect of amoxycillin with or without clavulanate on adenoid bacterial flora.

The effect of antimicrobial therapy with amoxycillin (AMX) or co-amoxiclav (AMC) on the adenoid bacterial flora of 45 children with recurrent otitis media (ROM), scheduled for elective adenoidectomy, was studied. Patients were randomized before surgery into three groups of 15, having had either no antibiotic therapy (control), or 10 days of therapy with AMX or AMC. Core adenoid tissues were quantitatively cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Polymicrobial aerobic-anaerobic flora was present in all instances. The predominant aerobes in all groups were alpha-haemolytic and non-haemolytic streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, group A beta-haemolytic streptococci and Moraxella catarrhalis. The prominent anaerobes were Peptostreptococcus spp., Prevotella spp. and Fusobacterium spp. The number of isolates was significantly reduced in those treated with AMX (110; P < 0.05) or AMC (54; P < 0.001) compared with control (148). The number of bacteria per gram of tissue was lower in those treated with both antibiotics. The number of potential pathogens was lower in those treated with AMC compared with the other two groups (P < 0.001 ). The number of beta-lactamase- producing bacteria (BLPB) was lower in those treated with AMC compared with those treated with AMX (P < 0.025) or no antibiotic (P < 0.001). These data illustrate the ability of AMX and AMC to reduce the bacterial load as well as potential pathogens and BLPB from the adenoids of children with ROM.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1996

Phase II study on mitoxantrone in adenoid cystic carcinomas of the head and neck. EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group.

BACKGROUND: Based on activity in a case report, mitoxantrone was studied in a phase II study in adenoid cystic carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with symptomatic and/or rapidly progressive metastatic or recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma were eligible for this study. They were treated with mitoxantrone given intravenously by bolus injection at a dose of 14 mg/m2, cycles repeated every 3 weeks. RESULTS: Thirty-six chemotherapy-naive patients entered on trial, 4 were ineligible. A median of 6 cycles per patient were given. Leucocytopenia (in 97% of patients) was the most important side effect and tended to be cumulative. Other side effects were mainly mild to moderate and consisted of nausea (62%), vomiting (29%), alopecia (53%) and mucositis (41%). Four of 32 patients had a partial response (12%; 95% CI 4%-29%) lasting 3-13 months, 22 patients (69%) had a stable disease. CONCLUSION: Mitoxantrone at this dose and schedule has modest activity in adenoid cystic carcinomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast: value of histologic grading and proliferative activity.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast is an uncommon carcinoma with a distinctive histology. Prognosis is favorable, although recurrence and distant metastases have been described. We assessed whether histologic features and proliferative activity can identify aggressive neoplasms. We studied 31 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma (age range of patients, 33 to 74 years). Three histologic grades were defined: grade I: completely glandular; grade II: < 30% solid areas, and grade III: > or = 30% solid pattern. In 19 of 31 cases, immunohistochemical stains for estrogen receptor were available. Twelve of 31 cases were immunohistochemically stained for Ki-67 antigen using MIB1 antibody. Ten of 20 tumors were subareolar. All tumors were grossly circumscribed; however, 12 of 20 (60%) had focal infiltration peripherally. Five of 19 tumors were estrogen receptor positive. There was no statistical correlation between MIB1 score and histologic grade, nuclear grade, infiltration of the adjacent fat or breast parenchyma, or estrogen receptor status. All patients were alive with no evidence of disease after a median follow-up of 7 years. Neither histologic or nuclear grading nor proliferative activity were useful prognosticators. None of the tumors had lymph node metastases. Therefore, axillary lymph node dissection may not be necessary. Because more than half of adenoid cystic carcinomas are infiltrative focally, the most important therapeutic goal is complete tumor removal with uninvolved margins of excision.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature.

A case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the ear in a 67-year-old man is presented along with a review of the literature. Adenoid cystic carcinoma most commonly arises in the salivary glands. Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma occurs principally in the scalp and chest. Perineural invasion is seen in at least half the cases and is associated with an increased recurrence rate. Treatment consists of wide local resection with tumor-free margins. Just over half the patients will develop recurrence, with long tumor-free intervals necessitating long-term follow-up. Distant metastases are rarely seen. Radiation therapy is not curative and should be reserved for palliation.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: a review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This purpose of this article is to review and provide an update of current publications on the evaluation and management of adenoid cystic carcinoma. RECENT FINDINGS: Adenoid cystic carcinoma is an uncommon salivary gland malignancy that presents insidiously and is generally advanced when diagnosed. Current effective treatment modalities include surgery and irradiation, but locoregional recurrences are frequent and may present as early as 2 years. Patients survive with recurrent and metastatic disease for several years despite not being offered any treatment. Molecular analysis of the tumors is being undertaken, with optimistic results capable of selecting high-risk patients who may benefit from adjuvant treatment such as chemotherapy SUMMARY: Little progress has been made in advancing "curative" treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. The disease is said to have a fatal outcome. The time is now opportune for a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial to identify patients who would benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in the control of locoregional recurrences and the prevention of distant metastases.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed2004

Outcomes in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes among patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland treated at various stages of their disease at a tertiary care cancer center. METHODS: A retrospective case series of 20 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland treated at a single institution between 1952 and 2002. Clinical records were available for all 20 patients; histologic sections from 12 of the 20 patients were available for review. Disease-free survival was measured from the completion of treatment; overall survival was measured from the date of initial diagnosis. RESULTS: The study included 6 men and 14 women. The mean age at diagnosis was 39.5 years. The median follow-up time was 34 months (range, 6 to 264 months). The local/regional treatment modalities included exenteration with bone removal and radiation therapy (RT) in 5 patients, exenteration with RT (no bone removal) in 8 patients, exenteration (no RT or bone removal) in 1 patient, exenteration with bone removal (no RT) in 1 patient, local resection with RT in 3 patients, and local resection without RT in 2 patients. Overall, 16 patients had RT as part of their treatment regimen. Seven patients (35%) had local recurrence. Sixteen patients (80%) had distant metastasis during the study period. At the time of this report, 13 (65%) of the patients had died of disease. The median disease-free survival for the entire group was 18 months. Eight patients had a predominantly basaloid histologic pattern. Ten patients had verifiable histologic evidence of perineural invasion. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the generally grave prognosis for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland and the difficulty in making any conclusive recommendations for local therapy for this disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surgical management of locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland.

PURPOSE: To review our experience with multidisciplinary surgical management of locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. METHODS: We present a case series of 7 patients with lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma treated at our institution between June 2001 and October 2003. Clinical records, histologic sections, and radiographic images were reviewed. RESULTS: The study included 3 men and 4 women (mean age at diagnosis, 44 years). All 7 patients underwent an orbital exenteration with bone removal. Five patients had an orbitectomy through a craniotomy approach and 2 patients had an exenteration through a fronto-orbito-zygomatic approach, all with removal of the bone of the superior and lateral wall. Six patients underwent reconstruction of the socket through the use of a vascularized flap. The surgical approach involved a neurosurgeon, an oculoplastic or head and neck surgeon, and a plastic surgeon. Six patients received postoperative radiation therapy. One patient with a recurrent tumor had already received radiation therapy, which precluded additional radiation therapy after surgical resection. The radiation field included the orbit and the skull base because all patients had evidence of perineural invasion. As of this writing, there have been no local recurrences. Five patients had development of distant metastases and died of disease, at follow-up times from 12 to 32 months after surgery. Two patients are alive without evidence of disease, both at 24 months' follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Orbitectomy with bone removal may be indicated for achieving local and regional control in advanced cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland. This surgery does not decrease the risk of distant metastasis. The cases in our series highlight the locally invasive and metastatic behavior of this cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Cisplatin combination chemotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skin.

Seven patients with skin cancers, six with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and one with adenoid cystic carcinoma, were treated with cisplatin in combination with vindesine or adriamycin. Partial response was observed in three patients with squamous cell carcinomas: two cases with metastatic lung lesions and one with a primary skin lesion and lymph node metastasis. Two of the responding SCC had been resistant to previous chemotherapy, including peplomycin and mitomycin C. Multiple metastatic lesions of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skin completely regressed after two courses of the combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and adriamycin. This report showed that cisplatin combination chemotherapy may be useful for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, which is resistant to peplomycin, and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skin.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma: case report, immunohistochemistry, and review of the literature.

We report a case of primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma in a 75-year-old man. Electron microscopy revealed similar features to those previously described in adenoid cystic carcinomas of salivary gland origin: wide intercellular spaces, pseudocysts containing replicated basement membrane-like material and true lumina lined by cytoplasmic membranes with numerous microvilli. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies to several cytoskeletal proteins (keratins and actin) indicated the presence of two epithelial tumour cell populations, one with the phenotype of myoepithelial cells, lining the pseudocysts and the periphery of the tumour fields, and another with the phenotype of acinar cells of the secretory coil of sweat glands. In addition, the tumour showed immunoreactivity for epithelial membrane antigen, but not carcinoembryonic antigen. A review of the literature on other cases of primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma showed that this tumour generally affects older patients with a female to male ratio of 4:1. The most common tumour site appears to be the scalp (40%), and the recurrence rate is 50%. Surgical treatment with extensive resection margins is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Value of physical signs in the diagnosis of enlarged adenoids.

In a series of children due to have surgery on their upper respiratory tracts an assessment of mouth breathing, abnormality on anterior rhinoscopy and size of the adenoid on posterior rhinoscopy was made by 3 observers. All these signs showed poor reproducibility between observers and the size of the adenoid assessed by posterior rhinoscopy showed no significant relationship to the weight of the adenoid subsequently removed.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1985

Are the tonsils and adenoids a reservoir of infection in otitis media with effusion (glue ear)?

In a prospective investigation of the treatment of glue ear in children, the possible role of persistent infection in the tonsils and adenoids was assessed by comparing bacterial cultures of swabs and resected tissue from the tonsils and adenoids of patients with cultures of swabs from similar sites in control subjects without ENT abnormality. For almost all potential pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, no statistically significant differences were demonstrated between patients and controls. The same was true of Streptococcus pyogenes in tonsil specimens, while in adenoid specimens rather more isolates were obtained in patients than controls. This difference was just statistically significant at the 5% level, but only when all isolations, including very scanty growths, were compared. On present evidence, persistent infection should not be invoked to explain the success of adenoidectomy in otitis media with effusion or to justify adenotonsillectomy.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1989

Digital and mirror assessment of the adenoids at operation.

The size of an adenoid is generally considered to be a significant factor in the causation of Eustachian tube dysfunction and glue ear in children. We studied 120 consecutive cases of children undergoing adenoidectomy. Our aim was to assess the accuracy of the digital and mirror examinations in identifying adenoid size. Two surgeons of 1 and 2 years' experience in the speciality were found to have a statistically significant correlation between mirror examination and the amount of adenoid removed at operation. One surgeon of 4 years' experience was found to have a higher degree of correlation for both mirror and digital examinations.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1992

The effect of adenoid and tonsil surgery on nasalance.

The change in nasalance following adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy was studied in 44 children. A subjective assessment of each child's naso-pharyngeal airway was made preoperatively based on a questionnaire completed by the parents. There was no significant change in the nasalance of children following adenoidectomy, but there was a significant increase in the nasalance following tonsillectomy (P = 0.02) and after adenotonsillectomy (P = 0.001). There was no relationship between the change in nasalance and the adenoid volume removed at operation. There was good agreement between the parental subjective assessment of the naso-pharyngeal airway and the preoperative nasalance score, with the best correlation in the adenoidectomy group (r = -0.8) and the adenotonsillectomy group (r = -0.7). Nasalance is more closely related to the size of the naso-pharyngeal airway than to the actual adenoid volume, and measurements of nasalance are of no benefit in predicting adenoid volume. Tonsillectomy had a significantly greater effect on nasalance than adenoidectomy, and adenotonsillectomy had the greatest effect. Further studies are needed to relate nasalance to the size of the naso-pharyngeal airway, but it appears to relate well to the subjective assessment of the airway and may be of use in patient selection for surgery.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed1994

Bacterial invasion of the tonsillar tissues in acute pharyngotonsillitis and in the adenoid: a preliminary study.

In order to understand the immunological and inflammatory processes in which the tonsils are involved it is necessary to know the spatial relation between bacteria and the tissues. In this study four adenoids and four palatine tonsils obtained at elective surgery and four palatine tonsils obtained during à chaud surgery for quinsy were examined histologically. Acridine orange and fluorescence microscopy were used to identify bacteria in tonsillar tissue. The adenoids were also stained with haematoxillin-eosin. Bacteria were in every case seen on the surfaces and in the crypts of the tonsils and adenoids. In the tissues, however, bacteria were never seen irrespective of whether the tonsils were obtained during an acute infection or not. We conclude that bacterial invasion in tonsillar tissue is neither a prerequisite for a clinically manifest acute bacterial pharyngotonsillitis nor a common feature in tonsils clinically recognized as non-infected.

Acute Disease↗